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Laplace Transform and ROC Analysis

This document contains the solutions to a signals and systems midterm exam. It has 3 main sections: 1) Signal questions involving plotting even and odd parts, finding fundamental periods of signals, and determining if a signal is power or energy. 2) Analyzing the linearity, time-invariance, stability, and causality of an LTI system and finding its impulse response. It also involves finding the step response of another system using convolution. 3) Questions involving finding poles and zeros of a system transfer function, determining if it is causal/anti-causal/non-causal, and drawing its inverse Laplace transform. Useful equations for signals, Laplace transforms, and Fourier series are also

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9 views4 pages

Laplace Transform and ROC Analysis

This document contains the solutions to a signals and systems midterm exam. It has 3 main sections: 1) Signal questions involving plotting even and odd parts, finding fundamental periods of signals, and determining if a signal is power or energy. 2) Analyzing the linearity, time-invariance, stability, and causality of an LTI system and finding its impulse response. It also involves finding the step response of another system using convolution. 3) Questions involving finding poles and zeros of a system transfer function, determining if it is causal/anti-causal/non-causal, and drawing its inverse Laplace transform. Useful equations for signals, Laplace transforms, and Fourier series are also

Uploaded by

hahahdhasdhs
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

MKT 2812 Signals and Systems

Name:__SOLUTIONS_________________
Total 1 2 3
Midterm Exam
ID:_____________________ Gr:____ 100 30 40 30
Date: Apr. 28, 2022

1) [30 pts.] Answer the following signal questions

a) (10 pts.) Graphically compute and plot the even and odd parts of 𝑥1 (𝑡)

b) (10 pts.) Let the signals be


𝜋
𝑥(𝑡) = cos ( 𝑡) , 𝑦(𝑡) = 8 sin(2𝑡) + 5 cos(3𝑡) , 𝑧(𝑡) = 3𝑥(𝑡)𝑦(𝑡)
3
What are the fundamental periods of signals if they are periodic?
2𝜋
𝑇𝑥 = =6
𝜋/3
2𝜋 2𝜋 𝑇1 3
𝑇1 = = 𝜋, 𝑇2 = → = → 𝑇𝑦 = 2𝑇1 = 3𝑇2 = 2𝜋
2 3 𝑇2 2
2𝜋 𝑙
𝑇𝑧 ? = ∄ 𝑙, 𝑘 ∈ 𝐼 ∋ 3𝑙 = 𝜋𝑘 → 𝐴𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑐
6 𝑘
c) (10 pts.) Is 𝑥(𝑡) a power or energy signal? Compute both energy and power.
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑒 −5|𝑡| + sin(𝑡) 𝑢(𝑡)
𝑇 𝑇
2
𝐸𝑥 = lim ∫ [𝑒 −5|𝑡| + sin(𝑡)𝑢(𝑡)] 𝑑𝑡 = lim ∫ [2𝑒 −10𝑡 + 2𝑒 −5𝑡 sin(𝑡) + sin2 𝑡]𝑑𝑡
𝑇→∞ −𝑇 𝑇→∞ 0
Using the integral equations at the end
𝑇
2 −10𝑡 2 −5𝑡 (−5
1 1
𝐸𝑥 = lim [(− 𝑒 )+ 𝑒 sin 𝑡 − cos 𝑡) + ( 𝒕 − sin 2𝑡)] =∞
𝑇→∞ 10 25 + 1 2 4 𝑡=0
1 𝑇 −5|𝑡| 2 1 𝑇 −10𝑡
𝑃𝑥 = lim ∫ [𝑒 + sin(𝑡)𝑢(𝑡)] 𝑑𝑡 = lim ∫ [2𝑒 + 2𝑒 −5𝑡 sin(𝑡) + sin2 𝑡]𝑑𝑡
𝑇→∞ 2𝑇 −𝑇 𝑇→∞ 2𝑇 0
𝑇
1 1 1 1 1
𝑃𝑥 = lim [(− 𝑒 −10𝑡 ) + 𝑒 −5𝑡 (−5 sin 𝑡 − cos 𝑡) + ( 𝑡 − sin 2𝑡)]
𝑇→∞ 2𝑇 5 13 2 4 𝑡=0
1 1 −10𝑇 1 −5𝑇 1 1 1 1 1
𝑃𝑥 = lim {(− 𝑒 )+ 𝑒 (−5 sin 𝑇 − cos 𝑇) + ( 𝑇 − sin 2𝑇) − [− − ]} =
𝑇→∞ 2𝑇 5 13 2 4 5 13 4
2) [40 pts.]
a) (20 pts.) Analyze the linearity, time-invariance, BIBO stability and causality of the system with input 𝑥(𝑡)
output 𝑦(𝑡). Find the impulse response ℎ(𝑡)

