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Load Classifications in Mechanics

1. Loads are classified according to time, distribution, location, and method of application. Static, sustained, impact, and repeated loads are classifications based on time. Concentrated and distributed loads are classifications based on distribution. Centric, torsional, flexural, and combined loads are classifications based on location and method. 2. Concentrated loads act on a small area like a point, while distributed loads act over a distance and are usually considered per unit length, like a uniform or varying load. Couples are formed by equal and opposite loads causing rotation. 3. Loads produce either tension, compression, torsion, or bending forces within a material. Tension pulls while compression pushes. Torsion

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82 views4 pages

Load Classifications in Mechanics

1. Loads are classified according to time, distribution, location, and method of application. Static, sustained, impact, and repeated loads are classifications based on time. Concentrated and distributed loads are classifications based on distribution. Centric, torsional, flexural, and combined loads are classifications based on location and method. 2. Concentrated loads act on a small area like a point, while distributed loads act over a distance and are usually considered per unit length, like a uniform or varying load. Couples are formed by equal and opposite loads causing rotation. 3. Loads produce either tension, compression, torsion, or bending forces within a material. Tension pulls while compression pushes. Torsion

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Cryp Tone
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© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Republic of the Philippines

ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY


COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE AND TECHNOLOGY
City of Ilagan Campus

FUNDAMENTAL OF DEFORMABLE BODIES (EE 222)

LOAD CLASSIFICATIONS

Introduction

Strength of materials (Fundamentals of Deformable Bodies), also called mechanics of materials,


deals with the behavior of solid objects subject to stresses and strains. The theory began with the consideration of
the behavior of one and two dimensional members of structures, whose states of stress can be approximated as two
dimensional, and was then generalized to three dimensions to develop a more complete theory of the elastic and
plastic behavior of materials. In the mechanics of materials, the strength of a material is its ability to withstand an
applied load without failure or plastic deformation. The field of strength of materials deals with forces and
deformations that result from their acting on a material. A load applied to a mechanical member will induce internal
forces within the member called stresses when those forces are expressed on a unit basis. The stresses acting on the
material cause deformation of the material in various manners including breaking them completely. Deformation of
the material is called strain when those deformations too are placed on a unit basis.

Objectives

Classify the types of Loads.

DEFINITIONS
Mechanics - science describing the behavior of bodies under the action of forces.

Three Fundamental Areas of Engineering Mechanics

1. Statics - Devoted primarily to the study of the external effects of forces on rigid bodies
2. Dynamics - Devoted primarily to the study of the external effects of forces on rigid bodies
3. Strength of Materials / Mechanics of Deformable Bodies /Fundamentals of Deformable Bodies - Deals with the
relations between externally applied loads and their internal effects on bodies.

External Effects of a Force


Development of forces at surfaces of contact between bodies

 Change in state of
motion of the body
Change in state of motion of the body

Internal Effects of a Force

 Deformation
 Development of internal
stresses
 Deformation
 Development of internal
stresses
Deformation
Development of internal stresses

Rigid Body - a body that does not deform under the action of forces.

Non-Rigid Body - a body that deforms under application of loads.

LOAD CLASSIFICATION
Types of Loads
A. According to Time

1. Static Load - gradual application of loads for which equilibrium is achieved at a very short time.

2. Sustained Load - load that is constant over a long period of time

3. Impact Load - impulsive and rapid application of loads

4. Repeated Load - successive application and removal of loads

B. According to Distribution

1. Concentrated Load - point load

2. Distributed Load - a load distributed along a line or a surface.

Distributed Load Concentrated Load

C. According to Location and Method of Application

1. Centric Load - load that pass through the centroid of the resisting section.

2. Torsional Load - load that twists a member

3. Flexural / Bending Load - load that is applied transversely to the longitudinal axis of the member.

4. Combined Loading - any combination of the first 3 above.

Types of Loads

1. Concentrated or Point Load is a load acting on a small elemental area. In practice, a load cannot be assumed to
act on a single point just like a contact made by a sharp needle. However, when a load is transferred through a roller
or a sphere on to the beam the contact will be through a point. In all other cases, the load is presumed to act on a
small restricted area of the beam. In general, the concentrated loads are vertical. In certain cases it can be inclined,
horizontal and act below the beam. If a load acts on small distance, then load can be assumed to be concentrated on
a point. This load is known as point load and denoted by letter “P”.
2. Distributed load If load acts on a considerable distance, then this type of load is known as distributed load. In
general, for comparison and calculations, distributed load is considered per unit length.

