National Junior College Mathematics Department 2015

National Junior College

2015 – 2016 H2 Mathematics
Sequences and Series Tutorial Solutions

Basic Mastery Questions 2(c) u1 0, ur ur 1 ln(r )

1. Sequence (A): 55, 46, 37, ..., 8 u1 0
Observe that each term is obtained by u2 (0) ln 2
subtracting 9 from the previous term. u3 (ln 2) ln 3 ln(3!)
(i) ur 55 9r, r 0,1, 2,...,7.
u4 (ln 2 ln 3) ln 4 ln(4!)
u1 55,
(ii) Conjecture: ur ln(r !).
ur ur 1 9, r 2,3, 4,...,8.
r 2
3 3 3 3 (d) u1 1, ur 1 ur
Sequence (B): , , , , ... r
2 4 8 16 u1 1
Observe that each term is obtained by u2 3
(1) 3 1 2
1
multiplying 12 to the previous term.
u3 4
2 (3) 6 1 2 3
3 5
(6) 10 1 2 3 4
(i) ur , r . u4 3
( 2)r u5 6
(10) 15 1 2 3 4 5
4
3 Conjecture: ur 1 2 3 r
u1 ,
(ii) 2 r
r (r 1)
1 k .
ur ur 1 , r 2,3, 4,... k 1 2
2
Remark: The above answers are not unique. 3. By using the recurrence relation, the
sequence is 20, 8, 2, 1, u5 .
2(a) u1 1, ur 1 rur 1 5
Therefore u5 ( 1 4) ,
u1 1 2 2
5
u2 1 (1) 5 53
and ur 20 8 2 ( 1) .
u3 2 (1) 2! r 1 2 2
u4 3 (2 1) 3!
4 (a)
u5 4 (3 2 1) 4!
Conjecture: ur (r 1)!.

(b) u1 2, ur 1 3ur 2
u1 2 3 1
u2 3(2) 2 8 32 1
u3 3(8) 2 26 33 1 2r 2 1
lim does not exist.
u4 3(26) 2 80 34 1 r r
Conjecture: ur 3r 1.

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4(b) 1 1 1
6(c) 1 ... to 2n terms.
3 5 7
Summation notation:
2n 1 ( 1)r 2n ( 1) r 1 2 n ( 1) r 1
or .
r 0 2r 1 r 1 2r 1 r 1 2r 1

2r (r 1) 3r (r 1) 2
(d) 1 ...
2 r12 2 22
2r 2 1
lim lim Summation notation:
r r2 r 1 (k 1)r (r 1)k k r (r 1)k 1
lim 2 lim r12 .
r r k 0 2k k 1 2k 1
lim1
r Remark: r cannot be the dummy variable in
2 0 (d), as it is used in the question.
2.
1
7(a) As r and k are dummy variables, the
(c) relation is true.
(b) The relation is not true, because
n
r 2 02 12 n2
... , but
r 0 3 3 3 3
n 2
(r 2) 2 42 62 (n 4) 2
... .
r 2 3 3 3 3
2 1
2r 2 1 r r3
(c) The relation is not true. Without the
lim lim brackets on the RHS, it means
r r3 r 1
lim r lim r13
2
n
1 n
1
r r 5 5.
r 1 r r 1 r
lim1
r However,
0 0 n
1 n
1 n
0. 5 5 .
1 r 1 r r 1 r r 1

6(a) 12 32 52 72 ... to 30 terms. (d) The relation is not true, because

Summation notation: 1 1 1 1
... .
29 30 1 2 n (1 2 ... n)
(2r 1) 2 (2r 1) 2 .
r 0 r 1
100

(b) (3)(4) (4)(3) (5)(2) ... 8. 2r 2r 1

21 20
r 1
n terms 22 21
Summation notation:
n 1 n 23 2 2
(r 3)(4 r ) (r 2)(5 r ).
r 0 r 1

299 298
2100 299
2100 1.

