Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Supplementary Learning Materials (SLMs)
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY,
ENGINEERING AND MATHEMATICS (STEM)
Basic Calculus
Second Semester, Quarter 4
MODULE 1
(Week 1-2)
Content Standard:
The learner demonstrates understanding of the key concepts of antiderivatives and Riemann
integral.
Performance Standard:
The learner is able to formulate and solve accurately situational problems involving
population models.
Most Essential Learning Competencies:
• Competency 1. illustrate an antiderivative of a function. STEM_BC11LC-IVa-1
• Competency 2. compute the general antiderivative of polynomial, radical, exponential, and
trigonometric functions. STEM_BC11LC-IVa-2
Basic Calculus TEACHING MODULE
LESSON 1 ANTIDERIVATIVES
INTRODUCTION
In the previous discussions, we learned how to find the derivatives of different functions.
Now, we will introduce the inverse of differentiation. We shall call this process antidifferentiation.
Question: Given a function f, can we find a function F whose derivative is f?
A function F is an antiderivative of the function f on Antidifferentiation is a process of finding the
an interval I if F’(x) = f(x) for every value of x in I. antiderivatives of functions. It is an opposite process
of differentiation.
Illustration: Antidifferentiation is an operation of determining the
original function from its derivative is the inverse
F(x) is an antiderivative of f(x), then F(x) + C, where operation of differentiation.
C is any constant is also antiderivative of f(x). The process of antidifferentiation does not determine
a unique function but rather it determines a family of
Antiderivative of 4x3 are of the form x4 + C functions, each differing from the other by a constant.
Integration is the process of finding the antiderivative of a function
∫ − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑓(𝑥)
It denotes the family of antiderivatives of f(x)
Reading: ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 – “ the antiderivative / integral of f(x) with respect to x.
If F’(x) = f(x) for all x, then ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥) + 𝐶
Where f(x) is called Integrand, c is the constant of integration and the x in the differential dx identifies the
variable of integration
Basic Integration Formulas
∫ 0 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝐶
Constant Rule Constant Multiple Rule
∫ 𝑘 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘𝑥 + 𝐶, k and C are constants ∫ 𝑘𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
Example: Examples:
∫ 5 𝑑𝑥 = 5𝑥 + 𝐶 𝑥 1+1 𝑥2 5𝑥 2
∫ 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 5 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 5 1+1
+𝐶 = 5
2
+𝐶 =
2
+𝐶
𝑥 2+1 𝑥3
∫ 8𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 8 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 8 +𝐶 = 8 +𝐶
2+1 3
8𝑥 3
= +𝐶
3
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Basic Calculus TEACHING MODULE
Sum and Difference Power Rule
∫[𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ± ∫ 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑛+1
∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛+1
+ 𝐶, where n ≠-1
Examples:
Examples: 𝑥 5+1 𝑥6
1. ∫ 𝑥 5 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶= +𝐶
5+1 6
𝑥 2+1
1. ∫(𝑥 2 + 6)𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 + ∫(6)𝑑𝑥 = + 6x + C
2+1
1 𝑥 −5+1 𝑥 −4
2. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 −5 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶 = +𝐶
𝑥5 −5+1 −4
𝑥3
= + 6x + C 1
3 =− +𝐶
4𝑥 4
2. ∫(𝑥 5 + 6𝑥 3 − 6 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑥 5 )𝑑𝑥 + ∫(6𝑥 3 )𝑑𝑥 − 1 3
1 +1
∫(6)𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑥 5 )𝑑𝑥 + 6 ∫(𝑥 3 )𝑑𝑥 − ∫(6)𝑑𝑥 3. ∫ √𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑥2
1 +𝐶=
𝑥2
3 +𝐶
𝑥 5+1 𝑥 3+1 2
+1
2
= +6 - 6x + C 3
5+1 3+1
2𝑥 2 2√𝑥 3
= + 𝐶 or +𝐶
𝑥6 𝑥4 3 3
= +6 - 6x + C
6 4
𝑥6 3𝑥 4
= + - 6x + C
6 2
𝑎𝑛𝑥 1 𝑎𝑥
∫ 𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶 ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 +𝐶
𝑛 𝑙𝑛 𝑎 𝑎
Example: Example:
24𝑥
∫ 24𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶 1 𝑒 3𝑥
4 𝑙𝑛 2 ∫ 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 3
𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝐶 or
3
+𝐶
Integrals Involving Trigonometric Functions
∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + 𝐶 ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cos 𝑥 + 𝐶
Examples: Examples:
1. ∫ 10 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 10 ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 10 sin x + C 1. ∫ −3 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 3 ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = -3 (-cos x ) + C
= 3cos x + C
2. ∫ cos(4𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 2. ∫ sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Let u = 4x – 1, du = 4 dx, solve for dx Let u = sin x, du = cos x dx,
1/4du = dx, substitute the value of dx 𝑢𝑛+1 𝑢2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑛+1
+𝐶 =
2
+𝐶 =
2
+ 𝐶 or
1
∫ cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ cos 𝑢 (4 𝑑𝑢) ¼ Let u = cos x, du = -sin x dx,
