BIODIVERSITY - PD No.
1152 (Philippine Environment
Refers to the variety of living species on Earth, Code) – a system of careful use and
including plants, animals, bacteria, and fungi. conservation of wildlife resources.
While Earth’s biodiversity is so rich that many RA No. 758 (National Integrated
species have yet to be discovered, many Protected Areas System Act of
species are being threatened with extinction 1992) – biologically important
due to human activities, putting the Earth’s public lands that are habitats of
magnificent biodiversity at risk. rare and endangered species pf
Is all the different kinds of life you’ll find in plants and animals.
one area—the variety of animals, plants, RA No. 428 amended by RA No.
fungi, and even microorganisms like bacteria 1538 – dynamite explosives
that make up our natural world. Each of these RA No. 1533 amended by RA No.
species and organisms work together in 4003; and PD No. 704 as amended
ecosystems, like an intricate web, to maintain by PD No. 1058 – increasing
balance and support life. Biodiversity supports penalty
everything in nature that we need to survive: RA No. 6147 – Philippine Eagle as
food, clean water, medicine, and shelter. protected bird
PD No. 389 as amended by PD No. 705
ORIGIN OF BIODIVERSITY (Forestry Reform Code) – revises updates on
Walter G. Rosen - in 1985, Walter all forestry laws
G. Rosen first coined the term 'Biodiversity'. PD No. 330 and PD No. 953 –
Charles Darwin is recognised as having penalize illegal cutting of trees
developed the foundations of modern PD No. 935 and PD No. 1153 –
biological science through his theories on tree planting
evolution and natural selection. His PD No. 331 – forests to be
work provided the explanation for diversity of developed
life on earth and is thus critical to any activity PD No. 1152 – Management for air, water,
relating to conservation of biodiversity. land and waste.
Edward O. Wilson, Ph. D. He is known as “the PD No. 856 – Sanitation Code
father of biodiversity”. PD No. 984 – Pollution Control
RA No. 6969 – Toxic & Hazardous
LEVELS OF BIODIVERSITY Substances & Wastes Act
Ecological Biodiversity – diversity seen across Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999
different ecosystems Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004
Species Biodiversity – diversity in species
umber ad type within an ecosystem. EVOLUTION
Genetic Biodiversity – diversity in Means change of species through time
characteristics within a single species due to Process by which modern organism have
genetic differences descended from ancient organism.
Theories of Evolution
ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS - Jean Baptise de Lamarack – first
Foci: evolutionist to believe that organisms
- Natural Resources change over time:
- Environmental Quality The Theory of Need – organisms
How Laws protect the Environment? change over time to adapt to their
- Through sustainable use of Natural environment.
Resources Theory of Use and Disuse – Examples
- Pollution Prevention is the Giraffe
- Integration of Environmental ad Theory of Acquired Characteristics –
Sustainable Development Objectives inherited the characteristics of their
ancestors
Darwanian Theory
- Natural Selection
Theory of Natural Selection – survival
of the fittist.
Environmental Laws in the Philippines EVIDENCES OF EVOLUTION
Fossil Record 2B years ago, first multicelled algae
- Remains of ancient life found in the rocks Precambrian Period, 4.6B years ago to 543M
- Ancient plants and animals shows years ago
structural similarities Vendian Period, 20M year gap
Compression Fossils – preserved at Cambrian Period, 543M to 510M years ago
sedimentary rocks that has Cambrian Explosion
undergone compression.
Impression Fossils – trace of an TERRESTRIAL SPECIES
animal or plant, it doesn’t contain Terrestrial animals spend most of or their
organic materials entire life span on land, in contrast to animals
Variations that live predominantly in water.
- Existence of different varieties within a Camel, Hippo, Snail, Lion, Moose, Gorillas,
species. Wolf, Chipmunk, Kangaroos, Emu.
Rice (Oryza Sativa) – Malagkit
(Glutinous Rice), Dinorado, AQUATIC SPECIES
Pinilitik Vertebrate or invertebrate, that lives in water
Similarities in Dev’t Changes for all or most of its lifetime.
- Changes in the body structure Cuttlefish, Seal, Angler Fish, Slug, Turtle,
Similarities in Structure Whale, Lobster, Oyster, Shark, Seahorse.
Homologous Structure – similar
structure but different functions ARBOREAL SPECIES
Analogous Structure – similar in Animals that live in the trees are called
function but different origin ‘arboreal’ and they have some amazing
Mutation adaptations to make the most of their leafy
- Change of structure of a Gene, DNA surroundings at every level.