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Practice Questions n 1

1. Recalling that S lim Sn , 3(b) (r 1)(r n)

n r 1
n 1
(a) Series is convergent. r2 nr r n
1 2 1 2 1 r 1
lim lim .
n 4 (3n 1)2 4 n (3n 1) 2 4 n 1 n 1 n 1
r 2 (n 1) r n 1
r 1 r 1 r 1

(b) Series is convergent. (n 1) (n 1) 1 2(n 1) 1

Dividing the numerator and denominator by 6
n 2 , we have (n 1) (n 1) 1
(n 1) n n 1
5n 2 4n 1 5n 2 4n 1 2
lim lim
n (2n 1)(3n 2) n (2n 1)(3n 2) n(n 1)
(2n 1) 3(n 1) 6
5 4 1 6
n n2
lim 2n 1 3n 2 1
n
n n n(n 1)(5n 8).
6
lim 5 4
n
1
n2
n
n
lim 2n 1
n
3n 2
n (c) log a 2ai
n
i 0
lim 5 lim n4 lim n12 5
n n n
. n
lim 2 1
n lim 3 2
n 6 log a 2 log a a i
n n
i 0
n
(c) Series is divergent. log a 2 i
It is clear that as n gets larger, un does not i 0
n n
tend to a finite value. log a 2 1 0 i make i=1 in order to use
i 0 i 1 the formula
(d) Series is convergent. n(n 1)
1
n
1 n 1 log a 2 .
lim lim n 0. 2
n 2 n 2
2n
2
4(i) 12 22 32 ... 2n r2
S1 if r 1, r 1
2. Since ur
Sr Sr 1 for r ,r 2, (2n) (2n) 1 2(2n) 1
we have 6
u1 (1) 2
3(1) 4 2, n(2n 1)(4n 1)
.
3
and for r 2,
n
2
ur r 2 3r 4 (r 1) 2 3(r 1) 4 (ii) 22 42 62 ... 2n (2r )2
r 1
r 2 (r 1) 2 3 n

2r 4. 4 r2
r 1

m m m n(n 1)(2n 1)
3(a) (2 r ) 2 r 4
6
r 1 r 1 r 1
m(m 1) 2n(n 1)(2n 1)
2m .
2 3
m(3 m)
.
2

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4 (last part) 5.
n n 2 3 1
2
f(r )
12
32
5 2
7 2
... 2n 1 r 1 r 1 r r 1 r 2
2 3 1
Series in (i) Series in (ii) r 1
1 2 3
n(2n 1)(4n 1) 2n(n 1)(2n 1) 2 3 1
r 2
3 3 2 3 4
n(2n 1) 2 3 1
(4n 1) 2(n 1) r 3
3 3 4 5
n(2n 1)(2n 1) 2 3 1
. r 4
3 4 5 6

5(a) There is no known result for series of 2 3 1

r n 1
b 1 n 1 n n 1
the form , so it is impossible to
r a r 2 3 1
r n
proceed from here. n n 1 n 2

n 3 2 1
(b) The expression in the summation f(r ) .
r 1 2 n 1 n 2
notation is complicated, i.e.
n degree 2 polynomial Finally.
. n
r 1 r (r 1)(r 2) f(r ) lim
n
f(r )
r 1 r 1
Clearly there is no known result that will 3 2 1
enable one to proceed from here easily. lim
n 2 n 1 n 2
n n 1 2 3 3
(c) f(r ) .
2
r 1 r 1 r 2 r r 1
1 2 3 1 A B
r 1 6. Let .
3 1 2 3r 2 3r 1 3r 2 3r 1
1 2 3 1 1
r 2 By cover-up rule, A and B .
4 2 3 3 3
1 2 3 Therefore,
r 3 n 1 1 n 1 1
5 3 4
r 1 (3r 2)(3r 1) 3 r 1 3r 2 3r 1
1 2 3
r 4 1 1 1
r 1
6 4 5 3 1 4
1 1
r 2
1 2 3 4 7
r n 1 1
n 2 n n 1 r 3
7 10
...
It is difficult to spot cancellations when the 1 1
terms are arranged in this manner. r n 1
3n 5 3n 2
Furthermore, the cancellation is not neat.
1 1
r n
3n 2 3n 1
1 1 n
1 .
3 3n 1 3n 1

