Learning from Others
and Reviewing
the Literature
Practical Research 1
Quarter 3: Week 5 & 6 Module 3
Learning Objectives:
1. Selects relevant literature.
2. Cites related literature
using standard style.
3. Synthesizes information
from relevant literature.
4. Writes coherent review of
literature.
PRE-TEST
1. One of the important skills that you need to
learn in doing a literature review is
called___.
A. Proper location
B. Proper identification
C. Proper citation
D. Proper examination
2. This referencing style is mostly
used in social sciences
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
3. Which of the following is the
primary source of literature?
[Link] on artwork gallery
[Link] analyzing absenteeism
[Link] critiquing the piece of art
[Link] of a working student
4. Examining or studying again concepts or
ideas related to your research is
[Link]-analysis
[Link]
[Link] of Related Literature
[Link]
5. It entails taking a phrase - either spoken or
written - and restating it.
A. In-text citation
B. Paraphrasing
C. referencing
D. synonym
Lesson 1:
Selecting
Relevant
Literature
LITERATUR
E REVIEW
LITERATURE REVIEW
It requires for a survey of scholarly articles,
books, and other sources which will later be
enumerated, summarized, and
evaluated in order to form a concrete basis
and support for the current study.
Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania (2020)
Purposes of Reviewing a Literature
[Link] provides the researcher
a clear understanding of
the study to be
investigated.
(University of South Carolina Library, 2020)
Purposes of Reviewing a Literature
2. It justifies the need
for conducting the
study.
(University of South Carolina Library, 2020)
Purposes of Reviewing a Literature
3. It serves as basis for
establishing concepts
presented in the study.
(University of South Carolina Library, 2020)
What are the sources of Literature
Review?
Primary Sources Secondary Sources
• Provide first-hand • Provide second-
data that is closest hand data.
to the object of the • Sources that are
study. non-original.
• Embody all sources • Written about
that are original primary source
Directions: Write
P for primary sources and S for secondary
sources.
1. Letters 6. Report on an original
experiment
2. Diaries
7. Biography
3. Piece of art critique
8. Book analyzing various
4. Autobiographies cultures
5. Artifact 9. Interviews
10. Article on ethnic group
Kinds of
Literature
Reviews
Traditional
• Also referred to as Narrative Literature
Review, it provides a quick overview of
current studies.
• It helps explain why your study is important
in the context of the literature, and can also
help you identify areas that need further
research.
Integrative
• This review synthesizes findings
from different approaches.
• This approach allows the
integration of qualitative with
quantitative studies
Syntactic
This review synthesizes high
quality empirical information to
answer a given research
question
Scoping
• This review involves a broad
research question that explores the
current evidence base.
• It can help inform areas that are
appropriate for a systematic review
Six Steps In
Conducting
A Literature
Review
Six Steps In Conducting A Literature
Review
1. Decide on the area of
research – clear research
problem and variables
Boza (2015) of University of California
Title: Lived experiences of Person With
Disability (PWD) students engaged community
services in a rural area.
What are your variables here? Or simply, what is your
topic all about? If you will be labeling it, you will come up
with this result.
a) PWD students
b) PWD students and community services
c) PWD students in a rural area
d) PWD engaged in community
Six Steps In Conducting A Literature
Review
2. Search for the literature
– online and printed
materials and references
Boza (2015) of University of California
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
Six Steps In Conducting A Literature
Review
3. Find relevant excerpts
in books and articles –
Reading the abstracts
Boza (2015) of University of California
Four
Types Of
Reading
A. Elementary reading
This type of reading pertains to
word-recognition type of
reading wherein sentences are
literally comprehended
Wilson (1990)
B. Systematic reading
This type of reading employs
skimming strategy wherein
the researcher-reader may focus on
the highlighted terms in the sample
source manuscript.
Wilson (1990)
C. Analytic reading
This type of reading requires the
researcher-reader to break
the whole scholarly work into
parts for better understanding.
