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Composite Material Properties Tutorial

1. This document contains the answers to multiple tutorials on composite materials. 2. It includes stress, strain and modulus calculations for various laminate configurations under different loading conditions. 3. Key results presented include failure loads, transformed reduced stiffness matrices, and elastic properties for different layups.

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charlottekiel12
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18 views4 pages

Composite Material Properties Tutorial

1. This document contains the answers to multiple tutorials on composite materials. 2. It includes stress, strain and modulus calculations for various laminate configurations under different loading conditions. 3. Key results presented include failure loads, transformed reduced stiffness matrices, and elastic properties for different layups.

Uploaded by

charlottekiel12
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Selected Answers

Tutorial 1

1. 1) 𝑣𝑓 = 0.6575 , 𝑣𝑚 = 0.3425 ; 2) 𝜌𝑐 = 2055 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3


2. 𝐸1 = 36.04 GPa, 𝐸2 = 5.52 GPa, 𝐺12 = 2.13 GPa, 𝜈12 = 0.26 GPa,
3. 𝐸2 = 9.03 GPa, 𝐺12 = 2.86 GPa
4. 𝑣𝑔𝑟 = 25.21 %

Tutorial 2

2.59 × 10−11 −6.74 × 10−12 0


1. [𝑆] = [−6.74 × 10−12 1.21 × 10−10 0 ] , Pa−1
0 0 2.42 × 10−10
𝜈21 = 0.0557

39.17 2.18 0
[𝑄] = [ 2.18 8.39 0 ] × 109 , Pa
0 0 4.14
72
𝜇𝑚
[𝜀] = [−376]
𝑚
966

1.12 × 10−10 −2.20 × 10−11 −2.36 × 10−11


̅
2. [𝑆 ] = [−2.20 × 10−11 6.49 × 10−11 −5.87 × 10−11 ] , Pa−1
−2.36 × 10−11 −5.87 × 10−11 1.81 × 10−10

11.09 7.18 3.78


[𝑄̅] = [ 7.18 26.48 9.55] , GPa
3.78 9.55 9.13
𝜀𝑥 196.5
𝜇𝑚
[ 𝜀𝑦 ] = [−473.6] 𝑚
𝛾𝑥𝑦 851.5

𝜀𝑥 0 −47.1
𝜇𝑚
3. [ 𝜀𝑦 ] = [𝑆] [0] = [−117.5] 𝑚
𝛾𝑥𝑦 2 361.2

𝜀𝐴 ;
𝜇𝑚
𝜀𝐵 (240 ) = −47.1 cos2 240 ∘ − 117.5 sin2 240∘ + 361.2 cos 240 ∘ sin 240 ∘ = 56.5
∘
𝑚
𝜇𝑚
𝜀𝐶 (120∘ ) = −47.1 cos2 120∘ − 117.5 sin2 120 ∘ + 361.2 cos 120∘ sin 120∘ = −256.3𝑚
Tutorial 3

1. [0/45/−45/90] = [0/±45/90]
[0/45/−45/−45/45/0] = [0/±45]_𝑆
[0/90/60/60/90/0] = [0/90/60]S
̅̅̅̅]𝑆
[0/45/60/45/0] = [0⁄45⁄60
[45/-45/45/-45/-45/45/-45/45] = [±452]S

2. [45/-45]S= [45/-45/-45/45]
[45/-452/90]S= [45/-45/-45/90/90/-45/-45/45]
[45/0]3S= [45/0/45/0/45/0/0/45/0/45/0/45]
[45/±30]2= [45/30/-30/45/30/-30]
[45/∓30]2= [45/-30/30/45/-30/30]

3.
39.17 2.18 0
[𝑄]0 = [ 2.18 8.39 0 ] 𝐺𝑃𝑎;
0 0 4.14
11.09 7.18 3.78
[𝑄]60 = [ 7.18 26.47 9.55] 𝐺𝑃𝑎;
3.78 9.55 9.13

11.09 7.18 −3.78


[𝑄]−60 = [ 7.18 26.47 −9.55] 𝐺𝑃𝑎;
−3.78 −9.55 9.13

7.67 2.07 0
[𝐴] = [2.07 7.67 0 ] 106 𝑃𝑎. 𝑚;
0 0 2.8
−0.439 0.078 −0.059
[𝐵] = [ 0.078 0.283 −0.149] 103 𝑃𝑎. 𝑚2 ;
−0.059 −0.149 0.078
0.108 0.021 −0.007
[𝐷] = [ 0.021 0.078 −0.019] 𝑃𝑎. 𝑚3 ;
−0.007 −0.019 0.030

