Economic Impact of Colonial Rule in India
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RBEconomic Impact of Colonial Rule in India
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RBCOMPREHENSIVE COURSE ON MODERN INDIAN HISTORY
Presented by Pratik Nayak
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
ABOUT ME
● NATIONALLY RECOGNISED
● TEACHING FOR UPSC CIVIL
SERVICES SINCE LAST 6
YEARS
● TAUGHT MORE THAN 10000
STUDENTS AT VARIOUS
INSTITUTES
● GPSC CLEARED, WORKED AT
GOVERNMENT OF GUJARAT
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Economic Impact of Colonial Rule On India.
Q. Trends / Features.
Phase - I - Formation of Joints Stock Co Monopoly given by the monarch
- Buy from local market @ cheaper rates
Sell @ high rates @ Europe
I am Captain
Russell…you know…I am
all rounder
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Economic Impact of Colonial Rule On India.
Phase – II – IR in England
Ending of monopoly New Markets needed How? Expansion
Of territory
- Need to understand the stages of colonialism.
- 3 Stages- Given by R. Palme Dutt
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Economic Impact of Colonial Rule On India.
Impact
1. Disruption of traditional 2. Ruin of peasantry 3. Ruin old old 4. Deindustrialisation 5.
Economy & Agriculture Zamindars & rise of & Ruralisation. Commercialization
new landed class. of agriculture.
6. Drain of wealth 7. Poverty & 8. Rise of Indian [Link] of
Famines Bourgeoisie. Industries
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
IMPOVERISHMENT OF PEASANTRY
Q. How? Doogna lagan dena
padega
Government, only interested in maximisation of rents
Enforced the permanent settlement system
Transferability of land→ caused great insecurity to the tenants, lost all their traditional rights in land
Zamindars,, resorted to summary evictions, demanded illegal dues and 'begar' to maximise their
share in the produce
Overburdened peasants had to approach the money-lenders
Peasant turned out to be the ultimate sufferer
Government, zamindar and moneylender
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Economic Impact of Colonial Rule On India.
IMPOVERISHMENT OF PEASENTRY
Paise to milenge
24 hr kaam lekin 50% interest Ab mein kya karoon
Doogna
karna padega charge hoga
lagan dena
padega
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Economic Impact of Colonial Rule On India.
EMERGENCE OF NEW LAND RELATIONS, RUIN OF OLD ZAMINDARS
Land in Bengal had passed into new hands
New zamindars resorted to land grabbing and sub-infeudation
Rise To absentee landlordism
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Economic Impact of Colonial Rule On India.
STAGNATION OF AGRICULTURE
Q. How it happened?
Cultivator had neither the means nor any incentive to invest in
Agriculture
Zamindar had no roots in the villages, paid little interest in agriculture
Government spent little on agricultural
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Economic Impact of Colonial Rule On India.
Q. Commercialisation
Forced Selection @ what cost?
- Impact on Indian agriculture?
Exploration Scarcity of Impoverishment Revolt
Food crops
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Economic Impact of Colonial Rule On India.
Q. Commercialisation
I don’t want to grow
Indigo
Commercial crops like cotton, jute, groundnut, oilseeds, sugarcane, tobacco, etc
were more remunerative than foodgrains
Development in the plantation sector-tea, coffee, rubber, indigo
For the Indian peasant, commercialisation seemed a forced process
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Economic Impact of Colonial Rule On India.
FAMINE AND POVERTY
Regular recurrence of famines became a common feature of daily existence in India
Change in structure of India’s trade also contributed to food insecurity Kaa le megha kaa
le megha paani toh
barsao
Famines were not just food grain scarcity-based phenomena, but were a direct result of poverty
Between 1850 and 1900, about 2.8 crore people died in famines
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Economic Impact of Colonial Rule On India.
Q. Deindustrialisation & Ruralisation.
Background→ Indian Industry in 17th Century
Agriculture+ Industry→ Developed
Almost everything that used to be made of wool or silk, relating either to dress of the women or the furniture of our houses,
was supplied by Indian trade
As a result, the European mercantilists & manufacturers complained to English government
1700→English government passed an act
Banned all kind of cloth, silk, muslin, calicos from India, Persia, China
1720 Act→ Penalty of £5 who wore Indian Silk, £20 who sold it
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Q. Deindustrialisation & Ruralisation.
Q. How did Deindustrialisation took place?
Industries→ Market Access
Domestic Market International Market
Indian traditional Industries→ Handicrafts etc.
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Economic Impact of Colonial Rule On India.
Q. Deindustrialisation & Ruralisation.
How
Gaining of Buyer market Destroying Regional Anglicisation Unilateral free trade
Political power (Buyer deciding powers Of society policy.
prices)
Developing Commercialisation No Govt. support Internal Weakness?
Infrastructure For Indian industry
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Economic Impact of Colonial Rule On India.
Q. Deindustrialisation & Ruralisation.
Q. How did Deindustrialisation took place?
Cheap and machine-made imports flooded the Indian market after the
Charter Act of 1813
One-way free trade for the British goods→ Unilateral free trade policy
Resources +
Market
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Economic Impact of Colonial Rule On India.
Q. Deindustrialisation & Ruralisation.
Deindustrialisation→ Process
Deindustrialisation
Deurbanisation
Ruralisation
Peasantisation
Landless Labourers
Agriculture + Industry
Loss of traditional art &
craftmanship→ Cultural loss
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Economic Impact of Colonial Rule On India.
Q. Deindustrialisation & Ruralisation.
Q. Ruralisation of India Economy?
- Deindustrialization Ruralisation
People getting jobless→More Dependence on rural areas
- Conspiracy? How?
- Make India into agriculture farm
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Economic Impact of Colonial Rule On India.
Q. Deindustrialisation & Ruralisation.
Q. How did Deindustrialisation took place?
After 1820, European markets were virtually closed to Indian exports
Newly introduced Rail network helped the European products to reach the remotest corners of the country
Indian products found it more and more difficult to penetrate the European
markets
loss of traditional livelihood was not accompanied by a process of
industrialisation in India
As a result, deindustrialisation of India took place
Indian artisans and handicraftsmen were already feeling the crunch due
to loss of patronage by princes and the nobility, who were now under the influence of new western tastes and values
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Economic Impact of Colonial Rule On India.
Q. Deindustrialisation & Ruralisation.
Me too…… I am fond of
English…..
Q. Why Deindustrialisation?
Decline of traditional ruling class
New Middle class fond of English goods
Industrial revolution→ influx of machine goods
Unilateral free trade policy
All this was done without compensating development of machine industry
From being a net exporter, India became a net importer
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Economic Impact of Colonial Rule On India.
Q. Why Deindustrialisation?
Internal Weakness also responsible
Indian manufacturers failed to find new markets
Did not explored other countries & continents
Missing “Adventurist trader”
Indian rulers failed to make any effort for any trade policy
Focus only on land revenue & income
Though, Tipu sultan tried developing trade
No priority of developing Navy by Indian rulers
Indian coastal trade monopolised by the Europeans
If coastal trade under Indian control, than difficult for Europeans
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Economic Impact of Colonial Rule On India.
Q. The Drain of wealth?
Q. What is it?
Refers to a portion Of national product of India which was not available for consumption of its people
But was being drained away to Britain for political reasons and India was not getting adequate economic or material returns for it
India se sab
Paisa England
The drain theory was put forward by Dadabhai Naoroji Jaa raha hai !!!
2 May 1867, Meeting of East Indian Association @ London
Paper→English Debt to India
The Wants and Means of India (1870)
On the Commerce of India (1871)
Book→Poverty and Unbritish Rule in India
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Economic Impact of Colonial Rule On India.
Q. The Drain of wealth?
Flow of
- India England
Wealth
- How it started?
- 1757plassey, but before50 years.
- 1700s EIC £ 20 million bullion to India
but why? Balance of trade Infavourable for the EIC
- Govt. thought of restricting sales of Indian goods in the British market.
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Economic Impact of Colonial Rule On India.
- But by 1757 Plassey took place:-
Got political power:
Profit from Land revenue Under table
trade corruption
- By 1813 Charter Act Unrequited Exports
This became the focal point – Indian national income is not Available for our own consumption
Q. What were the constituents of the drain?
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Economic Impact of Colonial Rule On India.
Q. The Drain of wealth?
Drain of Wealth
Visible Aspects Invisible
- Profit - Home Charges
- Land Revenue - Interest on Foreign Capital investment
- Plundering - Foreign banking, Insurance & shipping companies.
- corruption
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Economic Impact of Colonial Rule On India.
Q. The Drain of wealth?
- Home Charges?
- Expenditure incurred in England by the secretary of state on behalf of India.
- 10 to 13% 1857 25% to 40% of the total revenue
- Early 1900s it was £17.36 Million
- Constituents of home Charges
- Dividend to Interest o public debt Civil & military Charges. Store purchases
Shareholders Raise abroad - From English markets
- Annual £ 630000 - £ 70 million debt - 10 - 12% of home charges.
- By 1900 - £ 224 million
- Wars infrastructure
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Economic Impact of Colonial Rule On India.
Q. The Drain of wealth?
Where foreign capital has been sunk in a
country. the administration of that country
becomes at once the concern of the
bondholders. (The Hindu 1889)
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Economic Impact of Colonial Rule On India.
Q. The Drain of wealth?
It is not the pitiless operations of economic laws, but it is the thoughtless
and pitiless action of the British policy; it is the pitiless eating of India's
substance in India, and the further pitiless drain to England; in short, it is
the pitiless perversion of economic laws by the sad bleeding to which India
is subjected, that is destroying India.
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Economic Impact of Colonial Rule On India.
Q. The Drain of wealth?
Q. Estimates of economic Drain
Dadabhai Naoroji
1867→ 8 Million Pounds
1870→ 12 Million Pounds
1905→ 51.34 Crore ( 34 Million Sterling) Annualy
GV Joshi (1888)→ 25 Crores/year
DE Wacha→ 30 to 40 Crores/year
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Q. Consequences of the Drain
Q. The Drain of wealth?
Economic Effect
Real cause of backwardness→ Drain
Not only loss of wealth, but loss of capital
Drain→ loss of employment & income
How?
Loss of Capital→ This would have used for employment generation & income generation
Slow growth of modern Industry
De-industrialisation in India
Peasants were also affected, as high rate of revenue
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Q. Consequences of the Drain Q. The Drain of wealth?
Political Effect
Nationalist leaders highlighted the drain theory
Through papers, book, news papers etc
Drain Theory→ Highlighted the political conflict between India & England
Drain→ Requires Political Solution
Therefore, it created awareness among common the people
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Economic Impact of Colonial Rule On India.
Q. The Drain of wealth?
Q. Entry of British finance capital in India.
- Present times – welcoming of FDI.
- Why we welcome? – Technology
– Forex
– Eco development
- But colonial times Exploitation
How? Uptil 1813 No large scale investment
But charter Act 1813 & 1833 – Opening of flood gates
After 1857 – Entry of British capital in finance form, But
Q. How it Entered?
Q. What were the forms of investment?
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Economic Impact of Colonial Rule On India.
Q. The Drain of wealth?
- March 1769 Cod Asking EIC.
- Make raw silk rather than fabric
- Silk factories will softer, forcing silk weavers to work from homes,
rather work for EIC Factory
- By 1813 EIC monopoly weakened
- By 1833 charter Act – end of Monopoly
- Entry of British Financial capital
Q. Forms of Investment ??
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Economic Impact of Colonial Rule On India.
Forms of investment Q. The Drain of wealth?
Loans raised by the secy of state Business investment by
Investment in railways, irrigation, Foreign companies.
Ports Etc.
By 1914 97% of British capital Different sectors
Sectors causing Mining industry Financial Houses Promoting auxiliaries
Economic overheads
- Capital invested into that sector that was complementary the British industries.
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Economic Impact of Colonial Rule On India.