𝑡−1
𝑦(𝑡) = 2 ∫ sin(3𝜏) 𝑥(𝜏)𝑑𝜏
−∞
b) (20 pts.) For another LTI system with the impulse response of

find its step response (to the input 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑢(𝑡)) using the convolution integral
a) Linear?
𝑡−1 𝑡−1 𝑡−1
𝑦(𝑡) = 2 ∫ sin(3𝜏) [𝑥1 (𝜏) + 𝑎𝑥2 (𝜏)]𝑑𝜏 = 2 ∫ sin(3𝜏) 𝑥1 (𝜏)𝑑𝜏 + 𝑎 ⋅ 2 ∫ sin(3𝜏) 𝑥2 (𝜏)𝑑𝜏 = 𝑦1 + 𝑎𝑦2 (𝑡)
−∞ −∞ −∞
So, it is linear.
Time-invariant?
Is the delayed output
𝑡−𝑇−1
𝑦(𝑡 − 𝑇) = 2 ∫ sin(3𝜏) 𝑥(𝜏)𝑑𝜏 (∗)
−∞
Equals to the delayed input response
𝑡−1
2∫ sin(3𝜏) 𝑥(𝜏 − 𝑇)𝑑𝜏
−∞
For clarity, define a change of variable 𝜏 − 𝑇 = 𝜆 when 𝜏 = 𝑡 − 1 then 𝜆 = 𝑡 − 1 − 𝑇 and 𝑑𝜏 = 𝑑𝜆, thus
𝑡−1−𝑇
2∫ sin(3(𝜆 + 𝑇)) 𝑥(𝜆)𝑑𝜏
−∞
sin(3𝑡) is not equal to sin(3(𝑡 + 𝑇)) ∀𝑇 ≠ 2𝜋𝑘/3 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑘 = 0 ± 1 ± 2 ….
So, time varying. Or, pick 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑢(𝑡) and 𝑇 = 1 and show this counter example to prove it is time varying.
BIBO Stable?
Let |𝑥(𝑡)| < 𝐵1 ∀𝑡, then
𝑡−1
2𝐵1 4𝐵1
𝑦(𝑡) ≤ |2 ∫ sin(3𝜏) 𝐵1 𝑑𝜏| = | cos(3𝜏)|𝑡−1
∞ |< <∞
−∞ 3 3
So, BIBO stable.
Causal?
For 𝑥 = 0 → 𝑦 = 0 and the output at time 𝑡 depends only on the past inputs, so, causal.

b) ℎ(𝑡) = 𝑟(𝑡) − 𝑟(𝑡 − 2) − 2𝑢(𝑡 − 3)


∞
𝑦(𝑡) = [ℎ ∗ 𝑢](𝑡) = ∫ 𝑢(𝑡 − 𝜏)[𝑟(𝜏) − 𝑟(𝜏 − 2) − 2𝑢(𝜏 − 3)]𝑑𝜏
−∞
𝑡 𝑡 𝑡
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑢(𝑡) ∫ 𝜏𝑑𝜏 − 𝑢(𝑡 − 2) ∫ (𝜏 − 2)𝑑𝜏 − 2𝑢(𝑡 − 3) ∫ 𝑑𝜏
0 2 3
𝑢(𝑡)s must be added to make sure the integral upper and lower bounds in order.
𝑡2 (𝑡 − 2)2
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑢(𝑡) − 𝑢(𝑡 − 2) − 2(𝑡 − 3)𝑢(𝑡 − 3)
2 2
𝑡 𝑡−2
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑟(𝑡) − 𝑟(𝑡 − 2) − 2𝑟(𝑡 − 3)
2 2
3) [30 pts.] a) For a system with impulse response
5𝑠 2 + 4𝑠 + 4
𝐻(𝑠) = 𝑅𝑂𝐶: −1 < 𝜎 < 0
𝑠(𝑠 2 + 2𝑠 + 2)
i. Find the poles and zeros
ii. Determine if it is causal, anti-causal or non-causal system?
iii. Draw its inverse Laplace transformation ℎ(𝑡)