4. Invert the 6 × 6 matrix [ABD]


0.200 −0.051 0.002
[𝐴∗ ] = [−0.051 0.175 −0.045] 10−6 (𝑃𝑎. 𝑚)−1 ;
0.002 −0.045 0.422
0.902 −0.196 0.237
[𝐵∗ ] = [−0.229 −0.477 0.540 ] 10−3 (𝑃𝑎. 𝑚2 )−1 ,
0.068 0.746 −0.850
0.902 −0.229 0.068
[𝐶 ∗ ] = [𝐵∗ ]𝑇 = [−0.196 −0.477 0.746 ] 10−3 (𝑃𝑎. 𝑚2 )−1 ,
0.237 0.540 −0.850
13.86 −3.21 1.90
[𝐷 ∗ ] = [−3.21 18.46 6.07 ] (𝑃𝑎. 𝑚3 )−1
1.90 6.07 43.55
𝜀0 0 50
𝐴∗ 𝐵∗ 𝑁
[𝜅 ] = [ ∗ 𝑇 ] [ ], where 𝑁 = [0 ], and [𝑀] = [ 0 ] 𝑁𝑚/𝑚
0 𝐵 𝐷∗ 𝑀
0 0
45.09 693
𝜀0 = [−11.44] 10−3 , 𝜅0 = [−160] 𝑚−1
3.41 95
𝜎𝑥 0.054
[ 𝜎𝑦 ] = [𝑄]60 [𝜀0 + (−0.0625 × 10−3 )𝜅0 ] = [−48.7] MPa
𝜏𝑥𝑦 −28.8
𝜎1 𝜎𝑥 −62.34
[ 𝜎2 ] = [𝑇(60∘ )] [ 𝜎𝑦 ] = [ 13.72 ] MPa
𝜏12 𝜏𝑥𝑦 6.18

5. For [0⁄60⁄−60]𝑆 :
15.34 4.14 0 1.085 0.129 0.030
6 𝑃𝑎. 𝑚;, [𝐵] = 0, [𝐷] = [
[𝐴] = [ 4.14 15.34 0 ] 10 0.129 0.483 0.075] (𝑃𝑎. 𝑚3 )−1
0 0 5.60 0.030 0.075 0.198
Since [𝐵] = 0 and [𝑁] = 0 it follows that 𝜀0 = 0, and [𝐷][𝜅0 ] = [𝑀]. Either calculate [𝐷] −1 or solve:
1.085 0.129 0.030 𝜅𝑥 50
[0.129 0.483 0.075] [ 𝜅𝑦 ] = [ 0 ]
0.030 0.075 0.198 𝜅𝑥𝑦 0
From the second row/equation:
𝜅𝑥 = −3.756𝜅𝑦 − 0.5796𝜅𝑥𝑦
Substitute into the third row:
𝜅𝑦 = 4.9721𝜅𝑥𝑦
Hence, 𝜅𝑥 = −19.255𝜅𝑥𝑦 . Substitute 𝜅_𝑥 and 𝜅𝑦 into the first row and solve for 𝜅𝑥𝑦 :
1
𝜅𝑥𝑦 = −2.473 𝑚
Finally,
𝜅𝑥 47.627
1
𝜅
[ 𝑦 ] = [−12.295] , 𝑚
𝜅𝑥𝑦 −2.473
Global stresses at top of 60∘ (𝑧 = −0.25𝑚𝑚):
𝜎𝑥 11.09 7.18 3.78 47.627 107.7
[ 𝜎𝑦 ] = [𝑄̅]60 (𝑧 𝜅) = [ 7.18 26.47 9.55] 109 (−0.25 × 10−3 ) [−12.295] = [−1.876] 𝑀𝑃𝑎,
𝜏𝑥𝑦 3.78 9.55 9.13 −2.473 10
Local stresses:
𝜎1 𝜎𝑥 32.2
𝜎
[ 𝜎2 ] = [𝑇(60 )] [ 𝑦 ] = [ 71.6 ] 𝑀𝑃𝑎
∘
𝜏12 𝜏𝑥𝑦 −52.4

6. Let 𝑡45 = 1, and 𝑡−45 = 2 (middle ply), ℎ = 4,


226.6 169.3 0
[𝐴] = [169.3 226.6 0 ]
0 0 186.4
𝐸𝑥 = 25.03 GPa ; 𝐸𝑦 = 25.03 GPa ; 𝐺𝑥𝑦 = 46.6 GPa ; 𝜈𝑥𝑦 = 𝜈𝑦𝑥 = 0.7471 ;
7. [-30/45/-45/-30] is a total laminate
[-30/30/-30/30] is a balanced angle ply laminate
[30/-30/30] is a symmetric angle ply laminate
[45/30/-30/-45] is an antisymmetric laminate
[0/90/0/90/0/90/90] is a cross-ply laminate
[0/90/90/90/90/0] is a symmetric cross-ply laminate
[0/18/36/54/72/90/-18/-36/-54/-72] is a quasi-isotropic laminate