Wilson (1990)
D. Comparative reading
This type of reading considers two or
more scholarly
works which will be analyzed for
comparing-contrasting purposes
Wilson (1990)
4. Code the literature
Categorizing the themes of the
concepts found in different
literature must be done for better
analysis and evaluation.
Six Steps In Conducting A Literature Review
Two Of
The Commonly Used
Tools For Reading
And Review
Purposes Are As
Follows:
Highlighting
This tool uses marks and symbols
that will help the researcher to
easily revisit the important ideas
found in a scholarly work.
Annotation
This tool uses words, phrases, and
sentences which serve as written
remarks of the researcher reflecting
his/her understanding and questions
regarding the scholarly work.
5. Create Conceptual Schema
Organizing in order to see
in a wider perspective the
relevance
Six Steps In Conducting A Literature Review
SYNTHESIS MATRIX
It refers to a table used for organizing
important ideas found in the literature.
This matrix further allows the
researcher to see overlapping ideas
among the authors Ashford University
(2020)
SYNTHESIS MATRIX
Source Problem or Design Sample Methods Instrument Findings
purpose
Study 1
Title:
Author:
Study 2
Title:
Author:
Study 3
Title:
Author:
6. Begin writing literature review
The researcher may now begin the
draft of the manuscript for review of
related literature section.
- Must cite the author
- Use of transitional words
Six Steps In Conducting A Literature Review
Performance Task:
Individual but
submitted as a
Group
Performance Task: Individual but submitted as
a Group
Select three (3) relevant literature
which can be used to your study of
interest. Use the literature review
synthesis matrix to present
important data
Performance Task: Individual but submitted as
a Group
Name:
Section:
Title of your research:
Lesson 2: Citing
Related
Literature Using
Standard Style
Citation
• It is a way of giving credit to individuals for their
creative and intellectual works that you utilized to
support your research.
• It can also be used to locate particular sources and
combat plagiarism.
• Typically, a citation can include the author's name,
date, location of the publishing company, journal title,
or DOI (Digital Object Identifier).
In-text citation
It is the brief form of the reference that you include in
the body of your work.
It gives enough information to uniquely identify the
source in your reference list. The brief form usually
consists of:
• family name of the author(s), and
• year of publication.
In-text citation
Citation Style
It dictates the information
necessary for a citation and
how the information is ordered,
as well as punctuation and
other formatting.
3 Most Common Used In-Text Citation Style
APA (American MLA (Modern
Chicago
Psychological Language
Aspects Manual
Association) Association)
System
System System
End page References Works cited Bibliography
Areas Psychology, Humanities Business,
applicable Education, and History, and the
Sciences Fine Arts
3 Most Common Used In-Text Citation Style
Chicago
Aspects APA System MLA System
Manual System
General Rule Follows author - date Follows author - page Follows author - date
system. method system. system.
Example (book) – Example (book) Example (as
parenthetical reference: parenthetical referenced in the
... as part of the ongoing reference: research paper +
review of health conditions ... as part of the footnote):
for cattle in central and west ongoing review of .....as part of the
Texas (Pollan, 2006) health conditions for ongoing review of
cattle in central and health conditions for
west Texas (Pollan cattle in central and
368). west Texas.1
______________________
1Pollan,Michael. The
Omnivore’s Dilemma.
(New York: Penguin
Group, 2006), 368
3 Most Common Used In-Text Citation Style
Chicago
Aspects APA System MLA System
Manual System
General Rule Cite the author or editor’s Cite author's last Cite author’s last name,
last name, year of name and a page, followed by the year of
publication reference suffices publication of the work
in question, and a page
References (end page): Works Cited (end number if needed. No
Pollan, M. (2006). The page): punctuation appears
omnivore’s dilemma. New Pollan, Michael. The between author and
York, NY: Penguin Group Omnivore’s Dilemma. date.