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25
1 1 1 1
6(i) 7(i) f(r ) f(r 1) .
r 2 (3r 2)(3r 1) r r 1 r (r 1)
1 1
(3r 2)(3r 1) r (3r 2)(3r 1) r 1 1 1 1
2 1
(ii) ... to 2n terms
1 25
1 2 6 12 20
(3r 2)(3r 1) r (3r 2)(3r 1) 1 1 1
0 r 1
... to 2n terms
1 1 1 25 1 2 2 3 3 4
2n
40 10 2 3(25) 1 1
=
7 r 1 r ( r 1)
(or 0.0461 to 3 s.f).
152 2n
n n m 1 f(r ) f(r 1)
Remark: Note that ur ur ur is r 1
r 1 r 1
r m
f(1) f(2)
valid only for m 2. Furthermore,
the following is not defined: f(2) f(3)
3
1 f(3) f(4)
.
r 1 (3r 2)(3r 1)

1 f(2n 1) f(2n)
(ii)
r 4 (3r 2)(3r 1) f(2n) f(2n 1)
n
1 f(1) f(2n 1)
lim
n (3r 2)(3r 1)
r 4
1
n
1 3
1 1 .
lim 2n 1
n
r 1 (3r 2)(3r 1) r 1 (3r 2)(3r 1)
n 1 1 1
lim 1 1 1 1
n 3n 1 1 4 4 7 7 10 (iii) ...to 2n terms
22 32 42 52
1 3 2n
lim 1
n 3 1
n 10
2
1 3 1 r 1 ( r 1)
.
3 10 30 2n
1 1 1
(iii) Replacing r by k 1, r 1 r ( r 1) r 1 r
1
n
1 k 1 n
1 1
(3r 5)(3r 2) 3(k 1) 5 3(k 1) 2
2n 1
r 2 k 1 2
n 1
1
1.
k 1 (3k 2)(3k 1)
(n 1) 8(i) Solving e x 3x 0 using GC,
3(n 1) 1 a = 0.619 (to 3 d.p.)
n 1 b = 1.512 (to 3 d.p.)
.
3n 2
(ii) If the sequence converges, then as
n , xn l and xn 1 l , where l is limit
of the sequence. It follows that
1 l
l e el 3l 0.
3
From part (i), l a or b.

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8(iii) Using GC, (change the parameters 1 xn

accordingly) 8(iv) xn 1 xn e xn
3
1 xn
e 3xn .
3

From the graph of y e x 3x ,

(I) if a xn b , then
1 xn
xn 1 xn e 3xn 0
3
xn 1 xn .
When x1 0, sequence converges to a =
0.619 (to 3 d.p.). (II) If xn a or xn b, then
1 xn
xn 1 xn e 3xn 0
3
xn 1 xn .

Further Practice Questions

n n
r
1. ln ln r ln(r 2)
r 1 r 2 r 1

When x1 1, sequence converges to a = ln1 ln 3 ln 2 ln 4

ln 3 ln 5 ln 4 ln 6
0.619 (to 3 d.p.).
ln 5 ln 7 ln 6 ln 8

ln(n 3) ln(n 1) ln(n 2) ln n

ln(n 1) ln(n 1) ln n ln(n 2)
ln 2 ln(n 1) ln(n 2)
2
ln . k 2.
(n 1)(n 2)
When x1 2, sequence diverges.
(Last part)
n 1 n 2 3n
ln ln ... ln
n 3 n 4 3n 2

3n
r
ln
r n 1 r 2
3n n
r r
ln ln
r 1 r 2 r 1 r 2
2 2
ln ln
(3n 1)(3n 2) ( n 1)( n 2)
(n 1)(n 2)
ln .
(3n 1)(3n 2)

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2. Let 2. (Last part)

r A B C
. 1 2 3
2r 1 2r 1 2r 3 2r 1 2r 1 2r 3
...
13 5 3 5 7 5 7 9
1 1 3 r
By cover up rule, A ,B ,C . (2 r 1)(2 r 1)(2r 3)
16 8 16 r 1

n r
Therefore, lim
n
n r 1 (2 r 1)(2 r 1)(2r 3)
r
n(n 1)
r 1 2r 1 2r 1 2r 3 lim
n 2(2n 1)(2n 3)
n ( n 1)
1 n
1 2 3 lim n2
+ 2(2 n 1)(2 n 3)
16 r 1 2r 1 2r 1 2r 3 n
n2