Q. The Drain of wealth?
- Method of exploitation – Ownership retained with British
E.g. Foreign Banks 2/3 of Deposits
Indian Banks 1/3 of Deposits
Industries Foreign capital – No Discrimination
Indian Owner – Discrimination
– No credit given
– Restricted market access
- Multinational companies operating via subsidiary companies
Hindustan lever Ltd. Dunlop ITC Ashok Leyland Union carbide
- By June 1948 RBI liabilities Rs.474 Crores
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Economic Impact of Colonial Rule On India.
Q. The Drain of wealth→ Indian Connection
Q. Rise of modern Indian industry?→ Rise of Indian Capitalist Class
- Rise of Indian national Bourgeoisie
Traders Money-Lenders Bankers
- Acted as junior facilitator to British needs.
- But British didn’t permit to compete with foreign firms
- Hence couldn’t flourish
- Still there was little growth of Indian capitalist enterprise.
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Q. The Drain of wealth→ Indian Connection
Banking Channel
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Economic Impact of Colonial Rule On India.
Q. The Drain of wealth→ Indian Connection
Q. Growth of Indian capitalist enterprise
- How it all began – Place?
- Who began it?
- Textile industry Bombay Raw material
Climate
Gujarati Parsi Labour
Market
Port
- Origin – 1850s
- Catalyst 1860 onward American civil war
- By 1880 56 textile mills, by 1900 – more than 260 textile mills, 2 lakh workers
- But challenges continued from Manchester, Lancashire
- Discriminatory tariff policies,
- Important pants & machineries
- Absence of state protection
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Economic Impact of Colonial Rule On India.
Q. The Drain of wealth→ Indian Connection
First cotton textile mill was set up in 1853 in Bombay by
Cowasjee Nanabhoy
There was a rush of foreign capital in India at this time due to
prospects of high profits, availability of cheap labour, cheap and
readily available raw material, ready market in India
Q. Reality?
Industrial development →lopsided pattern—core and heavy industries and power
generation were neglected
Some regions were favoured more than the others causing regional disparities
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Economic Impact of Colonial Rule On India.
Q. The Drain of wealth→ Indian Connection
Facts
1. 1907 Tisco by Jamshedji Tata
1911 – Pig Iron
1913 – Steel
2. By 1914-18 WW-I-supply Increased profits for Indian enterprises
3. 1918-1938 Mont-Ford reforms-fiscal autonomy
1921 Fiscal commission Sir Ibrahim Rahimtoola
Triple formula for claiming protection.
4. 1938-1947 National planning committee
WW-II Profit period
By 1947 Poverty & under developed economy
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
THANK YOU
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
COMPREHENSIVE COURSE ON MODERN INDIAN HISTORY
Presented by Pratik Nayak
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
ABOUT ME
● NATIONALLY RECOGNISED
● TEACHING FOR UPSC CIVIL
SERVICES SINCE LAST 6
YEARS
● TAUGHT MORE THAN 10000
STUDENTS AT VARIOUS
INSTITUTES
● GPSC CLEARED, WORKED AT
GOVERNMENT OF GUJARAT
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Economic Impact of Colonial Rule On India.
Q. Trends / Features.
Phase - I - Formation of Joints Stock Co Monopoly given by the monarch
- Buy from local market @ cheaper rates
Sell @ high rates @ Europe
I am Captain
Russell…you know…I am
all rounder
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Economic Impact of Colonial Rule On India.
Phase – II – IR in England
Ending of monopoly New Markets needed How? Expansion
Of territory
- Need to understand the stages of colonialism.
- 3 Stages- Given by R. Palme Dutt
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Economic Impact of Colonial Rule On India.
Impact
1. Disruption of traditional 2. Ruin of peasantry 3. Ruin old old 4. Deindustrialisation 5.
Economy & Agriculture Zamindars & rise of & Ruralisation. Commercialization
new landed class. of agriculture.
6. Drain of wealth 7. Poverty & 8. Rise of Indian [Link] of
Famines Bourgeoisie. Industries
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Economic Impact of Colonial Rule On India.
Q. The Drain of wealth?
Q. What is it?
Refers to a portion Of national product of India which was not available for consumption of its people
But was being drained away to Britain for political reasons and India was not getting adequate economic or material returns for it
India se sab
Paisa England
The drain theory was put forward by Dadabhai Naoroji Jaa raha hai !!!
2 May 1867, Meeting of East Indian Association @ London
Paper→English Debt to India
The Wants and Means of India (1870)
On the Commerce of India (1871)
Book→Poverty and Unbritish Rule in India
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Economic Impact of Colonial Rule On India.
Q. The Drain of wealth?
Flow of
- India England
Wealth
- How it started?
- 1757plassey, but before50 years.
- 1700s EIC £ 20 million bullion to India
but why? Balance of trade Infavourable for the EIC
- Govt. thought of restricting sales of Indian goods in the British market.
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Economic Impact of Colonial Rule On India.
- But by 1757 Plassey took place:-
Got political power:
Profit from Land revenue Under table
trade corruption
- By 1813 Charter Act Unrequited Exports
This became the focal point – Indian national income is not Available for our own consumption
Q. What were the constituents of the drain?
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Economic Impact of Colonial Rule On India.
Q. The Drain of wealth?
Drain of Wealth
Visible Aspects Invisible
- Profit - Home Charges
- Land Revenue - Interest on Foreign Capital investment
- Plundering - Foreign banking, Insurance & shipping companies.
- corruption
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Economic Impact of Colonial Rule On India.
Q. The Drain of wealth?
- Home Charges?
- Expenditure incurred in England by the secretary of state on behalf of India.
- 10 to 13% 1857 25% to 40% of the total revenue
- Early 1900s it was £17.36 Million
- Constituents of home Charges
- Dividend to Interest o public debt Civil & military Charges. Store purchases
Shareholders Raise abroad - From English markets
- Annual £ 630000 - £ 70 million debt - 10 - 12% of home charges.
- By 1900 - £ 224 million
- Wars infrastructure
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Economic Impact of Colonial Rule On India.
Q. The Drain of wealth?
Where foreign capital has been sunk in a
country. the administration of that country
becomes at once the concern of the
bondholders. (The Hindu 1889)
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Economic Impact of Colonial Rule On India.
Q. The Drain of wealth?
It is not the pitiless operations of economic laws, but it is the thoughtless
and pitiless action of the British policy; it is the pitiless eating of India's
substance in India, and the further pitiless drain to England; in short, it is
the pitiless perversion of economic laws by the sad bleeding to which India
is subjected, that is destroying India.
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Economic Impact of Colonial Rule On India.
Q. The Drain of wealth?
Q. Estimates of economic Drain
Dadabhai Naoroji
1867→ 8 Million Pounds
1870→ 12 Million Pounds
1905→ 51.34 Crore ( 34 Million Sterling) Annualy
GV Joshi (1888)→ 25 Crores/year
DE Wacha→ 30 to 40 Crores/year
Gopal Krishna Gokhale,
G. Subramaniya Ayer and
Prithwishchandra Ray
GV Joshi
Surendranath Banerje
Bholanath Chandra
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Economic Impact of Colonial Rule On India.
Q. The Drain of wealth?
Q. Entry of British finance capital in India.
- Present times – welcoming of FDI.
- Why we welcome? – Technology
– Forex
– Eco development
- But colonial times Exploitation
How? Uptil 1813 No large scale investment
But charter Act 1813 & 1833 – Opening of flood gates
After 1857 – Entry of British capital in finance form, But
Q. How it Entered?
Q. What were the forms of investment?
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Economic Impact of Colonial Rule On India.
Q. The Drain of wealth?
- March 1769 Cod Asking EIC.
- Make raw silk rather than fabric
- Silk factories will softer, forcing silk weavers to work from homes,
rather work for EIC Factory
- By 1813 EIC monopoly weakened
- By 1833 charter Act – end of Monopoly
- Entry of British Financial capital
Q. Forms of Investment ??
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Economic Impact of Colonial Rule On India.
Forms of investment Q. The Drain of wealth?
Loans raised by the secy of state Business investment by
Investment in railways, irrigation, Foreign companies.
Ports Etc.
By 1914 97% of British capital Different sectors
Sectors causing Mining industry Financial Houses Promoting auxiliaries
Economic overheads
- Capital invested into that sector that was complementary the British industries.
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Economic Impact of Colonial Rule On India.
Q. The Drain of wealth?
- Method of exploitation – Ownership retained with British
E.g. Foreign Banks 2/3 of Deposits
Indian Banks 1/3 of Deposits
Industries Foreign capital – No Discrimination
Indian Owner – Discrimination
– No credit given
– Restricted market access
- Multinational companies operating via subsidiary companies
Hindustan lever Ltd. Dunlop ITC Ashok Leyland Union carbide
- By June 1948 RBI liabilities Rs.474 Crores
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Economic Impact of Colonial Rule On India.
Q. The Drain of wealth→ Indian Connection
Q. Rise of modern Indian industry?→ Rise of Indian Capitalist Class
- Rise of Indian national Bourgeoisie
Traders Money-Lenders Bankers
- Acted as junior facilitator to British needs.
- But British didn’t permit to compete with foreign firms
- Hence couldn’t flourish
- Still there was little growth of Indian capitalist enterprise.
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Q. The Drain of wealth→ Indian Connection
Banking Channel
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Economic Impact of Colonial Rule On India.
Q. The Drain of wealth→ Indian Connection
Q. Growth of Indian capitalist enterprise
- How it all began – Place?
- Who began it?
- Textile industry Bombay Raw material
Climate
Gujarati Parsi Labour
Market
Port
- Origin – 1850s
- Catalyst 1860 onward American civil war
- By 1880 56 textile mills, by 1900 – more than 260 textile mills, 2 lakh workers
- But challenges continued from Manchester, Lancashire
- Discriminatory tariff policies,
- Important pants & machineries
- Absence of state protection
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Economic Impact of Colonial Rule On India.
Q. The Drain of wealth→ Indian Connection
First cotton textile mill was set up in 1853 in Bombay by
Cowasjee Nanabhoy
There was a rush of foreign capital in India at this time due to
prospects of high profits, availability of cheap labour, cheap and
readily available raw material, ready market in India
Q. Reality?
Industrial development →lopsided pattern—core and heavy industries and power
generation were neglected
Some regions were favoured more than the others causing regional disparities
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Economic Impact of Colonial Rule On India.
Q. The Drain of wealth→ Indian Connection
Facts
1. 1907 Tisco by Jamshedji Tata
1911 – Pig Iron
1913 – Steel
2. By 1914-18 WW-I-supply Increased profits for Indian enterprises
3. 1918-1938 Mont-Ford reforms-fiscal autonomy
1921 Fiscal commission Sir Ibrahim Rahimtoola
Triple formula for claiming protection.
4. 1938-1947 National planning committee
WW-II Profit period
By 1947 Poverty & under developed economy
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Q. Consequences of the Drain
Q. The Drain of wealth?
Economic Effect
Real cause of backwardness→ Drain
Not only loss of wealth, but loss of capital
Drain→ loss of employment & income
How?
Loss of Capital→ This would have used for employment generation & income generation
Slow growth of modern Industry
De-industrialisation in India
Peasants were also affected, as high rate of revenue
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Q. Consequences of the Drain Q. The Drain of wealth?
