UNIVERSITY OF NORTHEASTERN PHILIPPINES

IRIGA CITY

ART APPRECIATION & HUMANITIES MODULES

FOR
SUBJECT ID/CODE COURSE DAY/TIME GOOGLE CLASS CODE

MODULE NO. 2 TITLE: INTRODUCTION TO ART & HUMANITIES 2

COMPETENCIES Develop knowledge and understand principles of Art and its main
contribution to modern society, creating a basic understanding
about Art context towards the development of 21st century skills .
COURSE OUTCOME At the end of the lesson, the students shall be able to:
✓ Know the Different genres of art.
✓ Appreciate the Divisions of art study
✓ Determine the elements of visual Arts
✓ Learn and mitigate the divisions and methods in doing Arts
that leads to its appreciation.
✓ Understanding the history of Arts
KNOWLEDGE Meaning and Importance of Arts
UNDERSTANDING Understanding how to Appreciate Arts
PROFICIENCY Learn more about the basic Components of Arts
LEARNING OUTCOME In this course, students learn to appreciate the arts, to produce
Art works, to dignify artists, and to value the true, the good, and
the beautiful. While it focuses on the appreciation of the arts, it
affords the students opportunities to produce creative works and
to acquire artistic skills which they can apply later in their
academic activities and professional lives.

LESSON PRESENTATION AND ACTIVTIES

Introduction This Module deals with the Genres, Divisions of art,

Elements of art study, the methods of presenting the subjects
leading in Art Appreciation and the history of Arts.
ENGAGEMENT ACTIVITIES AND EXPLORATION

TOPIC #5 GENRES OF ART

Artists abound since there are many genres of art. And the
number of artists keeps on increasing as new forms of art
emerge. Based on the sensory perception involved, the genres of
art are classified into visual arts, audio-visual arts, and literary
arts.

[Link] Arts.
Visual arts are those forms perceived by the include painting,
sculpture, and architecture. They are also called spatial arts
because artworks produced under this genre occupy space. They
are further divided into graphic arts and plastic arts.

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 2. Graphics Arts.
Graphic arts are those visual arts that have length and width;
thus, they are also called two-dimensional arts. They as flat arts
because they are seen on flat surfaces. Examples of these arts
are painting, printing, drawing, sketching and commercial art,
mechanical processes, computer graphics, and photography.

[Link] Arts.
Plastic arts are those visual arts that have length, width,
and volume; thus, they are also called three-dimensional arts.
Examples of these are sculpture, architecture, landscape
architecture city planning, interior design, costume design, set
design, theatre design, industrial design, crafts (for example,
handicrafts), and allied arts.

4. Audio-Visual Arts.
Audio-visual arts are those forms perceived by both
ears (audio) and eyes (video). They are called performing arts
inasmuch as the artists. render a performance in front of an
audience. Examples of these are music (vocal, instrumental, and
mixed), dance (ethnologic, social, and theatrical), and drama
(tragedy, comedy, tragicomedy, farce, melodrama, etc.). Music,
unlike dance and drama, can be purely audial as when the
audience listens to a song played on the radio and does not see
the artist (the singer) perform live on stage.

5. Literary Arts. Literary arts are those presented in the written

mode and intended to be read. These include prose (short
stories, novels, essays, and plays) and poetry (narrative poems,
lyric poems, and dramatic poems). Prose forms differ from verse
or poetic forms in that the former are in paragraph (composed of
sentences) form, while the latter are in stanza (composed of
lines) form.

TOPIC #6 DIVISION OF ARTS STUDY

Humanities or the study of the arts was limited to aesthetics or
art appreciation and/or art history during the second half of the
20th century. With the onset of the new millennium and the
recent developments in various disciplines, the study of
humanities has extended to art production and art criticism. In
short, humanities deals with the four divisions of art study,
namely, art appreciation, art history, art production, and art
criticism.

1. Aesthetics or Art Appreciation.

Aesthetics, the science of beauty, is that division of art study in
which the student learns to admire the artists, value highly
different works of art and appreciate the role of art in society.

2. Art History.
Art history is that division of art study in which the student
acquires knowledge of the artists, their backgrounds, their
masterpieces, and their significant contributions in various fields
of art.