1 1 2 3 1 1
+ r 1 lim n
16 1 3 5 n 2 2 1
2 3
n n
1 2 3
+ + r 2 1
3 5 7 .
8
1 2 3
+ + r 3
5 7 9
3(i) Since xn s and xn 1 s as n ,
1 2 3
+ r 4 12
7 9 11 s s 2 7 s 12 0
+ 7 s
1 2 3
( s 3)( s 4) 0
+ + r n 2
2n 5 2n 3 2n 1 s 3 or 4.
1 2 3
+ + r n 1 (ii) To show xn 1 xn , which is same as
2n 3 2n 1 2n 1
1 2 3
showing xn 1 xn 0,
+ + r n
2n 1 2n 1 2n 3 12
xn 1 xn xn
7 xn
1 1 2 1 3 2 3 ( xn 3)( xn 4)
+ + + .
16 1 3 3 2n 1 2n 1 2n 3 7 xn
1 1 3
2 Since 3 xn 4, we have
16 2n 1 2n 3
1 2(2n 1)(2n 3) (2n 3) 3(2n 1) xn 3 0,
16 (2n 1)(2n 3) xn 4 0,
1 8n 2 8n 7 xn 0.
16 (2n 1)(2n 3)
Therefore,
n(n 1)
. (shown) ( xn 3)( xn 4)
2(2n 1)(2n 3) xn 1 xn 0
7 xn
xn 1 xn .

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4(i) Since xn l and xn 1 l as n , Alternatively approach: Graphical

l l 5 l2 l 5 0 Sketch the graphs of y = x and y x 5
1 1 20 y
l y=x
2
1 21
l 0, l
2
2.791 (to 3d.p.). l
2 2
(ii) LHS xn l
1 y x 5
xn 5 l 2
xn l l2 l 5 0 x
O l
RHS.
(iii) To prove xn 1 l : 4(iii) – (continued)
Given that xn l xn l 0, we have from
When xn l , we see from the following graph
(ii) that
2 that xn xn 1 l.
xn 1 l2 xn l 0
y
xn 1 l xn 1 l 0 y=x
xn 1 l or xn 1 l
(rejected, xn 0).
1
xn 1 = xn 5
To prove xn xn 1 : l
2 2
xn 1 l xn l
xn l xn l xn l y x 5
1 1

xn l x
xn 1 l xn l
xn 1 l O l xn 1 xn
xn 1 xn .

Therefore xn xn 1 l.

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Challenging Questions 2. By cover-up rule,

2 1 2 1
n .
1. (i) (2r n 1) x( x 1)( x 2) x x 1 x 2
r 1
n n Since for n 3,
2 r (n 1)
1 1 1 1 2 1
r 1 r 1 ,
n3 n n 1 n 2 2 n n 1 n 2
n(n 1)
2 n(n 1)
2
N
1 1 N 1 2 1
3
2n(n 1). n 3 n 2n 3 n n 1 n 2
1 2 1
(ii) The mistake occurs at the step 3 2 1
where n is replaced by 2n, i.e. 1 2 1
n 4 3 2
(2r n 1) 2n(n 1), 1 2 1
1
r 1 5 4 3
2n 2
but (2r n 1) 4n(2n 1).
r 1
1 2 1
N 1 N 2 N 3
1 2 1
In order to replace n by 2n, one
N N 1 N 2
must check carefully and do the
replacement for all occurrences 1 1 1 1
of n. For instance, when n = 5 2 2 N N 1
and when n = 10, 1 1
(shown).
5 4 2N N 1
(2r 5 1) 2(5)(5 1), Finally,
r 1
10 1 1 1 N
1
3
lim
(2r 10 1) 2(10)(10 1). n 1 n
N 1 23 n 3 n
3

r 1
1 1 1
lim 1
N 8 4 2N N 1
Therefore the correct result should
2n 3 3
be 1 1 3.
(2r 2n 1) 4n(2n 1). 8 2
r 1
Therefore a = 2 and b = 3.
2n
(iii) (2r n 1)
r n 1
2n n
(2r n 1) (2r n 1)
r 1 r 1
2n 2n
(2r 2n 1) n 2n(n 1)
r 1 r 1

4n(2n 1) 2n(n) 2n( n 1)

2n (2n 1).

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