Political Effect
Nationalist leaders highlighted the drain theory
Through papers, book, news papers etc
Drain Theory→ Highlighted the political conflict between India & England
Drain→ Requires Political Solution
Therefore, it created awareness among common the people
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Previous Years Questions- Prelims & Mains
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Economic Impact- Analysis
Stages of Colonialism
Given by R. Palme Dutt→ Marxist Historian
Colonialism→ 3 Stages/Phases
Phase I→ Mercantile Phase 1757-1813
Phase II→ Industrial Phase 1813-1860
Phase III→ Financial Phase 1860-1947
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Phase I→ Mercantile Phase (1757-1813)
1st Phase Commencement with the establishment of British rule in 1757
Objective→ Monopoly in trade & Direct Plunder
Securing trade & commercial interests by focussing on:
a. Eliminating rival European power’s present in India
b. Eliminating native rulers who create obstacles
Strengthening trade through charters & rights issued by the British government
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Phase I→ Mercantile Phase (1757-1813)
1st Phase Commencement with the establishment of British rule in 1757
Strengthening trade through charters & rights issued by the British government
Started creating base for direct plunder by way of establishing political control over Indian territories
Made no major change in existing system in India
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Phase II→ Industrial Phase (1813-1860)
Change in approach becomes visible
Industrial Revolution
Demand of Raw Material &
Market for Finished goods
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Phase II→ Industrial Phase (1813-1860)
Change in approach becomes visible
Industrial Revolution
Birth of Industrial Capitalism
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Phase II→ Industrial Phase (1813-1860)
Change in approach becomes visible
Demand of Raw Material & Market for Finished
Industrial Revolution
goods
Showed Critical attitude towards
Industrial Capitalist
EIC monopoly
Created pressure on government
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Phase II→ Industrial Phase (1813-1860)
Enactment of Charter Act 1813
First step towards free trade
Effort was made towards establishing India as a great source of raw material & huge market for manufactured goods
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Phase II→ Industrial Phase (1813-1860)
Effort was made towards establishing India as a great source of raw material & huge market for manufactured goods
Free trade Indian Economy getting integrated with British Capitalist + World Economy
New Colonial Approach Setting up of New Politico- Administrative Approach
Objective: linked with fulfilment of free trade
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Phase II→ Industrial Phase (1813-1860)
New Colonial Approach Setting up of New Politico- Administrative Approach
Objective: linked with fulfilment of free trade
Changes in Judicial System, Political System
Need to develop Indian Social structure in accordance to the
capitalistic & commercial structure
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Phase II→ Industrial Phase (1813-1860)
Expansion of Trade & Commerce New Education Policy
Development of Transport & Communication
Railways, Telegraphs, Posts etc.
Moderate Imperialistic Political line of thought came into existence
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Phase III→ Financial Phase (1860-1947)
Post 1860→ Promoting of Foreign Capital
Come...Make in
India ;)
Increasing Investment Base in:
Railway
Providing loan/debt to government
Tea Plantation, Jute Mill
Coal Mining
Shipping
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Protecting the foreign capital→ By strengthening British rule in India
Phase III→ Financial Phase (1860-1947)
Protecting the foreign capital→ By strengthening British rule in India
Use of new techniques, acts & policies
More Money→ Strong Administration→ Expansion of rule
Curbing process of Modernisation & stop spreading of modern & progressive ideas
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
UPSC CSE- Prelims 2018
1. The staple commodities of export by the English East India
Company from Bengal in the middle of the 18th century were
(a) Raw cotton, oil-seeds and opium (b) Sugar, salt, zinc and lead
(c) Copper, silver, gold, spices and tea (d) Cotton, silk, saltpetre and opium
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
UPSC CSE- Prelims 2018
11. Economically, one of the results of the British rule in India in
the 19th century was the
(a) increase in the export of Indian handicrafts
(b) growth in the number of Indian owned factories
(c) commercialization of Indian agriculture
(d) rapid increase in the urban population
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
UPSC CSE- Prelims 2017
12. Who among the following was/were associated with the
introduction of Ryotwari Settlement in India during the British rule?
1. Lord Cornwallis
2. Alexander Read
3. Thomas Munro
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only (b) 1 and 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
UPSC CSE- Prelims 2015
9. Who of the following was/were economic critic/ critics of
colonialism in India?
1. Dadabhai Naoroji 2. G. Subramania Iyer 3. R. C. Dutt
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
UPSC CSE- Prelims 2012
Q. 17 Consider the following statements : The most effective
contribution made by Dadabhai Naoroji to the cause of Indian
National Movement was that he-
1. exposed the economic exploitation of India by the British
2. interpreted the ancient Indian texts and restored the self-
confidence of Indians
3. stressed the need for eradication of all the social evils before
anything else
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
UPSC CSE- Prelims 2012
Q.10 With reference to Ryotwari Settlement, consider
the following statements :
1. The rent was paid directly by the peasants to the
Government.
2. The Government gave Pattas to the Ryots.
3. The lands were surveyed and assessed before
being taxed.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 1, 2 and 3 (d) None
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
UPSC CSE- Prelims 2011
Q. With reference to the period of colonial rule in India, “Home Charges”
formed an important part of drain of wealth from India. Which of the
following funds constituted “Home Charges’’ ?
1. Funds used to support the India office in London.
2. Funds used to pay salaries and pensions of British personnel engaged in
India.
3. Funds used for waging wars outside India by the British.
(a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
UPSC CSE- Prelims 1996
Who among the following leaders did not believe in
the drain theory of Dadabhai Naoroji ? [1996]
(a) B.G. Tilak (b) R.C. Dutt
(c) M.G. Ranade (d) Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
UPSC CSE- Prelims 1999
Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer
using the codes given below the lists: [1999]
List-I (Year) List-II (Event)
A. 1775 1. First Anglo-Burmese War
B. 1780 2. First Anglo-Afghan War
C. 1824 3. First Anglo-Maratha War
D. 1838 4. Second Anglo-Mysore War
Codes:
(a) A – 4; B – 3; C – 2; D – 1
(b) A – 4; B – 3; C – 1; D – 2
(c) A – 3; B – 4; C – 1; D – 2
(d) A – 3; B – 4; C – 2; D – 1
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
UPSC CSE- Prelims 2004
Consider the following statements:
1. In the Third Battle of Panipat, Ahmed Shah Abdali
defeated Ibrahim Lodi
2. Tipu Sultan was killed in the Third Anglo-Mysore
War
3. Mir Jafar entered in a conspiracy with the English
for the defeat of Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah in the
Battle of Plassey
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
[2004]
(a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 (d) None
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
UPSC CSE- Prelims 2004
Consider the following statements:
1. Robert Clive was the first Governor-General of
Bengal.
2. William Bentinck was the first Governor-General
of India.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only [2007]
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Previous Years Questions- Mains
Q.1 Examine critically the various facets of economic policy of British in India from mid eighteenth century till Independence.
(2014)
Q. 2 Examine critically how the decline of the Traditional artisanal industry in colonial India Crippled the rural economy.
(2017)
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
THANK YOU
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
COMPREHENSIVE COURSE ON MODERN INDIAN HISTORY
INDIAN REACTION
Presented by Pratik Nayak
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
ABOUT ME
● NATIONALLY RECOGNISED
● TEACHING FOR UPSC CIVIL
SERVICES SINCE LAST 6
YEARS
● TAUGHT MORE THAN 10000
STUDENTS AT VARIOUS
INSTITUTES
● GPSC CLEARED, WORKED AT
GOVERNMENT OF GUJARAT
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
MODERN INDIAN HISTORY
Q. How the British conquest took place?
केक कटे गा सबमे ऐसा कैसे
बाटे गा
Europeans Princely states
Later Mughals Deccan Awadh Sikh Mysore Marathas
Others (Delhi)
Portuguese Dutch French
कभी नह ीं
1612 1759 1760
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Q. How the British conquest took place?
I will
हमार ज़मीन ले ऐसा मझु से तो हम जीत
जागो रे
Anglicise
ल कैसे पछ
ू ो मत गए
you……
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Indian Reaction
Indian Reaction to British Rule
Immediate Reaction Ideological Reaction
Revolts (In traditional form) - Making of Organisations
- Who - Development of Education
- Where - Role of press
- How - Creating awareness
- Why among masses
- Outcome / Impact - Hence, modern response
Social Economic Political
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Traditional Response
Nature
Civilian Revolt Leadership
Area
Peasant Revolt
Hamri zameen cheen
Chronology li....!!!!
Tribal Revolt Social Base
British Attitude
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Q. Popular Movements During British Conquest (1757-1856)
Tribal Peasants Civilian Sepoy
Q. Reasons Behind Revolt?
Impoverishment
- End of Artisans
- Taking away tribal rights
- Social Impact
- Entry of foreign rule to remote places.
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Why Traditional?
1. Nature→ Not modern
Traditional→ Not inspired by modern ideas like equality, civil rights
Based on traditional values & notions→ Reactionary
Orthodox
[Link]→ Local/Regional, Not National
Not inspired by an all India vision
Nationalism in its modern sense was absent
Restorative in nature→ Bring back the old order of things
[Link]→ Reactionary
They were marred by Violence
They were spontaneous PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Why Traditional?
4. They were not planned
General trend,
Redressal of local grievances
Revolt directed against immediate authority→ Shahukar, Mahajan, British Authority
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Indian Reaction
:. Revolts took place
Q. Where (Map)
N
W E
S
1. Revolts that took place in eastern India.
1) Sanyasi – Fakir rebellion (Bengal 1770 to 1800)
- Leaders – Musa shah, Bhawani pathak, Devi Chaudhrani
- Why post buxer Plunder, Dyarchy, Famine by 1770s
- Sanyasi & fakir Raiding & looting EIC factories distributing among poor.
- Estda independent Govt. Local areas
- Book Anandmath by Bakim Chandra Chaterjee
- Warren Hastings supress them
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Indian Reaction
2) Chuar & Ho (1770s)
- Why Famine, land revenge
- Revolt @ Midnapore district
- Who Rajas of Dhalbhum, Kailapal, Dholka, Barabhum
- Leader of the rebels was Durjan Singha, a former
zamindar of Raipur
- Known as Freedom struggle of Jungle Mahal
3) Ho & Munda 1820s to 1840s
- @ Chota Nagpur & Singhbhum Region.
4) Kol uprising 1830s
@ Chota Nagpur
- Why→ Land Transfer to outsiders Sikh & Muslims
- 1000 killed by 1831
- Ranchi, Singhbhum, Hazari Bang
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Indian Reaction
Paika Rebellion
traditional militia of Odisha March 1817
served as warriors and were charged with policing functions during
peacetime
EIC Conquest over Odissa→ Local king of Khudra Ousted.
Now there is no need of assistance of Paikas at Khurda. It is dangerous
to keep them in British armed forces. Thus they should be treated and
dealt as common Ryots and land revenue and other taxes should be
collected from them
led by Bakshi Jagabandhu, Bidyadhar Mohapatra, Bhramarabar Ray,
the former bakshi or commander of the forces of the Raja of Khurda
October 2017, government of India recognise paika revolt as first war of
independence earlier it was Revolt of 1857
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Indian Reaction
5) Pagal Panthi Revolt (1825)
- Semi religions sect.
Son
- Karam Shah Tipu
- Religious & Political motives
6) Ahom Revolt (1826)
- 1st Anglo-Burma war
- EIC Annexing Territory
- 1828 Gomdhar konwar revolted
- 1833 Purandar Singh nominated as king
- 1838 Assam annexed
7) Khasi Revolt (1829)
- Entry of EIC in Assam. (Map)
- :. Revolt Tirat Singh Local Ruler
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Indian Reaction
8) Faraizi Revolt (1840-1850)
- Peasant Against Landlords
- Water on socio-religious
- Haji Shariat ullah Dudumian
- Later on supressed, Remaining ones joined the wahabis
9) Kandh Uprising (1840-1850)
- End of Human sacrifice Mariah
- Didn’t liked it.
- :. Revolt Chakra Bisol
10) Savara Rebellion (1850s)
- Parliament region
- Radha Krishana Dandasena
- Parallel of kandh
- Was hanged
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Indian Reaction
11) Santhal Rebellion (1854-56)
- Hool / Uprising
- Most Imp before 1857
- 1793 – permanent settlement
- Entry of outsiders
- Tribals called them “Diku”
- 2 bros took leadership
Sidho Kanhu
- ESTD independent Govt.
- By 1856, Milliary operation
- Post Revolt, Santhal parganas were created, no land
transfer to outsider.
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Indian Reaction
Tilka Manjhi (Jabra paharia)→ 1789
was the first adivasi leader to
take up the arms against the British
Location→Tilapore forest,
Hanged @ Bhagalpur
Surendra Sai→ Sambalpur Revolt
Descendant from Madhukar Sai, the fourth Chauhan king of Sambalpur,
Dalhousie→ Annexation through Doctrine of Lapse
Hence Revolt
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Indian Reaction
2. Revolts in western India.
1) Bhil uprising (1818-1846)
- Multiple revolt
- Stayed in [Link] Khandesh
- By 1818, EIC Entry into this Region
- Revolt started Sewaram
2) Waghera Revolt (1818-19)
- Gujarat Okha
- EIC Entry, Exploitation
- Revolt
3) Kutch Revolt (1819-1831)
- 1819 – Defeat of kutch ruler Bhaarmal
- Kutch into EIC possession.