* Uniformly distributed load In uniformly distributed load, magnitude of load remains constant throughout the
length where load acts. Uniformly distributed load can be converted to point load by multiplying load with loading
length. This load is known as equivalent concentric load as it acts at the Centre of loading length.

*Non uniformly distributed load Here, load vary across the length. This is also known as uniformly varying load

There are two types of uniformly varying load

 Triangular load: As the name implies, this load acts in shape of triangle. Magnitude of load is zero at one end
and vary across the length in triangle shape.

 Trapezoidal load: This load acts in the shape of trapezoid. It is combination of uniformly distributed load and
triangular load.

3. Couple When two equal and opposite load acts on same span, their line of action are parallel to each other
and opposite direction, these loads create couple. This couple tries to rotate the span if there is any difference
in magnitude
Nature of load

 Tension & Compression


Point load can be tensile or compressive in nature. Tensile force tries to pull and compressive force tries to push the
components.

 Torsion
Output force generated by couple is termed as torque. Effect of this torque is known as torsion. Torsion is the result
of twisting of rod or bar about it axis due to applied couple.

 Bending
When two point load with same direction act at distance, it tries to bend the component. This effect is known as
bending.

Prepared by:

Engr. Jean Claude M. Benitez


Instructor

Common questions

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Load classification is pivotal in determining design strength because it dictates the specific stress distribution and deformation the materials must resist. Understanding whether loads are static, impact, or repeated helps in selecting materials that will maintain their integrity over time under anticipated load conditions . Similarly, knowing load distribution influences the selection of materials that can efficiently distribute these stresses without failing . Reviews of load parameters ensure material properties align with structural demands, preventing failures and prolonging lifespan .

Repeated loads cause cyclic stresses within a material, leading to fatigue and potential microscopic crack initiation that can propagate over time, significantly raising the risk of failure even when the load magnitude is below the material’s ultimate strength . Sustained loads apply constant stress that can lead to creep and eventual plastic deformation, but they generally do not cause the fatigue issues associated with repeated loads .

A concentrated or point load is assumed to act on a small area of a structure, often treated as a single point for simplification in calculations, despite practically acting over a small area . A distributed load, however, is spread across a larger surface or line, and its magnitude is considered over the distance it covers, often measured per unit length .

A centric load passes through the centroid of the resisting section and typically results in axial stress without causing moment or bending . A torsional load, however, twists a member about its longitudinal axis, leading to shear stresses and potential twisting deformation .

Differentiating between rigid and non-rigid bodies is essential for understanding internal stress development because rigid bodies are assumed not to deform under force application, dealing only with force transmission . Non-rigid bodies, however, deform under load, leading to internal stress distribution analysis, which is key for designing elements that expand, compress, or twist appropriately to avoid failure . Understanding these distinctions allows for more precise predictions of material behavior under differing load conditions.

A static load is applied gradually, and equilibrium is achieved in a very short time, leading to minimal change in the state of motion and minor deformation under controlled conditions . In contrast, an impact load is applied impulsively and rapidly, causing sudden changes in motion and potentially more pronounced deformation due to the rapid application of force .

Uniformly distributed loads have a constant magnitude across their application length and are typically evenly spread, such as the weight of snow on a flat roof . Non-uniformly distributed loads vary in magnitude along their application length and include triangular and trapezoidal loads, such as wind loads on parabolic roofs or beam supports that vary with distance from the fulcrum .

The fundamental areas of engineering mechanics — statics, dynamics, and strength of materials — interrelate to comprehensively analyze deformable bodies by considering different force interactions and deformations. Statics examines force balance to ensure structural equilibrium, dynamics explores the effects of time-varying forces, and strength of materials analyzes how internal stresses from external loads lead to deformation . Together, they provide a holistic view necessary to design safe structures .

Tensile loads stretch materials, which can lead to elongation and affect materials' tensile strength . Compressive loads, on the other hand, push materials together, potentially leading to buckling or crushing if limits are exceeded . Distinguishing between these effects is critical in engineering design to ensure that structures withstand both types of stresses without experiencing excessive deformation or failure .

Classifying loads by location and method of application is crucial because it determines the types and distributions of stresses and deformations within the structure. For instance, centric loads result in axial stresses, torsional loads induce shear stresses due to twisting, and flexural loads create bending stresses . Understanding these differences allows engineers to design structures that adequately resist these forces without failure .

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