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 3. Art Production.
Art production is that division of art study in which the student
learns to use his creativity and apply his artistic knowledge and
skills in producing his own works of art.

4. Art Criticism.
Art criticism is that division of art study in which the student
learns to use his judgment in evaluating different artworks based
on the criteria set.

TOPIC #7 ELEMENTS OF VISUAL ARTS

To produce an awe-inspiring artwork, an artist must know first
the different principles of art and the elements of the specific art
he is engaged in. Knowledge of the art principles and the
elements of the visual arts is helpful in art production.

1. Line.
A line is a series of connected dots. It is an important element of
visual arts because all painters, sculptors, and architects use lines
as springboard of their finished products. All works classified
under the graphic arts and plastic arts start with lines. A cloth
before it becomes a dress or another garment must first be ruled
and then cut and later sewn. A piece of wood must first be
limned and then chiseled and later shaped into a finished
sculpture. Paintings and building designs start with pencil
sketches. Lines are classified according to position, direction,
and shape; they carry meanings by themselves.

1a. Vertical Lines. Vertical lines show height or stature, poise,

balance, force, and dynamism. A tall tree, a standing man, a bird
poised for flight, and a flagpole are presented with vertical lines.

1b. Horizontal Lines. Horizontal lines indicate rest, repose,

calmness, quietness, and inaction. A dead or reclining man, a
serene sea, a resting animal and a cemetery are presented with
horizontal lines.

[Link] Lines. Diagonal lines manifest movement, action,

and direction. A running man, a flying bird, a galloping horse, a
flowing river, and fireworks display diagonal lines.

1d. Straight Lines. Straight lines exhibit stiffness, stillness, and

inactivity. Inanimate objects like buildings and bridges are shown
with straight lines.

1e. Curved Lines. Compared to diagonal lines, curved lines

indicate movements that are smooth. A wide smile, a graceful
belly dancer, and flowing hair are shown with curved lines.

1f. Repeating Lines. Repeating lines are a succession of

vertical (1IIIIII), horizontal (=======), diagonal (/////II or i 1) or
curved (CCCCC) lines. They are used to show rhythm.

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 1g. Contrasting Lines. Contrasting lines are a combination of
vertical and horizontal lines (LLLLLLLLLL) or a combination of
diagonal lines (XXXXX or <<<<< or >>>>>) in opposite directions.

1h. Modified Lines. Modified lines are a combination of

straight and curved lines ([]) or a combination of lines of varying
shapes ({>O<}).

2. Color.
Color is another important element of the visual arts. Dependent
on the presence of light, it is that property of an object that
makes it appealing to the visual sense. Every color has its name
and such
name is called hue. Thus, yellow (Y), green (G), blue (B), violet
(V), red (R), and orange (O) are the more common hues. When an
object has only one hue, it is described as monochromatic. When
it has two or more hues, it is said to be polychromatic.
Colors are classified in several ways. Based on how they are
produced, colors are classified into primary, secondary, and
intermediate. According to their position in the color wheel they
are adjacent or complementary. Based on their effect on the
visual sense, they are either cool or warm. According to value,
they are either light or dark. Based on intensity, they are either
bright or dark.

2a. Primary Colors. The primary colors are blue, red, and
yellow (BRY). They are described as primary colors because they
are the first to be produced and the rest of the colors are
produced as a result of their combination.

[Link] Colors. The secondary colors are green, orange,

and violet (GOV). They are produced by combining two primary
colors. For example, green is a product of combining blue and
yellow, orange is a product of combining red and yellow, and
violet is a product of combining red and
blue.

2c. Intermediate Colors. The intermediate colors are red-

violet (RV), red- orange (RO), yellow-orange (YO), yellow-green
(YG), blue-green (BG), and blue-violet (BV). They are produced by
combining one primary color and one secondary color.

2d. Adjacent Colors. The adjacent colors are those colors

situated next to each other in the color wheel. Examples are red
and red-orange, yellow and yellow-green, and blue and blue-
violet.

2e. Complementary Colors. The complementary colors are

those colors situated opposite each other in the color wheel.
Examples are red and green, blue and orange, and yellow and
violet.