- British Residers Control
- By 1831 – Revolt
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Indian Reaction
4) Ramosi Revolt (1822) [Link]
- EIC Entry Satara Region
- Chittur singh – Revolt till 1829
- Again 1839, Revolt after pratapsingh was removed
5) Koli uprising (Gujarat 1824-1848)
- Neighbours of Bhils, [Link]
6) Surat Agitation. (1844-48)
- Reising of Sact duty ₹1
- Revolt
- By 1848 Bengal STD WT & Measures – Agitation
7) Kolharpur & Savantvadi Revolts (1844)
- After Peshwa defeat, Marathas got unemployed
- Gadkari Revolt in kolhapur & savantvadi
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Indian Reaction
4) Moplah Revolt (1836-54)
- Muslim cultivators
3. Revolts in [Link]
- Mappilas (Moplahs)
- Woriced as bonded laboures jemis
1) Raja of vizianagaram (1794) Chinna Vijayaramaraju - Landlord Hindu – Nair
- EIC entry into northern cirlar Battle of Padmanabha - :. Revolt because of revenue & Extractions.
Made to
- Raja ₹ 3 Lakh
Pay
- State Annexed :. Revolt
2) Diwan velu Thampi Revolt (1805)
- Travancore, Subsidiary alliance
- ₹ Money Demanded
- Hence Revolt
3) Mysore Rebellion (1830-31)
- 1799 Subsidiary alliance – Wadeyar state
- Who will pay King Zamindars Peasants
- :. Revolt by peasants Sardar malla
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Indian Reaction
4. Revolts in [Link]. Wahabi Movement/Revolt
- 1814 Bilarpur
- 1814-17 Aligarh Taluqdars
- 1825 [Link] & Harayana
- 1842 Bundela
- 1844-49 Punjab
- Namdhari Kuka Revolt (1840)
- Bhagat Jawaharlal Mal Named Kuka
- Baba Balak Singh.
- Baba Ram Singh
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Indian Reaction
5. Sepoy Mutinies
1764 Buxer, batallion defecting munro & went to
Mir Qasim.
1806 Vellore munity social issues.
1824 th
47 native Infranty Asked to
proceed Burma Revolt
1825 Grenadier Co Assam Mutiny
1838 Solapur Bhatta Issue
1844 Sindh Bhatta Issue
1849-50
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Vellor Mutiny Indian Reaction
Prohibition→ Hindus wearing religious marks on their foreheads while on
duty, and Muslims were required to shave their beards and trim their
moustaches
protested the new rules were sent to Fort Saint George. Two of them – a
Hindu and a Muslim – were given 90 lashes each and dismissed from the
army
Immediate causes of the mutiny revolved mainly around resentment felt
towards changes in the sepoy dress code, introduced in November 1805.
The Governor of Madras, William Bentinck, → "greater care and caution
had not been exercised in examining into the real sentiments and
dispositions of the sepoys before measures of severity were adopted to
enforce the order respecting the use of the new turban.
six mutineers were blown away from guns, five shot by firing squad,
eight hanged and five transported.
English poet Sir Henry Newbolt's poem "Gillespie" is an account of the
events of the Vellore mutiny
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
The Revolt of 1857
19th Native Infantry at Berhampur
34th Native Infantry→ Mangal Pande
executed on April 6
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
The Revolt of 1857
- Origin
- How it began
- Sepoy Mutiny / Freedom Struggle
- Leaders
- Revolt location
- Causes
- Why it failed / Was it a Failure?
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
The Revolt of 1857
Origin
- 10th May 1857 – Sepoys @ 3rd cavallry meerut
- Revolted – Freed 85 Court martialed comrades
- Joined by 11th & 12th native infantry
- Killing of EIC officials [Link]
- Marching towards Delhi
- Who Delhi?
- Seat of Bahasurshah Zafer.
- No British Army equipment stationed
- 11th May – Reached Delhi – massacare of civil officials of EIC
- Delhi magazine – Lt. Willoughby fought initially
- Bahadur shah proclaimed as Emperor
- Bakht khan taking the lead
- Spreading of revolt
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
The Revolt of 1857
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
- Participation increased from all
Sectors
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
The Revolt of 1857
Why this Revolt Expanded ?
Causes
Immediate Reasons Long term Reasons
- Sepoy Grievances - Grievances Against British
- Enfield Rifle Rule
- Religion In danger
Political Social Economic Sepoys
- Native - Reforms
Rulers - Changes
- Masses
Getting
Alienated
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
The Revolt of 1857
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
The Revolt of 1857
2)
- Abolition of Regal titles
1. Political Causes
- Bahadur shah zafar-II humiliated & insulted
- His son not recognised as Shahenshah-E-Hindstan
1) EIC policy of Effective control
- Titles of Carnatic, Tanjore also taken
- Subsidiary alliance – Wellesley
- Muslims feeling Hurt
- Paramountcy – Hasting
- House of Timur is being Destoryed.
- Doctrine of Lapse – Delhousie
Lapse of all morals rights to conquest – satara (1848)
Aila….Ab no more
- Jaitpur (1849) - Udaipur (1852)
Shahenshah e Hindustan
- Sambalpur (1849) - Jhansi (1853)
- Bhagat (1850) - Nagpur (1854)
- Misgovernance – Awadh (1856)
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
The Revolt of 1857
I am the
boss
3) Absentee Sovereignty
- Conqurer who came earlier
Settled in India, became Indianised
- Conquest Settled Expanded No drain going on
- But British – Stayed in London
- Drain of Wealth
- Alienation Increased
4) Pax Britannica
- Expansion of rule
- Annexation of states
- Disbanding of army
- Soldiers unemployed
- Full grievance
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Karl Marx (1853)→ It was the British
The Revolt of 1857 intruder who broke up the Indian
Handloom & destroyed the spinning
wheel
2. Administrative & Economic Causes:-
1) Administration
- No promotion
- Cacil of salary (¹⁄₃ of the European official)
- Thomas Munro tried to increased employment of Indians
2) Economical Causes
- Land Revenue Settlement Ryotwari, Mahalwari, Zamindari
- Judicial System
- Destruction of trade, Handicraft & Industry – Development of infrastructure
- Zamindars land getting confiscated Inam Commission (1852)
- Talukdars land being dispossessed.
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
I am the
The Revolt of 1857 boss
3) Social Grievances
Socio-culture-religion
- Racial Discriminations
- White man’s burden
- Whites not punished
- Interference in Religion & Culture
- Charter Act 1813 – Entry of Christianity
- Sati, Western Education, Anglicisation – Institute were called as shaitani daftars
- 1850 – Religious Disabilities Act Change of religion did not Debar son from Inheriting the property of his father
- 1856 – Widow Remarriage Act.
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
The Revolt of 1857
Composition
4) Military Causes
- Hereditary
- Salary & Allowances
- Peasants family – Bengal
- Racial Discrimination
- Rajput & Zamindars – Awadh
- Forced serving in Burma & Afghanistan
- Royal family members
- Not gifting land as Jagir like earlier
- In short all were dispossesed
- With drawing special privilegies like free postal services
- Soldier Peasant in uniform
- 1856 – General Enlistment act Compulsary service to any region
:. Reaction
- By 1857 – Enfield rifle
2nd Feb 1857 19th native Infantry
- 1856 – Bone dust in flour
29 March 1857 34th native Infantry Mangal
Pande
All work and No pay…..huh 10th May 1857 Boom….Boom….Boom
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
The Revolt of 1857
Phase II Revolt Suppression
Sep. 1857
- Capture of Delhi
- Effort by John Nicholson – Died
- Vengeance by the British
- Bahadur Shah Zafar capture & sent to Rangoon
- Son & Grandson killed by lt. Hudson some escaped to Nepal (Princetuli)
- Fall of Delhi
- Impact on other centres as well.
Dec. 1857
- Colin Campbell Recaptures Kanpur (Dec 1857)
- Nana Saheb Escaped to Nepal (Gujarat)
- Tatya Joined Lakshmi Bai
- Lucknow Recaptured (March 1858)
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
The Revolt of 1857
April 1858
- Fall of Jhansi
- Rani laxmibai defeated & died.
- “Here lay the women who was the only man among the rebels” अपनी झााँ
सी नह ीं
- Tatya escaping Nepal (Gujarat?) 1859 Betrayed & Captured executed
दाँ ग
ू ी
May – July 1858
- Capture of Bareilly – Khanbahadur
- Jagdishpur – Kunwar Singh Both Dead
- End of Revolt…..
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
The Revolt of 1857
Q. Why it Failed?
Territorial Ambit Ideological Factors
- Restricted to North India - Nationalism?
- Punjab – Silent under John - Lack of Support Princely states Only 1%joined the revolt
Lawrence
- Nepal – Gurkha help to EIC
Sikh (Patiala) Nepal Rajputs Kashmir Nizam Scindia
Mughals Marathas Marathas
- Zamindars →Loyalists - Lanning – If Scindia joins revolt,
- Intelligentsia→Education Indians loyal Shall have to pack off tomorrow.
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
The Revolt of 1857
Q. Why it Failed?
Lack of ideology No planning Leadership British Superiority & Resources
- Personal reasons for revolt - Caste issue among army - Bahadurshah (Relics of the - Weapons
- No unity - Morale down after leader past) - Leaders / Officials
gets captured - Discipline
- Administration, Revenue
- Sword vs. Gun
- Infrastructure – Means of
Communication
But in the end Q. Comes – Was it a Failure?
Yes / no ?
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
The Revolt of 1857
Q. Significance.
- Glorious landmark in Indian History
- Hindu Muslim Unity
- Idea of Indian unity Towards nationalism
- British 1 big setback after plassey – white invincibility shattered
st
- Change of policy
- Now favourable towards princely states
- End of EIC rule
Q. Was it a sepoy mutiny or war of Independence?
- Different opinion Europeans Vs. Indian.
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
The Revolt of 1857
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan→ He held
Q. Was it a sepoy mutiny or war of Independence? British responsible for the revolt
- Different opinion Europeans Vs. Indian.
Accepted general discontent among
people
Sir John Lawrence & Seely→
Sepoy Mutiny, Over patriotic &
VD Savarkar→ First war of Indian
Selfish
National Independence
LER Rees→ It was a war of
religious fanatics. Both Hindus &
Muslims against the Christians RC Majumdar→ It was neither first
nor national nor war of
TR Holmes→ It was a war Independence
between civilisation & barbarism
Surendranath Sen→ It was a war
which started for the protection of
religion but got converted into war
of independence
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
The Revolt of 1857
- Sepoy Mutiny vs. National war of Independence
Q. Outcome of the Revolt – Impact / Consequences
Political Economic Socio-Culture Administrative Military
The revolt of 1857 led not to the downfall but to the consolidation and permanence of our Empire in the East – Quote by the
Sunday review, London.
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
The Revolt of 1857
In changes of power?
- Bill introduced by lord Palmerstone – But couldn’t pass
- Edward Henry An act for the better government of India.
August 2, 1858. “Govt. of India act,1858”
- EIC British Crown
- Governor General Viceroy
- Abolishing Court of Directors Secretary of state for India in council
Board of Control in Council (15 members)
- By 1, November 1858 Queen’s proclaimation @ Allahbad
- By 1876 queen got title of Kaiser-E-Hind @ Delhi Durbar.
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
The Revolt of 1857
Queens proclaimation
- Making canning the viceroy Salary 2.5 lakh rupees / month
- No more annexations of princely states
- No more direct impositions of social-culture ideas
- Office acceptance for all
- Ancient rights, customs to be paid due respect
- Clemency to those who haven’t been convicted of murdering British officials
- Land returned to the Zamindars.
