Dr.
Mesut ÜNLÜ
Dr. Mesut ÜNLÜ
History and Development of
Web Technologies
1
Dr. Mesut ÜNLÜ
Dr. Mesut ÜNLÜ
Source: Carloscastilla/[Link]
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Dr. Mesut ÜNLÜ
Grading Dr. Mesut ÜNLÜ
Activity Percentage
%
1 LAB WORKS 10
2 MIDTERM EXAM 40
3 FINAL EXAM 50
TOTAL 100
Dr. Mesut ÜNLÜ
REFERENCES Dr. Mesut ÜNLÜ
The Web Was Done by Amateurs:
A Reflection on One of the Largest Collective
Systems Ever Engineered, Marco Aiello, Springer,
July 2018, 978-3319900070
Web Technologies: A Computer Science
Perspective, Jeffrey C. Jackson, Prentice
Hall, August 2006, ISBN-13: 978-0131856035
Dr. Mesut ÜNLÜ
REFERENCES Dr. Mesut ÜNLÜ
Dr. Mesut ÜNLÜ
Outline Dr. Mesut ÜNLÜ
•Definition and History of the Internet
•Data Transmission Structure on the Internet
•Basic Internet Concepts (www, client, server, etc.)
•Internet Domain Names (Address structure, domain names, etc.)
•Protocols (HTTP, TCP/IP, FTP, etc.)
Dr. Mesut ÜNLÜ
Internet Dr. Mesut ÜNLÜ
The Internet is the world’s most extensive public
communication system.
It’s also the world’s largest implementation of
client/server computing and internetworking, linking
millions of individual networks all over the world.
It is an electronic communication network that
connects computer networks and corporate computer
systems around the world.
It is an infrastructure where reside active and
passive components of networking.
It uses a vast of communication protocols.
Dr. Mesut ÜNLÜ
Evolution Of Computer Networks Dr. Mesut ÜNLÜ
•1950s: Telegraph technology adapted to computers
•1960s: Dumb terminals access shared host computer
• SABRE airline reservation system
•1970s: Computers connect directly to each other
• ARPANET packet switching network
• TCP/IP internet protocols
• Ethernet local area network
•1980s & 1990s: New applications and Internet growth
• Commercialization of Internet
• E-mail, file transfer, web, P2P, . . .
• Internet traffic surpasses voice traffic
Dr. Mesut ÜNLÜ
What Happened in 1969? Dr. Mesut ÜNLÜ
1969 was an Incredible year!!
• The first man landed on the Moon!
• The Woodstock Festival took place
• Charles Manson went on a killing spree
• THE INTERNET WAS BORN and nobody noticed! ARPANET
Team
Dr. Mesut ÜNLÜ
The First Message Dr. Mesut ÜNLÜ
Dr. Mesut ÜNLÜ
Dr. Mesut ÜNLÜ
The First Message
• Was it “What hath God Wrought” (Morse 1844)?
• Or “Watson, come here. I want you.” (Bell 1876)?
• Or “This is a Giant Step for Mankind” (Armstrong 1969)?
It was simply a LOGIN from the UCLA computer to the SRI
computer.
• We sent an “L” - did you get the “L”? YEP!
• We sent an “O” - did you get the “O”? YEP!
• We sent a “G” - did you get the “G”?
(by Leonard Kleinrock)
Dr. Mesut ÜNLÜ
Dr. Mesut ÜNLÜ
The ARPANET
• Growth of the ARPANET (a) December 1969. (b) July 1970.
• (c) March 1971. (d) April 1972. (e) September 1972.
Dr. Mesut ÜNLÜ
Internet Studies Dr. Mesut ÜNLÜ
Worldwide Number of Hostnames
Dr. Mesut ÜNLÜ
Dr. Mesut ÜNLÜ
What is a Protocol?
• Communications between computers requires very specific unambiguous rules
• A protocol is a set of rules that governs how two or more communicating
parties are to interact
• Internet Protocol (IP)
• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
• HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
• Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
Dr. Mesut ÜNLÜ
Internet Studies Dr. Mesut ÜNLÜ
TCP (1974)
Transmission Control Protocol (RFC 675)
replacement of Network Control Protocol
(NCP) (RFC 60)
'A Protocol for Packet Network Bob Kahn
Interconnection'
by Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn
Reliable and ordered transmission of byte
stream between two endpoints
Migration of ARPANET to TCP/IP in 1983 Vint Cerf
Dr. Mesut ÜNLÜ
Internet Studies Dr. Mesut ÜNLÜ
TCP/IP (1978) (RFC 675 and RFC 760)
4 abstraction layers
each layer offers functionality to the
above layer
separation of concerns
Application layer
HTTP, FTP, POP, ...
Transport layer
TCP, UDP, ...
Internet layer
addressing hosts and packet routing
IP, ...
Link layer
Dr. Mesut ÜNLÜ
Internet Studies Dr. Mesut ÜNLÜ
TCP/IP Layers
message M Application Application M
segment Ht M Transport Transport Ht M
datagram Hn Ht M Internet Internet Internet Internet Hn H t M
frame Hl Hn Ht M Link Link Link Link H l Hn H t M
Ethernet Satellite, Ethernet
...
Dr. Mesut ÜNLÜ
Internet Studies Dr. Mesut ÜNLÜ
World Wide Web (WWW)
Networked hypertext system (over ARPANET) to
share in- formation at CERN
first draft in March 1989
The Information Mine,
Information Mesh, …?
Components by end of 1990 Tim Berners-Lee Robert Cailliau
HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
HyperText Markup Language (HTML)
HTTP server software
Web browser called WorldWideWeb
First public "release" in August 1991
Dr. Mesut ÜNLÜ
Internet Studies Dr. Mesut ÜNLÜ
WordWideWeb Browser (1993)
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Internet Studies Dr. Mesut ÜNLÜ
Dr. Mesut ÜNLÜ
Internet Studies Dr. Mesut ÜNLÜ
Mobile Web
New forms of connectivity and information exchange
P2P networks
New requirements and functionality
location-based services
voice navigation
Access the Web from anywhere at anytime
Dr. Mesut ÜNLÜ
Internet Studies Dr. Mesut ÜNLÜ
User becomes an author and shares
information
tagging
Wikis
social networking
mashups
Not a new technology!
In spite of the major wins and advancement of web 2.0, there were major challenges. One of these is
the movement away from the main reason why the web existed in the first place. An open cyberspace
where everyone could contribute without control or gatekeeping from powerful individuals,
organizations, and the government.
Dr. Mesut ÜNLÜ
Internet Studies Dr. Mesut ÜNLÜ
Semantic Web (Web 3.0)
Add explicit semantics
to web resources
Machine-interpretable
Web
Use of ontologies
Potential reasoning over
Web resources
Dr. Mesut ÜNLÜ
Internet Studies Dr. Mesut ÜNLÜ
Internet of Things / Web of Things
Mark Weiser coined the term Ubiquitous
Computing while working at Xerox PARC
M. Weiser, The Computer for the 21st Century, ACM Mobile
Computing and Communications Review, July 1999
Related terms are Disappearing Computing, Pervasive Computing Mark Weiser
or Internet of Things
Physical objects with embedded computing functionality that
actively or passively participate in the Web
mobile phones, RFID-tagged objects, smart pens, …