8.
9. [0/60/– 60] is quasi-isotropic and [60/– 60/60] is not
10. No

Tutorial 4

1. (𝜎1𝑇 )𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 657 MPa ; (𝜎1𝐶 )𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 29 MPa; (𝜎2𝑇 )𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 20.6 MPa
2. 1) graphite/epoxy 2) graphite/epoxy
3. 𝜎 = 78.5 MPa, Shear (Max stress)
4. 𝜎 = 68 MPa, Shear (Max stress)
5. 171 MPa, Shear

Tutorial 5

1. 𝑁𝑥 = 44.6 kN/m, - Failure of 90° ply in transverse tension (Max stress theory).
2. Notice that for both [0⁄̅90 ̅̅̅̅] matrix [𝐵] vanishes.
̅̅̅]𝑠 and [45⁄−45
𝑠
[0⁄̅90
̅̅̅]𝑠 ̅̅̅̅]
[45⁄−45 𝑠
Longitudinal modulus 𝐸𝑥, GPa 28.65 12.40
Transverse modulus 𝐸𝑦, Gpa 18.49 12.40
Shear modulus 𝐺𝑥𝑦, GPa 4.14 10.29
Poisson’s ratio 𝜈𝑥𝑦 0.117 0.499
Tensile strength in 𝑥-direction, MPa 18.5 91.1
Tensile strength in 𝑦-direction, MPa 69.4 91.1
Shear strength in x-y plane, MPa 72.0 68.5

Common questions

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Evaluating the structural integrity of a composite with a complex lamination sequence like [45/-452]S requires analyzing several factors, such as interlaminar shear stress distribution, potential delamination risks, load transfer efficiency, and mechanical anisotropy. The orientation and repetitive sequence significantly influence how loads are absorbed and distributed across the composite, impacting its overall performance and durability under operational conditions .

When the [B] matrix vanishes in a composite laminate, it implies that the laminate is symmetric. This symmetry means that there is no coupling between bending and extension. As a result, the laminate responds independently to loads that induce bending and those that cause in-plane stresses .

Poisson's ratios in laminate configurations affect how the material deforms laterally when subjected to axial stress. Different configurations, like [0 90⁄]s and [45 -45⁄]s, exhibit varying Poisson's ratios, which in turn influence the transverse strain when the laminate is stretched or compressed longitudinally. These differences are crucial in predicting and optimizing laminate behavior under mechanical loads .

Elastic moduli such as E1, E2, and G12 determine the stiffness and shear resistance in composite materials, influencing their design and application by dictating how they deform under mechanical stress. High values of E1 and E2 indicate greater stiffness along the respective axes, making materials more suitable for applications requiring high load-bearing capacities. Similarly, G12 affects the ability to resist shear, critical for structures subjected to torsional loads or complex loading conditions .

Inverting a matrix like the [ABD] matrix is essential for determining the compliance of a composite material, allowing for a detailed understanding of how the material will respond to combined loading conditions. This inversion provides insight into relationships between forces and moments applied to the structure, and the resulting in-plane strains and curvatures, revealing crucial performance characteristics of the material .

The stiffness matrices, such as [Q] or [A], directly correlate to the performance of composite materials under stress by defining the force-displacement relationship in the material. These matrices encapsulate the mechanical properties like Young's modulus, shear modulus, and Poisson's ratio, dictating the material's ability to withstand and redistribute applied loads without excessive deformation or failure .

Cross-ply and antisymmetric laminate configurations affect composite mechanical properties by dictating the distribution and directionality of fibers, which directly influence stiffness, strength, and deformation behaviors. Cross-ply laminates provide enhanced stability and stiffness due to balanced fiber orientation in orthogonal directions, whereas antisymmetric laminates may introduce coupling effects that could lead to twisting or complex deformations under load .

Determining the most suitable application for a composite laminate based on tensile strength involves analyzing the stress directionality of the intended application, ensuring the laminate's tensile strength aligns with the primary load directions to optimize durability and performance. For instance, higher tensile strength in the x-direction makes it suitable for applications with predominant longitudinal loading, while balanced strength in both directions is ideal for complex load environments .

Quasi-isotropic laminates in composites are designed to exhibit isotropic mechanical properties in-plane, meaning they respond similarly to stresses in all directions. This is achieved by arranging layers at specific angles that balance the anisotropic tendencies present in the individual laminae, enabling more uniform performance under multidirectional loading conditions. Such laminates are beneficial for applications where predictability and consistency in material behavior are critical .

The global stresses calculated for a composite laminate, especially at a specific angle like 60° or -60°, influence its mechanical performance by determining how the material will respond to external loads in terms of deformation and potential failure. This calculation allows for an understanding of stress distribution, which can highlight potential weaknesses or strengths in the material's orientation .

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