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
The Revolt of 1857
Q. Why Significant?
Q. Reorganisation of the Army?
- Defence
- It started with the army - Expansion @ other places (Crimea,
- John lawrence Need to break the Homogeneity of the Bengal Army Africa, China Etc. )
Causes
Increase Martial & non martial race
- Europeans - Caste lines exploited
- 1:2 Bengal - Divided & Rule
- 1:3 Madras, Bombay - Punjab, Nepal, North
- Critical positions only Europeans West Martial
- 45000 65000 – Europeans
- 2,38,000 1,90,000 - Indians
Q. Impact?
- Defence Expenditure Increased
- Hence
PRATIK NAYAK FORDrain of Wealth
UNACADEMY
The Revolt of 1857
Q. Princely States.
- Subordination Continued
- Abondoning international status
- Loyal prices rewarded
- Included into board of privileged
- By 1862 new order Star of India
Bhopal, Baroda, Gaekwad, Patiala, Rampur
- Punish princely states for mismanagement
- Consolidated partnership with them
- Got help from them in world wars
- 20 Feb 1947, Clement Atlee’s Statement……
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
The Revolt of 1857
- 3 Indians appointed as non official members
- Dinkar rau
Q. Administrative Decentralisation
- Mahraja patiala
- Raja Benares
- 1861 Indian Councils Act.
- Gov. General Given Ordinance power
- Leg. Powers for Bombay & Madras Restored
- Members in council given portfolio
- Leg. Councils Set up Bengal & Bombay – 1862, Up – 1886, Punjab – 1894
- Governor General
Executive Council Legislative Council
4 +1 - Expanded Strength
- 5th member - Additional members
apointed nominated for 2 Years
- 6 to 12
Official
- Differentiation
Non Official
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
The Revolt of 1857
Q. Indian civil services
Q. Creation of Local Bodies
- Reformation
- ICS Act, 1861
- Acts passing in 1864 for Bengal
- Allowing Indians to compete for civil services
- 1865 – Madras, 1867 – Punjab
- By 1870 – Lord Mayo – Local self Govt.
- Setting up of municipal corporations
- By 1881-82 – Lord ripplon's resolution on local government
Now Q. Even after this changes, the revolt will stop?
- Even from 1857 till early 1900s the revolt continued.
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
THANK YOU
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
COMPREHENSIVE COURSE ON MODERN INDIAN HISTORY
INDIAN REACTION
REVOLT OF 1857 & ITS AFTERMATH
Presented by Pratik Nayak
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
ABOUT ME
● NATIONALLY RECOGNISED
● TEACHING FOR UPSC CIVIL
SERVICES SINCE LAST 6
YEARS
● TAUGHT MORE THAN 10000
STUDENTS AT VARIOUS
INSTITUTES
● GPSC CLEARED, WORKED AT
GOVERNMENT OF GUJARAT
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
MODERN INDIAN HISTORY
Q. How the British conquest took place?
केक कटे गा सबमे ऐसा कैसे
बाटे गा
Europeans Princely states
Later Mughals Deccan Awadh Sikh Mysore Marathas
Others (Delhi)
Portuguese Dutch French
कभी नह ीं
1612 1759 1760
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Q. How the British conquest took place?
I will
हमार ज़मीन ले ऐसा मझु से तो हम जीत
जागो रे
Anglicise
ल कैसे पछ
ू ो मत गए
you……
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Indian Reaction
Indian Reaction to British Rule
Immediate Reaction Ideological Reaction
Revolts (In traditional form) - Making of Organisations
- Who - Development of Education
- Where - Role of press
- How - Creating awareness
- Why among masses
- Outcome / Impact - Hence, modern response
Social Economic Political
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
The Revolt of 1857
19th Native Infantry at Berhampur
34th Native Infantry→ Mangal Pande
executed on April 6
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
The Revolt of 1857
- Origin
- How it began
- Sepoy Mutiny / Freedom Struggle
- Leaders
- Revolt location
- Causes
- Why it failed / Was it a Failure?
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
The Revolt of 1857
Origin
- 10th May 1857 – Sepoys @ 3rd cavallry meerut
- Revolted – Freed 85 Court martialed comrades
- Joined by 11th & 12th native infantry
- Killing of EIC officials [Link]
- Marching towards Delhi
- Who Delhi?
- Seat of Bahasurshah Zafer.
- No British Army equipment stationed
- 11th May – Reached Delhi – massacare of civil officials of EIC
- Delhi magazine – Lt. Willoughby fought initially
- Bahadur shah proclaimed as Emperor
- Bakht khan taking the lead
- Spreading of revolt
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
The Revolt of 1857
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
- Participation increased from all
Sectors
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
The Revolt of 1857
Why this Revolt Expanded ?
Causes
Immediate Reasons Long term Reasons
- Sepoy Grievances - Grievances Against British
- Enfield Rifle Rule
- Religion In danger
Political Social Economic Sepoys
- Native - Reforms
Rulers - Changes
- Masses
Getting
Alienated
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
The Revolt of 1857
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
The Revolt of 1857
2)
- Abolition of Regal titles
1. Political Causes
- Bahadur shah zafar-II humiliated & insulted
- His son not recognised as Shahenshah-E-Hindstan
1) EIC policy of Effective control
- Titles of Carnatic, Tanjore also taken
- Subsidiary alliance – Wellesley
- Muslims feeling Hurt
- Paramountcy – Hasting
- House of Timur is being Destoryed.
- Doctrine of Lapse – Delhousie
Lapse of all morals rights to conquest – satara (1848)
Aila….Ab no more
- Jaitpur (1849) - Udaipur (1852)
Shahenshah e Hindustan
- Sambalpur (1849) - Jhansi (1853)
- Bhagat (1850) - Nagpur (1854)
- Misgovernance – Awadh (1856)
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
The Revolt of 1857
I am the
boss
3) Absentee Sovereignty
- Conqurer who came earlier
Settled in India, became Indianised
- Conquest Settled Expanded No drain going on
- But British – Stayed in London
- Drain of Wealth
- Alienation Increased
4) Pax Britannica
- Expansion of rule
- Annexation of states
- Disbanding of army
- Soldiers unemployed
- Full grievance
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Karl Marx (1853)→ It was the British
The Revolt of 1857 intruder who broke up the Indian
Handloom & destroyed the spinning
wheel
2. Administrative & Economic Causes:-
1) Administration
- No promotion
- Cacil of salary (¹⁄₃ of the European official)
- Thomas Munro tried to increased employment of Indians
2) Economical Causes
- Land Revenue Settlement Ryotwari, Mahalwari, Zamindari
- Judicial System
- Destruction of trade, Handicraft & Industry – Development of infrastructure
- Zamindars land getting confiscated Inam Commission (1852)
- Talukdars land being dispossessed.
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
I am the
The Revolt of 1857 boss
3) Social Grievances
Socio-culture-religion
- Racial Discriminations
- White man’s burden
- Whites not punished
- Interference in Religion & Culture
- Charter Act 1813 – Entry of Christianity
- Sati, Western Education, Anglicisation – Institute were called as shaitani daftars
- 1850 – Religious Disabilities Act Change of religion did not Debar son from Inheriting the property of his father
- 1856 – Widow Remarriage Act.
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
The Revolt of 1857
Composition
4) Military Causes
- Hereditary
- Salary & Allowances
- Peasants family – Bengal
- Racial Discrimination
- Rajput & Zamindars – Awadh
- Forced serving in Burma & Afghanistan
- Royal family members
- Not gifting land as Jagir like earlier
- In short all were dispossesed
- With drawing special privilegies like free postal services
- Soldier Peasant in uniform
- 1856 – General Enlistment act Compulsary service to any region
:. Reaction
- By 1857 – Enfield rifle
2nd Feb 1857 19th native Infantry
- 1856 – Bone dust in flour
29 March 1857 34th native Infantry Mangal
Pande
All work and No pay…..huh 10th May 1857 Boom….Boom….Boom
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
The Revolt of 1857
Phase II Revolt Suppression
Sep. 1857
- Capture of Delhi
- Effort by John Nicholson – Died
- Vengeance by the British
- Bahadur Shah Zafar capture & sent to Rangoon
- Son & Grandson killed by lt. Hudson some escaped to Nepal (Princetuli)
- Fall of Delhi
- Impact on other centres as well.
Dec. 1857
- Colin Campbell Recaptures Kanpur (Dec 1857)
- Nana Saheb Escaped to Nepal (Gujarat)
- Tatya Joined Lakshmi Bai
- Lucknow Recaptured (March 1858)
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
The Revolt of 1857
April 1858
- Fall of Jhansi
- Rani laxmibai defeated & died.
- “Here lay the women who was the only man among the rebels” अपनी झााँ
सी नह ीं
- Tatya escaping Nepal (Gujarat?) 1859 Betrayed & Captured executed
दाँ ग
ू ी
May – July 1858
- Capture of Bareilly – Khanbahadur
- Jagdishpur – Kunwar Singh Both Dead
- End of Revolt…..
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
The Revolt of 1857
Q. Why it Failed?
Territorial Ambit Ideological Factors
- Restricted to North India - Nationalism?
- Punjab – Silent under John - Lack of Support Princely states Only 1%joined the revolt
Lawrence
- Nepal – Gurkha help to EIC
Sikh (Patiala) Nepal Rajputs Kashmir Nizam Scindia
Mughals Marathas Marathas
- Zamindars →Loyalists - Lanning – If Scindia joins revolt,
- Intelligentsia→Education Indians loyal Shall have to pack off tomorrow.
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
The Revolt of 1857
Q. Why it Failed?
Lack of ideology No planning Leadership British Superiority & Resources
- Personal reasons for revolt - Caste issue among army - Bahadurshah (Relics of the - Weapons
- No unity - Morale down after leader past) - Leaders / Officials
gets captured - Discipline
- Administration, Revenue
- Sword vs. Gun
- Infrastructure – Means of
Communication
But in the end Q. Comes – Was it a Failure?
Yes / no ?
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
The Revolt of 1857
Q. Significance.
- Glorious landmark in Indian History
- Hindu Muslim Unity
- Idea of Indian unity Towards nationalism
- British 1 big setback after plassey – white invincibility shattered
st
- Change of policy
- Now favourable towards princely states
- End of EIC rule
Q. Was it a sepoy mutiny or war of Independence?
- Different opinion Europeans Vs. Indian.
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
The Revolt of 1857
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan→ He held
Q. Was it a sepoy mutiny or war of Independence? British responsible for the revolt
- Different opinion Europeans Vs. Indian.
Accepted general discontent among
people
Sir John Lawrence & Seely→
Sepoy Mutiny, Over patriotic &
VD Savarkar→ First war of Indian
Selfish
National Independence
LER Rees→ It was a war of
religious fanatics. Both Hindus &
Muslims against the Christians RC Majumdar→ It was neither first
nor national nor war of
TR Holmes→ It was a war Independence
between civilisation & barbarism
Surendranath Sen→ It was a war
which started for the protection of
religion but got converted into war
of independence
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
The Revolt of 1857
- Sepoy Mutiny vs. National war of Independence
Q. Outcome of the Revolt – Impact / Consequences
Political Economic Socio-Culture Administrative Military
The revolt of 1857 led not to the downfall but to the consolidation and permanence of our Empire in the East – Quote by the
Sunday review, London.
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
The Revolt of 1857
In changes of power?
- Bill introduced by lord Palmerstone – But couldn’t pass
- Edward Henry An act for the better government of India.
August 2, 1858. “Govt. of India act,1858”
- EIC British Crown
- Governor General Viceroy
- Abolishing Court of Directors Secretary of state for India in council
Board of Control in Council (15 members)
- By 1, November 1858 Queen’s proclamation @ Allahabad
- By 1876 queen got title of Kaiser-E-Hind @ Delhi Durbar.
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
The Revolt of 1857
Queens proclamation @ Allahabad
- Making canning the viceroy Salary 2.5 lakh rupees / month
- No more annexations of princely states
- No more direct impositions of social-culture ideas
- Office acceptance for all
- Ancient rights, customs to be paid due respect
- Clemency to those who haven’t been convicted of murdering British officials
- Land returned to the Zamindars.