New York: Penguin
Bibliography (end
Group, 2006. Print.
page):
Pollan, Michael. The
Omnivore's Dilemma: A
Natural History of Four
Meals. New York:
Penguin, 2006.
APA (American Psychological Association)
System
MLA (Modern Language Association)
System
MLA (Modern Language Association)
System
MLA (Modern Language Association)
System
Chicago Manual System
Directions: Study the following
quotations below, identify what
style of citation used.
Write APA, MLA or Chicago Manual
System (CMS)
Write APA, MLA or Chicago Manual System
(CMS)
1. Significant group of healthy
young-old people (World Health
Organization 2012) will face at
least 20 more years of active
life.
Write APA, MLA or Chicago Manual System
(CMS)
2. Venkataraman and Sarasvathy suggest
entrepreneurship and strategy are
conceptually inseparable; “two sides of the
same coin”, highlighting the complementary
or independent nature of the two concepts
(651).
Write APA, MLA or Chicago Manual System
(CMS)
3. The importance of becoming entrepreneurs
depends upon the willingness and motivation
of older people to become entrepreneurs and
the existence of efficient policy measures to
increase this willingness if it is perceived to be
too low (Backman and Karlsson, 2013).
Write APA, MLA or Chicago Manual System
(CMS)
4. Another barrier is ageist
attitudes where society upholds
the perception regarding “older
entrepreneurs in a negative light”
(Wainwright et al. 8).
Write APA, MLA or Chicago Manual System
(CMS)
5. Great things happen to
those who stop believing,
trying, learning, and being
grateful (Bennett, T, n.d)
Lesson 3:
Synthesizing
Information from
Relevant
Literature
Synthesize
Creating an outline that puts
your topics and subtopics in a
logical
order.
How to make synthesis of literature review?
• You must integrate materials
from several sources that relate
to your research problem.
• In simple term, you are just like
putting puzzles pieces
How to synthesize effectively?
• An effective synthesis includes strong, clear and precise
statements.
• It must discuss sources in relation to your research
problem.
• When you are using more than one sources make sure to
relate or compare with each other.
• Use more sources, the more sources you must support
your claim make your research paper more credible.
Types of Synthesis
1 ) Similarity → demonstrate how two or more sources
agree with one another.
2 ) Contrast → show how two or more sources support a
main point in different ways.
3 ) Accumulation → refers on how one source builds on the
idea of another.
4 ) Causation → demonstrate how one source discusses
the effects of another source’s ideas.
Guidelines in
Synthesizing
Information
from Relevant
Literature
Guidelines in Synthesizing Information from
Relevant Literature
1) Analyze – skim the articles to
get an overview of each one.
2) Based on your overview, group
the articles by categories.
3) Take detailed notes on each article.
Use a consistent format.
Example:
a. Author:
b. Article Title:
c. Publication Year:
d. Main point of article:
e. Method:
f. Participants:
i. Results:
j. Conclusions:
k. Specific details that are
especially relevant to your study.
4) Look for explicit
definitions of key terms in
the literature.
5) Identify gaps in the
literature.
Lesson 4:
Writes
Coherent
Review of
Literature
Consider the 5C’s in reviewing and
writing.
1. CITE by keeping on the primary focus on the
literature
2. COMPARE the various arguments, theories,
methodologies, approaches and or findings
expressed in the literature.
3. CONTRAST the various arguments, themes,
methodologies, approaches, and controversies
expressed in the literature.
Consider the 5C’s in reviewing and
writing.
4. CRITIQUE the literature.
5. CONNECT the literature
to your own research area.
Performance Task:
Individual but
submitted as a
Group
Performance Task: Applying the 5C’s
DIRECTION: Read other sources of information, at
least five (5), NOTE: no identical sources allowed,
related to your chosen research topic in online
libraries, databases, and other sources. Cite portions
of the articles that are close to your chosen interest
of study. List and arrange the sources in alphabetical
order to create REFERENCES using the APA
Referencing style.