- Exposure to high energy radiation in a Kinkajou, Flying Squirrel, Koala, Spider
nuclear accident Monkey, Eagle, Sloth, Chameleon, Sugar
Spontaneous Mutations – occurs Glider, Emerald Tree Boa, Green Tea Python.
at low rate.
Induced Mutations – occur at SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP
higher rate Any relationship or interaction between two
Molecular Biology dissimilar organisms. The specific kind of
- Endosymbiotic Theory, Eukaryotic Cells symbiosis depends on whether either or both
evolved from Prokaryotic Cells organisms benefit from the relationship.
GEOLOGY
Study of ancient life on Earth MUTUALISM
Changes that took place in the physical A relationship in which both species are
environment of those ancient organisms mutually benefited. Ants that live on Acacia
Fossils – remains of once living organisms Tree.
Paleontology – area of geology concerned Ants and Aphids: share a facultative
with ancient life mutualistic relationship. Some ant species
Paleontologists – studies the pre-historic life herd aphids. The ants farm aphids to eat their
through examining of ancient honeydew. The aphids gain shelter and
organism/fossils. protection from predators.
GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE Human and gut bacteria: Humans have
Tabular presentation of the Earth’s history mutualistic relationships with several types of
Radiocarbon Dating – determining the age bacteria. Beneficial bacteria live on the skin
of a fossil and in the gut. The bacteria gain food, shelter,
Radio Active Isotope – determining the age and optimal environmental conditions. The
of igneous rock human gains protection from pathogens and
The Earth formed 4.6 billion years ago nutrients.
Meteorites bombarded the planet 4.6B years Shark and Remora: The remora is a fish that
to 3.8B years ago making Earth uninhabitable attaches to sharks, whales, and other large
First evidence of life: fossils of blue-green aquatic fish and mammals. The remora eats
algae that lived 3.6B to 3.4B years ago parasites that attach to the larger animal and
2.5B years ago, first cells with nucleus
gains a food source and protection. The shark
enjoys health benefits.
COMMENSALISM DISTRIBUTION
A relationship between two organisms where Species dispersion patterns—or distribution
one organism is benefited from the other, patterns—refer to how the individuals in a
whereas the other is neither harmed nor population are distributed in space at a given
benefited. time.
Tree Frogs use plants as protection. Uniform - individuals of a population are
Cattle Egrets eat insects stirred up by cattle. spaced more or less evenly. One example
Epiphytes get sunlight and nutrients by living of uniform dispersion comes from plants
on the host pant. that secrete toxins to inhibit growth of
nearby individuals—a phenomenon called
PARASITISM allelopathy. We can also find uniform
A relationship between the two living species dispersion in animal species where
in which one organism is benefitted at the individuals stake out and defend
expense of the other. territories.
Tapeworms are flatworms that are found Random - individuals are distributed
attached to the insides of the intestines of randomly, without a predictable pattern.
animals such as cows, pigs. They feed on the An example of random dispersion comes
host’s partly digested food, depriving it of the from dandelions and other plants that
nutrients. have wind-dispersed seeds. The seeds
Tick and Dog, Cuckoo on others bird’s nest. spread widely and sprout where they
happen to fall, as long as the environment
PREDATION is favorable—has enough soil, water,
This type of interaction, the predator is nutrients, and light.
benefitted by feeding on the prey, whereas Clumped- individuals are clustered in
the prey is harmed. groups. A clumped dispersion may be
seen in plants that drop their seeds
COMPETITION straight to the ground—such as oak trees
A relationship between organisms that strive —or animals that live in groups—schools
for the same resources in the same place. The of fish or herds of elephants. Clumped
resources might be food, water, or space. dispersions also happen in habitats that
SUCCESSION are patchy, with only some patches
A series of progressive changes in the suitable to live in.
composition of an ecological community over
time. FACTORS THAT AFFECT POPULATION GROWTH
Food
PRIMARY SUCCESSION Disease and Predation
Newly exposed or newly formed rock is Water and Shelter
colonized by living things for the first time. Density of a Population
SECONDARY SUCCESSION CARRYING CAPACITY
An area previously occupied by living things Is the maximum number of individuals for a
is disturbed—disrupted—then recolonized particular species that the environment ca
following the disturbance. “carry” or sustain.
POPULATION Carrying capacity can be defined as a species’
Consists of all the organisms of a given species average population size in a particular habitat.
that live in a particular area. The species population size is limited by
environmental factors like adequate food,
POPULATION SIZE shelter, water, and mates. If these needs are
Number of individuals not met, the population will decrease until the
resource rebounds.
DENSITY
Number of individuals per unit area or volume