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
The Revolt of 1857
Q. Why Significant?
Q. Reorganisation of the Army?
- Defence
- It started with the army - Expansion @ other places (Crimea,
- John Lawrence Need to break the Homogeneity of the Bengal Army Africa, China Etc. )
Causes
Increase Martial & non martial race
- Europeans - Caste lines exploited
- 1:2 Bengal - Divided & Rule
- 1:3 Madras, Bombay - Punjab, Nepal, North
- Critical positions only Europeans West Martial
- 45000 65000 – Europeans
- 2,38,000 1,90,000 - Indians
Q. Impact?
- Defence Expenditure Increased
- Hence
PRATIK NAYAK FORDrain of Wealth
UNACADEMY
The Revolt of 1857
ऐसा
Q. Princely States. कैसे
- Subordination Continued
- Abandoning international status
- Loyal prices rewarded
- Included into board of privileged
- By 1862 new order Star of India
Bhopal, Baroda, Gaekwad, Patiala, Rampur
- Punish princely states for mismanagement
- Consolidated partnership with them
- Got help from them in world wars
- 20 Feb 1947, Clement Atlee’s Statement……
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
The Revolt of 1857
- 3 Indians appointed as non official members
•Raja Sir Deo Narayan Singh of Benaras (Jan
Q. Administrative Decentralisation - Charles Wood 1862-1866)
•Narendra Singh, Maharaja of Patiala (Jan 1862-
- 1861 Indian Councils Act.
1864)
- Leg. Powers for Bombay & Madras Restored
•Dinkar Rao (Jan 1862-1864)
- Leg. Councils Set up Bengal & Bombay – 1862, Up – 1886, Punjab – 1894
- Gov. General Given Ordinance power
- Governor General
- Members in Executive council given portfolio
Executive Council Legislative Council
4 +1 - Expanded Strength
- 5th member - Additional members
apointed nominated for 2 Years
- Strength→ 6 to 12
Official
- Differentiation
Non Official
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
The Revolt of 1857
Q. Indian civil services
Q. Creation of Local Bodies
- Reformation
- ICS Act, 1861
- Acts passing in 1864 for Bengal
- Allowing Indians to compete for civil services
- 1865 – Madras, 1867 – Punjab
- By 1870 – Lord Mayo – Local self Govt.
- Setting up of municipal corporations
- By 1881-82 – Lord ripplon's resolution on local government
Now Q. Even after this changes, the revolt will stop?
- Even from 1857 till early 1900s the revolts continued.
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
THANK YOU
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
COMPREHENSIVE COURSE ON MODERN INDIAN HISTORY
Presented by Pratik Nayak
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
ABOUT ME
● NATIONALLY RECOGNISED
● TEACHING FOR UPSC CIVIL
SERVICES SINCE LAST 6
YEARS
● TAUGHT MORE THAN 10000
STUDENTS AT VARIOUS
INSTITUTES
● GPSC CLEARED, WORKED AT
GOVERNMENT OF GUJARAT
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
MODERN INDIAN HISTORY
SOCIO RELIGIOUS REFORMS
Social & Religious Reforms-
• Why?
• Who? Leaders- Institutions
• How?- Approach
• Outcome?
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Background
19th Century Indian Society
Superstitions→ Social Obscurities
Religion was the dominant ideology & it wasn’t possible to
undertake any social action without coming to grips with it
Hindu meets his religion @ every turn
Drinking, Eating, Sleeping, Standing, Moving etc.......
Adherence to sacred rules
Muslims→ Strongly influenced by religious tenets
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Background
Max Webber→ Hinduism became a compound web of
magic, cynicism & superstition
Animal Sacrifice, Physical Torture→ Replace worship of god
Role of Priests→ Encouraged Idolatry
Monopoly of scriptural knowledge
Ritual Interpretation
People lived in submission to god(unseen)
Now only on whims & fancies of the priests
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Background
Women→
Girl Child Birth→ Unwelcomed
Dudhpiti/Infanticide
Sati
Polygamy
Widowhood-→ Inauspicious
Neglected & Humiliated
Child Marriage→ 80years priest had 200 wives. The youngest
PRATIK was FOR
NAYAK of 8 years
UNACADEMY
Background
Caste
It sought to maintain system of segregation, hierarchy on basis of
ritual status
Bigotry & Blind fatalism
Practices based on faith cannot be challanged without bringing faith into question
RMR→ Sati has no religious sanction
No reformation is possible without a renaissance→ GWF Hegel
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Western Impact
Earlier Intruders
Absorbed by India & Her culture
British Conquest→ Different
18th Century Europe
18th Century India
Intellectual Currents Stagnant
Enlightenment
Decaying
Development of S&T
Static Society
Affects life in society, polity etc.
1st Time an Invader considered himself racially superior & culturally
advanced PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
SOCIO CULTURAL POLICY & IMPACT
Approach
East Anglicist/ West
Orientalist
Occidental
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
SOCIO CULTURAL POLICY & IMPACT
1. Orientalistic Approach (till early 1800s)
Tried to study and portray early image of India ( Past and Glory)
Established Connection between Sanskrit, Greek and Latin
Privileged India with and antiquity equal to that of Classical
West
William Jones- Scholar
Beginning of Orientalist Tradition:
1781-Calcutta Madrasa
Founding of Institutions
1784- Asiatic Society of Bengal
1794- Sanskrit College Benaras
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
SOCIO CULTURAL POLICY & IMPACT
1. Orientalism in Early Phase
Conquered people are to be ruled by their
own customs and laws
Why?
British rule had to be legitimise itself in an Indian idiom
Warren Hastings
Wellesley→ Establishment of Fort William College @ Calcutta
Training of Civil Servants @ Indian
society, culture, laws etc.
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
SOCIO CULTURAL POLICY & IMPACT
Q. But was this the correct objective?
No.
There was a hidden motive
Idea of kinship between Indian & British dating back to Classical Past
It will attract & conciliate distant affection
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Socio Cultural Policy & Impact
Occidental/Anglicist Approach (1800s onwards)
18th-19th Century Europe
New Ideas
New Attitudes of Minds, Manners & Morals were appearing
It had 3 outstanding characteristics
[Link]→ Faith in Science and
Reasoning
2. Humanism→ Love of Man
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Socio Cultural Policy & Impact
Occidental/Anglicist Approach
18th-19th Century Europe
New Ideas
[Link] in the capacity of man to progress
John Locke
Radical groups in England tried to impose the humanistic and prudential thought
They Believed that by incorporating Modern Ideas, Philosophy and Literature the
society of India could be Improved
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Socio Cultural Policy & Impact
Phases of Development
3 Phases were seen
1.
• 1772-1813
2
• 1813-1857
3
• Post 1857
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Socio Cultural Policy & Impact
Phases of Development
• 1772-1813
1.
Policy of Neutrality in Socio-Religious Matters
No Interference in traditions, usage and customs
Why?
Co. Focus on trade and revenue
Wars/ Fighting with native states
Busy in Consolidation
Interference in religious and social customs might
Fear of British Officials produce reactions
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Socio Cultural Policy & Impact
Phases of Development
2 • 1813-1857
Anglicist Approach
Influence from new philosophies
Rationalism Humanis Liberalis
m m
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Socio Cultural Policy & Impact
Phases of Development
2
• 1813-1857 Why?
Ideological change in Europe
Industrial Revolution started India can be a big market for British goods
This could not be accomplished by adhering to the policy of keeping peace
It also required transformation & modernisation of Indian Society
1813- Christian Missionaries 1835- Modern Education
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
SOCIO CULTURAL POLICY & IMPACT
Phases of Development
3
• Post 1857
Change in British Attitude
Indifferent
Hostile
Why? Revolt of 1857
British government regarded reforms brought by them as a factor in revolt
Started promoting Orthodox Elements
As a result there was ‘Void’ in Social reforms
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
SOCIO CULTURAL POLICY & IMPACT
What were the Impacts of this policy?
Lord Wellesley Prohibition of Infanticide (1802)
Lord William Bentinck Prohibition of Sati (1829)
Lord Ellenborough Abolition of Slavery (1843),
Lex Loci Report 1840
Lord Hardinge Suppression of Practice of Human Sacrifice
Lord Dalhousie Widow Remarriage Act 1856
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Reactions to this Impact
Diverse Reactions can be seen
1. Derizions
Extreme
Indians→ English
2. Royists
Reformists
3. Revivalists
Denied western civilisation
Neo Hinduism
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Ideological change
1. New Scientific Outlook
Rationalism
Humanism
Scrutiny of Indian way of life
Religion, Society
Idolatry, Image Worship, Practice of Pilgrimage
Concept of Secularism
Previously regarded as religious, no longer required as such
Hindu, Muslims, Parsis etc. In all religion reformsPRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
took place
Socio Religious Reform Movements
Indian Renaissance/ Bengal Renaissance
Nature
Issues
Approach
Individual Reformers & Organisations
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Socio Religious Reform Movements
Issues
[Link] System
Discrimination
Untouchability
2. Gender
Attitude towards women
Gender Inequality, Polygamy
Discrimination→ Nutrition, Education, Culture, Inheritance of Property
Widow Problem, Harsh Condition of Widow
Sati, Purdah System, Dowry, Child Marriage PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Reforms
Hindu Parsi Muslim Sikh
• Caste
• Women
• Religion
• Education
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Locations
Bengal South North Abroad
Top-Down
Horizontal Reforms
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Approach
Revivalist Modernist Radicalis
t
Top-Down
Horizontal Reforms
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Socio Religious Reform Movements
Nature
They were Social→ Gender, Caste
Religious→ Approach were different
Multireligious
Regional, Urban & Middle Class
Liberal, Rational, Human, Secular, Scientific, Universal etc.
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Socio Religious Reform Movements
Approaches
1. Radical
Extreme approach
Young Bengal Movement→ Henry Vivian Derizio
2. Reformist
Reform the bad aspects of the religion & society
Rajaram Mohanroy, Swami Vivekanand, Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
[Link]
Product of the later incrustation
Critical of western Civilisation, Denying superiority of western culture
Revival of Old System→ Swami Dayanand Saraswati,
PRATIKAryaNAYAK
Samaj FOR UNACADEMY
Socio Religious Reform Movements
• Raja Rammohan Roy and Brahmo Samaj
• Born in 1772 at Radhanagar
• first ‘modern man’.
• Passed away at Bristol in England in 1833
• His approach to Social Reforms?
• Establishing Institutions
• Publishing Newspapers/ Journals
• Debating and Discussions
• Social Views and Religious Views
• Need to understand his life
• Belonged to a Zamindar Family
• Learned veda and Upanishad from a local guru @ Varanasi
• Got in touch with the Chrisitian Missionaries in Bengal
• 1795, William Carey→ the Tantric Saihardana Vidyavagish, → Ram Mohan Roy, who wished to learn English.
• Joined EIC as Diwani official→ Revenue official in 1797, Worked as a clerk to an EIC official
• Got knowledge from Sufi, Hindu and Chrisitian leaders
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Socio Religious Reform Movements
1. Raja Rammohan Roy and Brahmo Samaj
father of Indian Renaissance
"Maha Nirvana Tantra" (or "Book of the Great Liberation“→ 1797
Unitarian Idea
Tuhfat-ul-Muwahidin→ Gift to Monotheists (1803)
Precepts of Jesus (1820)
1814 set up Atmiya Sabha in Calcutta to campaign against idolatry, caste rigidities,
meaningless rituals and other social ills
Dwarkanath Tagore and Ram Chandra Vaidya→ Disciples
Samvad Kaumudi Mirat-ul-Akhbar
Anti-sati struggle in 1818 Government Regulation in 1829
Supported David Hare's efforts to found the Hindu College in 1817
1825, he established a Vedanta college PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Socio Religious Reform Movements
Raja Rammohan Roy and Brahmo Samaj
founded the Brahmo Sabha in August 1828; it was later renamed, Brahmo Samaj
long-term agenda of the Brahmo Samaj—to purify Hinduism and to preach monotheism—was based on the twin pillars of reason and
the Vedas and Upanishads
Wrote→ Anushthan (Interpretation of Vedas)
the Guide to Peace and Happiness Against Brahmo Samaj?