i. Poles 0, −1 ± 𝑗, Zeros , −0.4 ± 𝑗0.8


ii. Non-causal
iii. PFE
𝑐𝑜 𝐴𝑠 + 𝐵
𝐻(𝑠) = + 2
𝑠 𝑠 + 2𝑠 + 2
4
𝑐𝑜 = 𝑠𝐻(𝑠)|𝑠=0 = =2
2
𝐴𝑠 + 𝐵 2 5𝑠 2 + 4𝑠 + 4 2(𝑠 2 + 2𝑠 + 2) 3𝑠
2
= 𝐻 − = 2
− 2
= 2
𝑠 + 2𝑠 + 2 𝑠 𝑠(𝑠 + 2𝑠 + 2) 𝑠(𝑠 + 2𝑠 + 2) 𝑠 + 2𝑠 + 2
So, 𝐴 = 3, 𝐵 = 0. Thus, the PFE
2 3(𝑠 + 1) − 3
𝐻(𝑠) = +
𝑠 (𝑠 + 1)2 + 1
𝑅1 = {𝜎 > −1} is the ROC of the causal part and can’t include any (causal) poles. So, poles −1 ± 𝑗 are causal pole pairs.

𝑅2 = {𝜎 < 0} is the ROC of the anti-causal part and can’t include any (a.c.) poles. So, the pole 0 are a.c. pole.
3(𝑠+1)−3
𝐻𝑐 (𝑠) = (𝑠+1)2 → Inverse Laplace transform thru the Table ℎ𝑐 (𝑡) = 3𝑒 −𝑡 [cos 𝑡 − sin 𝑡]𝑢(𝑡)
+1

2
Only 𝐺(𝑠) = 𝐻𝑎𝑐 (−𝑠) = − 𝑠 Inverse transform may be obtained thru the Table as 𝑔(𝑡) = −2𝑢(𝑡). Thus,

ℎ𝑎𝑐 (𝑡) = 𝑔(−𝑡) = −2𝑢(−𝑡). Therefore,

ℎ(𝑡) = ℎ𝑐 (𝑡) + ℎ𝑎𝑐 (𝑡) = 3𝑒 −𝑡 [cos 𝑡 − sin 𝑡]𝑢(𝑡) − 2𝑢(−𝑡)


Useful Equations
Basic Signals
𝑑𝑟
= 𝑢(𝑡).
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑢
= 𝛿(𝑡).
𝑑𝑡

𝑡 𝑡
𝑢(𝑡) = ∫−∞ 𝛿(𝑎)𝑑𝑎 ⇒ ∫𝑡 2 𝛿(𝑎 − 1)𝑑𝑎 = 𝑢(𝑡2 − 1) − 𝑢(𝑡1 − 1) .
1

𝑡 𝑡
𝑟(𝑡) = 𝑡𝑢(𝑡) = ∫−∞ 𝑢(𝑎)𝑑𝑎 ⇒ ∫𝑡 2 𝑢(𝑎 − 1)𝑑𝑎 = 𝑟(𝑡2 − 1) − 𝑟(𝑡1 − 1).
1

Laplace Transform
∞
𝑋(𝑠) = ∫−∞ 𝑥(𝑡)𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡, 𝑠 ∈ 𝑅𝑂𝐶.

Fourier series
𝑥(𝑡) = ∑∞
𝑘=−∞ 𝑋𝑘 𝑒
𝑗𝛺𝑜 𝑘𝑡
with 𝑋𝑘 =
1 𝑡𝑜 +𝑇𝑜
∫
𝑇𝑜 𝑡𝑜
𝑥(𝑡)𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝛺𝑜 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 or 𝑋𝑘 =
1
𝑋 (𝑠)|𝑠=𝑗𝛺𝑜 𝑘
𝑇0 1

Fourier Transform
∞
𝑋(𝛺) = ∫−∞ 𝑥(𝑡)𝑒 −𝑗𝛺𝑡 𝑑𝑡 or 𝑋(𝛺) =
𝑋(𝑠)|𝑠=𝑗𝛺 if 𝑠 = 𝑗𝛺 exists in ROC

