GRAPHS [Link] value which is varying is always on the y-axis while the constant value is on the x-axis. 2.
no unbroken lines [Link] must be neat and thin [Link] points can be joined using a ruler or by hand [Link] not draw beyond the plotted points. [Link] or centre points more than 1mm are NOT acceptable [Link] zero is present in the reading, ur graph MUST pass through zero. [Link] both axis! [Link] appropriate units [Link] appropriate scale [Link] sharpened pencil to plot [Link] the dots within circles, of equal sizes, must be clear and not too big.
SOURCES OF ERRORS! [Link] nt controlled [Link] not controlled or nt measured accurately [Link] in judging the colour. [Link] in having the same time [Link] in preparing serial dilution [Link] of equipment, fr e.g. pipette/syringe [Link] short time. [Link] of the solution which can cause the concentration to change.
LIMITATIONS OF ERRORS! [Link] the volume accurately using syringe with narrow range of calibration [Link] more times at each pH/conc./temp
[Link] range of pH/conc./temp [Link] specific measuring devices [Link] colorimeter to measure the degree of colourness. [Link] buffer to control pHs [Link] of water bath/thermostat to control temp [Link] thermometer to measure the temp. [Link] controlled environment. [Link] with each conc. [Link] of the sample(e.g. enzyme/substrate) must be the same..cuz as volume increases, conc also increases [Link] only one factor different, and all others must be the same.
Reliability.....take minimum of 3 readings! repeat with mre pH/conc/temp and find out their mean Accuracy.....seing electronic thermostat use of pippettes instead of measuring cylinders
KEY 1)read the whole question till the end 2)decide number of readings to take 3)don't go for more or less than 3 readings per conc/vol of any ques. 4)make a table 5)write down the UNITS in each coloumn of the table...e.g. conc/cm^3 , temp/C
MICROSCOPY!!!
1)propotion of thickness must be correct.
2)draw the organelles where u see them, dont just draw anywhere within the cell! never draw what u know. 3)whenever u see the plant cells, draw the cell walls. 4)IN PLAN DIAGRAMS, NO DRAWING OF ANY CELLS, AND NO SHADING...if u'll do either of them, u'll lose the whole mark!! 5)when asked to draw 2 cells, draw the ones that are easiest to draw. and dont draw more then 2 cells! 6)fraw the adjacent (touching) cells. 7)drawing should be large, unshaded. 8)in plan diagrams show the relative thickness of each layer. 9)draw the exact shape, if its oval or round or has wavy outlines 10)label the diagram...simplest thing to label is cytopasm, nucleus and cell membrane. 11)if its a trachea cell, then label goblet cells, cilia, blood vessels, muscular tissue, cartilage cells (lacunae) 12) when asked to compare 2 diagrams....make a table (drawing a table itself has 1 mark!)....put atleast one similarity
ERRORS IN MESUREMENTS! 1)irregular in shape 2)difficulty in focusing 3)preperation is squashed
and yeahhhh one more thingg, the values must be whole numbers!!! e.g if its 8.5mm u round it off to a whole number which is 9!