Orthodox Sections
Radaha Kant Deb didn’t like the activities of
Brahmo Samaj
Internationalist' with a vision beyond his times
Condemned oppressive practices of Bengali zamindars and
demanded fixation of maximum rents
Great Linguist
Translated Vedas & Upanishads
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Death in 1833 was a setback for the Samaj's mission
Socio Religious Reform Movements
Raja Rammohan Roy and Brahmo Samaj
Overall contribution of Brahmo Samaj??
denounced polytheism and idol worship
discarded faith in divine avataras (Scriptures)
took no definite stand on the doctrine of;karma
criticised the caste system
worked for a respectable status for women
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Socio Religious Reform Movements
Raja Rammohan Roy and Brahmo Samaj
Maharishi Debendranath Tagore (1817-1905) gave a new life to Brahma Samaj
Earlier headed the Tattvabodhini Sabha (founded in 1839)
Tattvabodhini Patrika, a Bengali monthly.
He was joined by Keshub Chandra sen in reforms for the Brahmo Samaj
orthodox elements like Raja Radhakant Deb →organized the Dharma Sabha to counter Brahmo Samaj propaganda
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Socio Religious Reform Movements
Raja Rammohan Roy and Brahmo Samaj
Keshub Chandra Sen was made the acharya by Debendranath
Tagore soon after the former joined the Samaj in 1858
Established→ Good Will Fraternity, Sangat Sabha earlier
Was invited to Join Brahmo Samaj
Jugalbandhi→ Keshub Chandra Sen + Debendranath→ Toured India to Srilanka
Published → The Calcutta Mirror, Bambodhini Patrika
By 1865 had differences with Debendranath Tagore and hence dismissed
Later on Founded Brahmo Samaj of India Vs. Adi Brahmo Samaj ( Debendranath Tagore)
Brahmo Samaj of India became famous after this
Toured all India → Maharashtra→ Prarthana Samaj
Madras→ Given title of Thunderbolt of Bengal
Campaigned against Child Marriage
But by , 1878 Keshub's inexplicable act of getting his thirteenyear-old daughter married with the minor Hindu Maharaja of
Cooch-Behar
disgusted followers of Keshub set up a new organisation, the Sadharan Brahma Samaj
Later on Keshub Set up a new organisation→ Nav Vidhan
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Socio Religious Reform Movements
The Ramakrishna Movement
Ramkrishna Paramhans→
Gadodhar Chattopadhyay, he was born in 1836
sought religious salvation in the traditional way of renunciation,
meditation and devotion
Narendranath Datta (1862-1902)→
Swami Vivekanand
teachings of the Upanishads and the Gita and the examples, of the Buddha and Jesus are the basis of Vivekananda's message to
the world about human values
subscribed to the Vedanta
great humanist
used the Ramakrishna Mission for humanitarian relief
PRATIKand social
NAYAKwork
FOR UNACADEMY
Socio Religious Reform Movements
8. The Ramakrishna Movement
enrolled at Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar's Metropolitan Institution, where he went to school
until his family moved to Raipur in 1877
joined Keshab Chandra Sen's Nava Vidhan, which was established by Sen after
meeting Ramakrishna and reconverting from Christianity to Hinduism
By 1881→ Joined Ramakrishna Paramhansa
compiled a Bengali song anthology named Sangeet Kalpataru with Vaishnav
Charan Basak
1886, Narendra and eight other disciples took formal monastic vows
established a monastery at Baranagar (1887) after the death of his guru
Between 1888-1893→ Travelled within India
By 1893-1897→ Travelled western world
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Socio Religious Reform Movements
The Ramakrishna Movement
World Parliament of Religions (1893) at Chicago (USA)
visited several cities in Japan ,]China and Canada en route to the United States
Sponsored by → Raja of Ramnad, when he visited Madurai
Brahmo Samaj and the Theosophical Society also inivited
Initiative by judge of the Illinois Supreme Court, Charles C. Bonney,
founded the Vedanta Society of New York in 1894
Went to UK
Margaret Elizabeth Noble an Irish woman who would become Sister Nivedita
met Max Müller, a noted Indologist from Oxford University
1896 his book Raja Yoga was published,
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Socio Religious Reform Movements
The Ramakrishna Movement
By 1897→ Came back to India via Ceylon
published as Lectures from Colombo to Almora
May 1897 in Calcutta, Vivekananda founded the Ramakrishna Mission @ Belur
other monasteries: one in Mayavati in the Himalayas (near Almora), the Advaita
Ashrama and another in Madras
composed "Khandana Bhava–Bandhana", a prayer song dedicated to Ramakrishna, in 1898
Offered a research chair by Jamshedji Tata
By 1899-1900- second visit to the West
Prabuddha Bharata in English and Udbhodan in
Death by 1902 Bengali
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Socio Religious Reform Movements
The Ramakrishna Movement
Swami Vivekanand
Divine exists within man
recognises the utility and value of image worship
Believes that the philosophy of Vedanta will make a Christian a better
Christian, and a Hindu a better Hindu
Chicago in 1893, Parliament of Religions
keynote of his opening, address→ Brothers & Sisters
Blend of the materialism of
PRATIK
The west and the spiritualism of the east into a new NAYAK
harmony FOR UNACADEMY
to produce happiness for mankind
Socio Religious Reform Movements
The Ramakrishna Movement
Two objectives of the movement were—
(i) to bring into existence a band of monks dedicated to a life of renunciation and
practical spirituality, from among whom teachers and workers would be sent out to
spread the universal message of Vedanta as illustrated in the life of Ramakrishna, and
(ii) In conjunction with lay disciples to carry on preaching, philanthropic and charitable
works, looking on all men, women and children, irrespective of caste, creed or colour,
as veritable manifestations of the Divine
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Socio Religious Reform Movements
Dayanand Saraswati and Arya Samaj
revivalist in form
Mula Shankara→ Original Name
received education from Swami Birajananda at Mathura
• considered the Vedas as eternal and infallible.
• He was against idolatry, ritual and priesthood (in his opinion priests had perverted Hinduism with the help of
the Purallas which were full of falsehood).
• He attacked child marriages and caste system based on birth;
• encouraged inter-caste marriages and widow remarriage;
• Favoured the spread of western sciences;
• and organised social services during natural
• calamities, etc.
• He started the shuddhi movement
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Socio Religious Reform Movements
Dayanand Saraswati and Arya Samaj
revivalist in form
Mula Shankara→ Original Name
received education from Swami Birajananda at Mathura
first Arya Samaj unit was formally set up by him at Bombay in 1875
Later hq shifted to lahore
wrote three books, viz. Satyartha Prakash (in Hindi), Veda-Bhashya
Bhumika (partly in Hindi and partly in Sanskrit) and Veda-Bhashya (in Sanskrit)
Classless and casteless society, a united India (religiously, socially and nationally), and an
India free from foreign rule, with Aryan religion being the common religion of all
took inspiration from the Vedas
gave the slogan "Back to the Vedas"
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Socio Religious Reform Movements
Dayanand Saraswati and Arya Samaj
ten guiding principles of the Arya Samaj
Arya Samaj was able to give self-respect and selfconfidence to the
Hindus
Started the shuddhi (purification) movement to reconvert to Hindu fold the converts to Christianity and Islam
death of Dayanand (1883)
differences arose between two sections of the Arya Samaj in 1892
Swami Shraddhanand, Vs. Lajpat Rai and Hans Raj
advocated the adoption of the spread of English education and established a number of
ancient system of Hindu education Dayanand Anglo-
Vedic (DAV) schools and colleges both for girls and boys
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Socio Religious Reform Movements
Young Bengal Movement
Henry Vivian Derozio (1809-31)
radical, intellectual trend
taught at the Hindu College from 1826 to 1831
inspired his pupils to think freely and rationally, question all authority, love liberty,
equality and freedom, and oppose decadent customs and traditions
failed to have a long-term impact
carried on public agitation on public
questions like freedom of the press, trial by jury, protection of peasants
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Socio Religious Reform Movements
Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
blend of Indian and western thought
became the principal of Sanskrit College
devised a new Bengali primer and evolved a new prose style
started a movement in support of widow remarriage
Organised 1st Widow remarriage in Bengal
organize thirtyfive girls' schools many of which he ran at his own expense
secretary of Bethune School (established in 1849)PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Socio Religious Reform Movements
The Theosophical Movement
Madame H.P. Blavatsky (1831-1891) and Colonel M.S.
"inspired by Indian thought and culture, founded the Theosophical Society in United States in 1875
Movement came to be allied with the Hindu renaissance
became somewhat popular with the election of Annie Besant (1847-1933)
foundation of the Central Hindu College in Benaras in 1898
giving a false sense of pride to the Indians in their outdated and
sometimes backward looking traditions and philosophy
impact was limited to a small segment of the westernised class
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Socio Religious Reform Movements
. Prarthana Samaj
Keshub Chandra Sen
prominent leaders Mahadeo Govind Ranade (1842-1901), R.G. Bhandarkar (18371925) and N.G. Chandavarkar (1855-1923)
four-point social agenda
(i) disapproval of caste system,
(ii) women's education,
(iii) widow remarriage, and
(iv) raising the age
of marriage for both males and females
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Socio Religious Reform Movements
Manav dharma sabha
Durgaram Manchharam (1809–78)
group of educated Gujaratis
Dadoba Panderung, Dinmani Shankar, Dalpatram Bhagubai, and Damodar Das
Manav Dharma Sabha at Surat in 1844
short career as an active organisation
Challenged→ ?
magicians and the reciters of incantations to demonstrate their skills. They
also criticised caste, but took no direct action against this institution
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Socio Religious Reform Movements
Paramahansa Mandali
closely linked to the Manav Dharma Sabha and to the
leadership of Dadoba Panderung (1814–82).
Dharma Vivechan (1848).
principles denied the polytheism of popular Hinduism, the caste
system, and the Brahmanical monopoly of knowledge
By 1849→ Paramhansa Mandali was organized
Ram Bal Krishna Jayakar became president of the Mandali.
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Socio Religious Reform Movements
Gopal Hari Deshmukh "If religion does not sanction social reform,
popularly known as Lokahitawadi then change religion."
Leader in Maharashtra
rationalist attacks on
Hindu orthodoxy, and preached religious and social equality.
M.G. Ranade
one of the prominent members of the Prarthana Samaj
inaugurated the Indian National Social Conference in 1887
Guru of Gokhale
Gopal Ganesh Agarkar
rationalist thinkers, opposed to any blind dependence on tradition
founded the Deccan Education Society at Poona in 1884, Tilak also one of the founders
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Socio Religious Reform Movements
Gopala Krishna Gokhale
member of the Deccan Education Society , but due to differences with Tilak → left
founded the Servants of India Society in 1905
Guru of Gandhiji to train national missionaries for the service of India; to promote, by all constitutional
means, the, true interests of the Indian people; and to prepare a cadre of selfless
workers who were to devote their lives to the cause of the country in a religious spirit
N.M. Joshi
member of Gokhale’s Servants of India Society
1911→ founded the Social Service League at Bombay
Aim→ better and reasonable conditions of life and work
Founded→ All India Trade Union Congress in 1920 at Bombay
Later on left that body
By 1929→ started the Indian Trades Union Federation
Shri Ram Bajpai
member of the Servants of India Society
founded the Sea Samiti Boy Scouts Association in 1914 at Bombay→ Baden Powell
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Indianisation of the Boy Scout movement in India
Socio Religious Reform Movements
Seva Sadan 1885
M. Malabari
specialised in taking care of use women who were exploited
and then discarded by society
Indian (National) Social Conference
M.G. Ranade and Raghunath Rao
social reform cell of the Indian National Congress
"Pledge Movement" against child marriage
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Socio Religious Reform Movements
12. Bharat Dharma Mahamandala
All-india organisation of the orthodox educated Hindus
Stood for a defence of orthodox Hinduism against the teachings of
the Arya Samaj, the Theosophists, and the Ramakrishna Mission
Pandit Madan -Mohan Malaviya was a prominent figure
13. Radhaswami Movement Tulsi Ram
consider all religions to be true
no belief in temples, shrines and sacred places
it considers as necessary duties, works of PRATIK
faith andNAYAK
charity,
FORservice and prayer
UNACADEMY
Socio Religious Reform Movements
CASTE MOVEMENTS
Why ?
