1 Linear Algebra... DD INtrOdUCtION nnn 1.2 Algebra of Matrices... 1.3. Determinants... 1.4 Inverse of Matri 1.5 Rank of A Matrix. -_ 1.6 Sub-Spaces : Basis and Dimension eu. 1.7 System of Equation: Differential Equations. 3.1 Introduction... 3.2 Differential Equations of First Order. 33 Linear Differential Equations (Of nth Order... 3.4 Two Other Methods of Finding Pl 3.5 Equations Reducible to Linear Equation with Constant Coefficient. Previous GATE and ESE Question: Complex Functions .. 41 Introduction 4.2. Complex Functions... 43° Limit of a Complex Fun 44 — Singularity... 45 — Derivative of fz). 46 Analytic Functions. <« Contents Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors. Differentiabil ‘Mean Value Theorems. “ 7 Computing the Derivative. Applications of Derivatives... Partial Derivative: Total Derivatives. Maxima and Minima (of Function of Two Independent Variables). Theorems of Integral Calculu: Definite Integrals... Applications of Integration... Multiple integrals and Their Applications Vectors Previous GATE and ESE Questions.5. 7, 47 Complex Integratio 48 — Cauchy's Theorem... 4.9 Cauchy's Integral FORMULA .onsmn 277 4.10 Series of Complex Terms wee 278 4.11. Zeros and Singularities or Poles of an Analytic Function 279 4.12. Residues 1-280 Previous GATE and ESE Questions. 282 Probability and Statistics 5.1 Probability Fundamentals... 5.2 Statistics 5.3 Probability Distributions. Previous GATE and ESE Questions. Numerical Method.. enerenenene 351-393 6.1 Introduction. 351 62 Numerical Solution of System of Linear Equations 353 63 Numerical Solutions of Nonlinear Algebraic and Trans-cendental Equations by Bisection, Regula-Falsi, Secant and Newton-Raphson Method .rwnnnwn357, 64 Numerical Integration (Quadrature) by Trapezoidal and Simpson's Rules....363 65 Numerical Solution of Ordinary Differential Equations. Previous GATE and ESE Questions, E Transform Theory... 7.1 Laplace Transform. 7.2. Definition. 7.3. Transforms of Elementary Functions 7.4 Properties of Laplace Transforms. 7.5 Evaluation of Integrals by Laplace Transforms. 7.6 Inverse Transforms - Method of Partial Fraction: 7.7 Unit Step Function 7.8 Second Shifting Property.. 7.9 Unit Impulse Functi 7.10 Periodic functions.. 7.11 Fourier Transform 7.12. Drichilet’s Conditions. 7.10 Periodic functions.. Second Order Lit a1 a2 a3 84 Previous GATE and ESE Questions.. r Partial Differential Equations... Classification of Second Order Linear PDES.. Undamped One-Dimensional Wave Equatior fibrations of an Elastic String... 414 The One-Dimensional heat Conduction Equation 19 Laplace Equation for a Rectangular REGION wenn 423, Previous GATE and ESE Questions.. see 425Linear Algebra 1.1. Introduction Linear Algebra is a branch of mathematics concerned with the study of vectors, with families of vectors called vector spaces or linear spaces and with functions that input one vector and output another, according to certain rules. These functions are called linear maps or linear transformations and are often represented by matrices, Matrices are rectangular arrays of numbers or symbols and matrix algebra or linear algebra provides the rules defining the operations that can be formed on such an object. Linear Algebra and matrix theory occupy an important place in modern mathematics and has applications in almost all branches of engineering and physical sciences. An elementary application of linear algebra is to the solution of a system of linear equations in several unknowns, which often result when linear mathematical models are constructed to represent physical problems. Nonlinear models can often be approximated by linear ones. Other applications can be found in computer graphics and in numerical methods. In this chapter, we shall discuss matrix algebra and its use in solving linear system of algebraic equations AX = B and in solving the Eigen value problem AX = AX. 1.2 Algebra of Matrices 1.2.1. Definition of Mati Assystem of mx n numbers arranged in the form of a rectangular array having m rows and n columns is called an matrix of order mx n. 1 A= [aj]peq be any matrix of order m= then it is written in the form: ay a2. an By Axpennreen Bon 8m Are: Am, Horizontal lines are called rows and vertical lines are called columns. 1.2.2 Special Types of Matrices 1. Square Matrix: An mx nmatrix for which m = n (The number of rows is equal to number of columns) is called square matrix. It is also called an nrowed square matrix. ie. A = [4,],,,» The elements 4, | 1=j,1€. ay, agp... are called DIAGONAL ELEMENTS and the line along which they lie is called PRINCIPLE DIAGONAL of matrix. Elements other than a, ,, a;., etc are called off-diagonal elements ie alee) Example: is a square Matrix on ean 2 oe, x3