= 1/4 ∫ cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑢𝑛+1 𝑢2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑛+1
+𝐶 =
2
+𝐶 =-
2
+ 𝐶 or
= ¼ sin u + C
= ¼ sin(4x – 1) + C
∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 + 𝐶 ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cot 𝑥 + 𝐶
Example: Example:
∫ 4 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 4 ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 4 tan x + C ∫ 3 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 3 ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = -3 cot x + C
∫ csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −csc 𝑥 + 𝐶 ∫ sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑥 + 𝐶
Example: Example:
∫ −5 csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 5csc 𝑥 + 𝐶 ∫ −4 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −4 sec 𝑥 + 𝐶
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Basic Calculus TEACHING MODULE
∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛/ sec 𝑥/ + 𝐶 ∫ cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛/ sin 𝑥/ + 𝐶
Example: Example:
∫ 2 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2ln/sec x/ + C ∫ 3 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 3 ∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 3 ln/sin x/ + C
∫ sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛/ sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 / + 𝐶 ∫ csc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛/ csc 𝑥 − cot 𝑥 / + 𝐶
Example: Example:
∫ −4 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 4 ∫ sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∫ −5 csc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
= −4 𝑙𝑛/ sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 / + 𝐶 − 5 ∫ csc 𝑥 𝑑
= −5 𝑙𝑛/ csc 𝑥 − cot 𝑥 / + 𝐶
2 cot 𝑥 − 3𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑥 Try this! ∫(𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 + 4 )𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 (note: use the Pythagorean identity)
sin 𝑥
2 cot 𝑥−3𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑥 2 cot 𝑥 3𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ − 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥
cot 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 1
= 2∫ − 3∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ cot 𝑥 − 3 ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥
1
= 2 ∫ csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 − 3 ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ; = csc x
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
=2(-csc x) – 3(-cos x) + C
= -2csc x) + 3cos x + C
Answer: tan x – cot x + 2x + C
References
Chua, S. I., Rojo, R. G., Aron, E. P., & Avecilla, M. U. (2016). Soaring 21st Century Mathematics: Basic Calculus. Quezon City: Phoenix
Publishing House, Inc.
kuta software. (n.d.).
Leithold, L. (2002). The Calculus 7. Singapore: Pearson Education Asia Pte. Ltd.
Mercado, J. P. (2016). Next Century Mathematics: Basic Calculus. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.
Pascual, F. C., Matociños, L. D., & Repia, B. M. (2002). Worktext un Elementary Algebra. Manila: Innovative Education MAterialss, Inc.
Peterson, T. S. (n.d.). Calculus with Analytic Geometry. Quezon City: Ken Incorporated.
Talaue, C. O., Santos, J. M., Robles, M., Galvez, L., Dimabayao, J., & de Castro, D. (2015). Lecture Notes in MAth 100: Introduction to Calculus.
Quezon City: University of the Philippines Institute of Mathematics.
DepEd Module in BAsic Calculus
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Basic Calculus TEACHING MODULE
Assessment
Name: Score/Rating:
Section: Parent’s
Teacher: Signature:
TEST I: TRUE OR FALSE
Directions: Write T if the statement is true and F if not. Write your answer on the space provided.
𝑥 𝑛+1
_______1. ∫ 0𝑑𝑥) =C _______5. ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 dx = 𝑛+1
+C
𝑎 𝑛𝑥
_______2. ∫ 𝑑𝑥) =C _______6. ∫ 𝑎𝑛𝑥 dx = +C
𝑙𝑛 𝑎
𝑒 𝑎𝑥
_______3. ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 = _______7. ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥) = - cos x + C
𝑎
_______4. ∫ 𝑐𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) + C _______8. ∫ sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥) = sec x + C
TEST II: FILL IN THE BLANKS
Directions: Identify the integral of the given function. Write your answer on the space provided.
______________1. ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ______________2. ∫ sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
______________3. ∫ csc x cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ______________4. ∫ sec x tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
______________5. ∫ csc 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ______________6. ∫ ln 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
______________7. ∫ u−1 𝑑𝑢 ______________8. ∫ e𝑢 𝑑𝑢
______________9. ∫ b𝑢 𝑑𝑢 ______________10. ∫ sec 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
TEST III: MULTIPLE CHOICE
Directions: Encircle the letter of the correct answer.
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