• grievances of the educated men belonging to the lower and intermediate Castes
• raised their voice against a system which discriminated against them→ Justice, Self Respect
Movement
• lower castes to move upward in the social ladder through the process of sanskritisation
• desire of some radical elements to improve the lot of the lower and intermediate castes by attacking
Brahmin domination→ Mahar, Satyasodhak
• the British also contributed to the rise of these movements→ Caste Census
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Socio Religious Reform Movements
CASTE MOVEMENTS
Took place in all regions
South India
North India
West India
East India
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Socio Religious Reform Movements
Sri Narayana Guru Dharma Paripalana (SNDP) 1902
One Religion, One god, one
Born in 1856 @ Trivandarum caste
called him ‘Nanu
disciple of a Sanskrit scholar Raman Pillai Asan
Became a 'Parivrajaka' (one who wanders from place to place in quest of Truth).
Pillathadam cave at the top of the Maruthwamala Hills @ got Enlightenment
uplift the oppressed classes in the caste system.
People of all religions, including Christians and Muslims, respected him
origin of the Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam (SNDP movement)
Izhavas were considered as unapproachable, so much so that they had to
maintain a distance of at least
34 feet from the Nambudri Brahmins
simplified system of rituals regarding worship, marriage and funeral
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Socio Religious Reform Movements
Sri Narayana Guru Dharma Paripalana (SNDP) 1902
Sri Narayana, Guru Swamy Ezhavas of Kerala
movement was an example of a regional movement born out of conflict between the depressed, classes and upper non-Brahmin
castes
SNDP took of admission to public schools uitment to :government
services, (iii) access to roads and entriliesz
No religion, No god, no caste- Sahodaran Ayyapan
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Socio Religious Reform Movements
Sri Narayana Guru Dharma Paripalana (SNDP) 1902
Temple Entry Movement
1924, Vaikom Satyagraha led by K.P. Kesava
launched in Kerala demanding the throwing open of Hindu temples and roads to the untouchables
Gandhiji undertook a tour of Kerala in support
1936, the gates of the temple were opened for all
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Socio Religious Reform Movements
15. Justice Movement→ 1915-16
C.N. Mudaliar, T.M. Nair and P. Tyagaraja
Tamil Vellalas, Mudaliars and
Chettiars; Telugu Reddis, Kammas and Baliza Naidus; and
Malayali Nair’s
Founding of a political party, known as the ‘Justice Party’
which exhibited its loyalty to the British government in the
hope of getting more government jobs and representation in
the new legislatures
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Socio Religious Reform Movements
[Link]-Respect Movement
E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker
• radical social reformer of Tamil Nadu
• Birth at Madras, 1879
• Witnessed numerous incidents of caste and gender discrimination
• Rational ideas→ one of the duties in his life to warn people against superstitions and priests
• active in the freedom struggle for sometime→ NCM
• Participated in NCM, Joined Vaikom Satyagraha
• 1929 to 1932 he toured British Malaya, Europe, and Russia
• became the head of the Justice Party and later in 1944 changed its name to Dravidar Kazhagam
• awarded by the UNESCO described him as “the prophet of the new age, the Socrates of South East Asia
• Tamil journal, Kudi Arasa
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Socio Religious Reform Movements
[Link] Samaj and Jyotiba Phule
complete abolition of the caste system and socio-
Jyotiba Phule belonged to the Mali (gardener) community economic inequalities; he was against Sanskritic Hinduism
movement against upper caste domination
Satyashodhak Samaj (Truth Seekers' Society) in 1873
main aims of the movement
(i) social service, and (ii) spread of education among
women and lower caste people
Wrote a book→ Ghulam Giri
Started Girls School in 1848
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Socio Religious Reform Movements
[Link] Samaj and Jyotiba Phule
Jyotiba Phule
• 1827→ Birth at Satara→'mali' caste
• admission in the Scottish Mission's High School, Poona.
• reading Thomas Paine’s famous book 'The Rights of Man’,
• that enlightenment of the women and lower caste people was the only solution to combat the social evils
• 1851, he established a girls' school and asked his wife to teach the girls in the school
• opened two more schools for the girls and a separate school for the lower castes
• Opened an orphanage as well
• 1873, Jyotiba Phule formed the Satya Shodhak Samaj (Society of Seekers of Truth)
Savitiribai Phule
• Birth @ Satara– 1831
• Opening of Girls School
• Savitribai’s poems and other writings
• poems Kavya Phule and Bavan Kashi Subodh Ratnakar
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Socio Religious Reform Movements
Pandita Ramabai
Original Name→ Ramabai Dongre
• Parents passed away at young age
• Taste for reading enabled her to become the first woman in India to earn the titles of pandita and
• Sarasvati at the age of 20→ University of Calcuttta
• Got married but Husband passed away
• founded the Arya Mahila Samaj
• her first book in Marathi called Stri Dharma Niti
• Went to England for further study→ the study of Christianity
• travelled on to the USA to attend the graduation from the Women’s Medical College→ Anandibai jose
• Stayed in USA for sometime
• 1888- Came back to India
• founded her Sharada Sadan or Home for Learning and Mukti Sadan
• She was seen as part of the Christian missionary effort
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Socio Religious Reform Movements
Mahar Movement
leadership of Dr B.R. Ambedkar
demands included the right to use public drinking water tanks and enter temples,
abolition of the mahar
watan (traditional services to village chiefs), and separate representation in the
legislative councils
Bhimrao Ramji→ Name
Birth @ Mhow
Father in British Army
took his surname ‘Ambavadekar’
1913→ Went to Columbia University
Problem of Indian Rupee
1916→ Completed Studies
Went to London for futher study but had to come back
1921→ Went to London again for Studies
Completed law
1924→ Started legal practise @ Bombay
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Socio Religious Reform Movements
Mahar Movement
leadership of Dr B.R. Ambedkar
1924→ Established Bahishkrit Hitkarni Sabha
Bahishkrit Bharat , Janata→ Journal
1927→ Samta Samajh Sangh
Started Satyagraha→ Mahar Satyagraha @ Right to use water body
1930→ Kalaram Mandir Satyagraha @ Nashik
nominated member (1926-34) of the Bombay Legislative Council
Took part in all three RTCs
1932→ Poona Pact
1936→ Independent Labour Party
1942→ All India Scheduled Castes Federation
1945→ People’s Education Society
1947→ Republican Party of India Books→
Annihilation of Caste
Who were the Shudras
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Socio Religious Reform Movements
Parsi Reform Movement
936 CE- Came from Iran – Landed @ Gujarat
Zoroastrians Community
Closed Community→ Place of worship→ Silence towers
No foreign contact
By 1846→ Division in the community
‘Kadmi’ (ancient section) as opposed to the ‘Shahanshahis’ (royalists)
By 20th Century→ Community flourished→ Businessmen and
Merchants
Came in contact with Other people including Christian Missionaries
Therefore, some people initiated reforms within the community
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Socio Religious Reform Movements
Parsi Reform Movement
Nauroji Firdounji→ published Fam-i-Famshid, Tarikh-e-farthest
By 1851→ Rahnumai Mazdayasnan Sabha (Parsis’ Reform Society)
K.N. Kama, Furdunji Naoroji became its president and S.S.
Bengali, the secretary
Journal→Rast Goftar (The Truth Teller)
SS Bengalee→ Jagat Mitra (Friend of the World), Jagat Premi (Lover
of the World)
infant marriage and the use of astrology
Later on one more split→ Raherastnumai Mazdayasnan Sabha
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Socio Religious Reform Movements
Sikh Reform Movement
Sikh Reforms
Nirankaris Namdhari Singh Sabha Akali
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Socio Religious Reform Movements
Sikh Reform Movement
Nirankari
Founder→Baba Dayal Das→Baba Darbara Singh (Son)→Rattanchand (Bro)→ Gurdit Singh (Son)
why ? → Adi Granth
return of Sikhism to its origins and emphasised the worship of God as nirankar (formless)
rejection of idols, rituals associated with idolatry, and the
priests who conducted these rituals
Issue hukamnamas
appointed biredars (leaders)
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Socio Religious Reform Movements
Sikh Reform Movement
Namdhari
Founder→Baba Ram Singh (1816–85)
Disciple of Baba Balak Singh (seen as reincarnation of Gobind singh)→
Kuka Movement
Balak Singh chose Ram Singh as his successor
recitation of gurbani (hymns from the Granth Sahib),
ardas (the Sikh prayer), a flag, and baptism
the 5 vows→ kakka
But no Sword→lathi
wore white clothes with a white turban
abstaining from idol worship and other falsehoods
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Socio Religious Reform Movements
Sikh Reform Movement
Singh Sabhas
1. Amritsar 2. Lahore
Namdhari unrest, Arya Samaj, Christian conversions Diwan Buta Singh, and Bhai Gurmukh Singh
1873→ Formation of Singh Sabha more democratic and accepted members
Founders→ Thakur Singh Sandhawalia, Gianin Gain from all castes including untouchables
Singh
Restoring of Sikhism to its past purity
preparation of a definitive text of the Dassam Granth
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Socio Religious Reform Movements
Sikh Reform Movement
Akali Movement
1. purify the management of the Sikh 1919→Golden Temple at Amritsar had
gurudwaras or shrines by removing the corrupt honoured General Dyer with a Saropa (robe
and selfish mahants (priests) of honour). The clergy officially declared him
to be a Sikh
Master Sunder Singh Lyallpuri
1921→ Nanakana Sahib Tragedy
2. Sikh Gurudwaras more than 260 Sikhs were killed, the
Act by the British in 1925 youngest of them being a little short of eight
years, Sardar Darbara Singh, son of Sardar
3. Shiromani Gurudwara Prabhandhak Committee Kehar Singh, by the Mahant and his
(SGPC) mercenaries
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Socio Religious Reform Movements
Muslim
Aligarh Deoband Ahmadia Barelwi Wahabi
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Socio Religious Reform Movements
Aligarh Movement
started by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817–98)
medieval obscurantism through his journal Tahzib-ul-Akhlaq, and advocated a rational
approach towards religion
rejected blind adherence to religious law
reinterpretation of the Quran
promote English education
Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College
founded the Muhammadan Educational Conference
Wrote @ Asbab-e-bagawat e Hind→ 1857 revolt
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Socio Religious Reform Movements
Deoband Movement
1866→ foundation of the Dar-ul-Ulum
Maulana Husain Ahmab
resuscitating classical Islam and improving the spiritual and moral conditions of the Muslims
Role In Freedom Struggle→ political awakening
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
Ahmadia Movement
Founder→ Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (1837-1908) @ Qauidani-Punjab
objective of reforming Islam
modern industrial and technological progress
As of now many do not accept them as part of Islam
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Socio Religious Reform Movements
Wahabi Movement→ religious, military and political
Founder→ Syed Ahamad of Bareilly in 1820
Teachings of Abdul Wahab of Saudi Arabia
remove the religious corruptions and abuses that had crept into Islamic society in India.
movement to revive and restore Muslim power in India
Training of the Wahabis in the use of arms
Initially fought against the Sikh in Punjab (1826-31)
Death in battle of Balakot in 1831
anticipated modern Islamists in waging jihad
supporterignated him Amir al-Mu'minin ("Commander of the Believers"), and Shaheed ("martyr")
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Assessment
Positive Negative
Liberation of individual from conformity out of fear Narrow social base
psychosis
Indirectly encouraged mysticism
self-respect gained
Fostered secular outlook Hindus confined their praise to ancient
Indian history
modernisation
Ended India's cultural, intellectual Muslims to medieval history
isolation
Increased communal consciousness
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
THANK YOU
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
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