Some Integrals:
1 1
∫ sin2 𝑤𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑡 − sin (2𝑤𝑡)
2 4𝑤
1 1
∫ cos2 𝑤𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑡 + sin (2𝑤𝑡)
2 4𝑤
1
∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 sin 𝑤𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 2 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 [𝑎 sin 𝑤𝑡 − 𝑤 cos 𝑤𝑡]
𝑎 + 𝑤2
1
∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 cos 𝑤𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 2 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 [𝑤 sin 𝑤𝑡 + 𝑎 cos 𝑤𝑡]
𝑎 + 𝑤2

Common questions

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The system is linear because the output y(t) can be expressed as a sum of the inputs scaled by constants, satisfying the principle of superposition . It is time-varying since the convolution of the delayed input does not equal the delayed output except for specific values of T . The system is BIBO stable since for a bounded input, the output is also bounded, |y(t)| < 4B1/3 . The system is causal because the output at time t depends only on past inputs .

The energy is computed using the limit of the integral from -∞ to ∞, which results in a finite value, indicating it might be an energy signal. However, power also needs to be checked by evaluating the 1/2T limit as T approaches infinity of the integral from -T to T, resulting in a finite non-zero power . Since it has a finite power, x(t) is a power signal .

The step response y(t) = [h*u](t) is calculated using the convolution integral. This involves integrating the product of the step function u(t) and shifted versions of h(t) over appropriate limits. The integrals are solved to give outputs of potentially different functions of t, reflecting changes at each discontinuity caused by r(t) and u(t) components, resulting in the piecewise function y(t) = (t^2/2)u(t) - ((t-2)^2/2)u(t-2) - 2(t-3)u(t-3).

The system is non-causal due to its Region of Convergence (ROC) being −1 < σ < 0, which includes both causal and anti-causal components. The inverse Laplace transform is derived by separating the function into causal and anti-causal parts using partial fraction expansion. The causal part is transformed using the inverse Laplace table resulting in h_c(t), and the anti-causal part is transformed through time reversal, resulting in h_ac(t), then combined to form h(t).

BIBO stability requires that a bounded input produces a bounded output. Given |x(t)| < B1, |y(t)| is bounded by 4B1/3. Changes in B1 directly affect the magnitude of y(t), confirming output boundedness relative to input bounds, thus maintaining BIBO stability regardless of phase shifts or other alterations in x(t), as long as overall input magnitude constraint holds .

Partial fraction decomposition is used to break down H(s) into simpler components to clearly identify its poles and zeros. The zeros are found by setting the numerator equal to zero, whereas poles are roots of the denominator equation. This method reveals poles at 0 and −1 ± j and zeros at −0.4 ± j0.8. Therefore, allowing detailed analysis of both individual causal and anti-causal components .

First, the fundamental periods of x(t) = cos(π/3 t) and y(t) = 8 sin(2t) + 5 cos(3t) are calculated. Tx = 6 and Ty is determined using the least common multiple of 2π/2 and 2π/3, leading to Ty = 6 . However, the product signal z(t) = 3x(t)y(t) cannot find a common integer l and k such that 3l = πk, indicating it is aperiodic .

To conclude time variance, substitute x(t) with delayed input x(t-T) and compare to delayed output y(t-T). For nonzero delays, differences arise because sin(3(t)) ≠ sin(3(t+T)) unless T is a multiple of 2π/3. This inequality shows that shifted inputs do not produce simply shifted outputs, demonstrating time variance and breaking time-invariance property, confirmed through counterexample .

Convolution of x(t) = u(t) with h(t) considers each segment of impulse response's effect separately: r(t) causes integration from 0, but subtraction by r(t-2) removes contributions post-interval 2, and -2u(t-3) shifts the response further left. The convolution sum aggregates these to yield segmented functions reflecting each integrated component's dominance over specific intervals, modeling the expected system behavior .

Poles influence system stability and response. A pole at 0 implies a pole on the right half of the s-plane, impacting stability. Poles at -1 ± j indicate oscillations and exponential decay/growth mitigation. Thus, even though it appears potentially unstable due to the pole at 0, the remaining poles and damping prevent typical instabilities, causing the system to be handled as non-causal .

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