2f. Cool Colors. The cool colors are those colors that are
inconspicuous and not striking to the eyes. Also called receding
colors, they suggest distance, tranquility, sobriety, and

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restfulness. Examples are violet, green, and blue, the coolest and
calmest of all colors.

2g. Warm Colors. The warm colors are those colors that are
conspicuous and striking to the eyes. Also called advancing
colors, they suggest warmth, vivacity, cheerfulness, exultation,
stimulation, instinctive action, and excitement. They are usually
associated with sources of heat such as the sun, fire, and light.
Examples are orange, yellow (the most brilliant, the most
cheerful, and the most exultant), and red (the warmest, the most
exciting, and the most vigorous).

2h. Light Colors/Tints. The light colors or tints are those colors
with values lower than the normal value. For example, pink or
fuchsia is a tint of red and azure (sky blue) is a tint of blue.

2j. Dark Colors/Shades. The dark colors or shades are those

colors with values higher than the normal value. For example,
maroon is a shade of red and navy blue is a shade of blue.

2k. Rainbow or Prismatic Colors. The rainbow or prismatic

colors are those colors that form a rainbow or a prism. These are
red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet (ROYGBIV or
VIBGYÓR).

2l. Neutral Colors. The neutral colors are white, gray, and
black. White is the absence of all colors, while black is the
presence of all colors. Gray is produced by combining black and
white; it results from the partial reflection of the color rays.

The colors have some psychological and other connotations.

White is used to connote purity, chastity, holiness, mourning,
surrender, meekness, and goodness. Black is used to signify
death, mourning, darkness, and evil. Blue is used to indicate the
sky, the heaven, the sea, serenity, sadness, peace, and
masculinity. Green is used to connote life, nature, good health,
and well-being. Yellow is used to signify jealousy, divinity, deceit,
treason, degradation, and lately Ninoy Aquino. Brown is used to
mean the earth, spiritual death, and renunciation of the world.
Orange is used to indicate food. Gray is used to signify old age,
gloom, and decay. Pink is used to mean love and femininity;
nowadays, it is used to indicate that the project is an undertaking
of Metro Manila Development Authority and its Chairman Bayani
Fernando.

3. Texture.
Texture is the element of the visual arts associated with the
sense of touch. An artwork may be smooth or rough, fine or
coarse, glossy or dull, regular or irregular. The tactile effect that
an artist wants to produce out of his artwork is dependent on the
medium or material he uses. In sculpture, marble and ivory have
a smooth, glossy finish. On the other hand, wood and stone have
a rough, dull finish if they are not painted.

4. Shape.

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 Shape is the element of the visual arts which contributes to the
final form of the artwork. Circles and polygons (triangles,
rectangles, squares, pentagons, hexagons, heptagons, etc.) are
put together to make up the whole object. For example, a
Christmas lantern is composed of a circle, a pentagon, triangles,
and ellipses.

5. Space.
Space is the area or surface occupied by the artwork. A painting
covers a flat surface such as a wall. Because a sculpture has
volume, it occupies not only the area on which it stands, but also
the area from the top to the bottom and from the left to the
right side of the object. Even if the object is hollow, its inside is
part of the space it occupies.

6. Volume.
Allied to space, volume is the amount of space occupied by an
object in three dimensions. Pertaining to solidity or thickness, it
is perceived in two ways: by contour lines or outlines or shapes
of objects and by surface light and shadows (Sanchez, Abad, and
Jao, 2002).

7. Perspective.
Perspective is synonymous with point of view, angle of vision, or
frame of reference. It is the point where the artist stands to view
his subject as he creates his artwork. He may show the front
view, side view (left or right), or top view of the object he uses as
subject for his painting or sculpture. Perspective is manifested in
these two situations: that nearer objects appear bigger and taller
than farther object and that parallel lines seem to meet at the
farthest end .

8. Form.
Form refers to the overall composition of the artwork. It
describes the entire shape or organization of the thing or object
created. For example, a pyramid is presented as one triangle if
the front view is used as the perspective, whereas two triangles
are shown if the left or the right side view is used as the
perspective. When top view is used as the perspective, the
pyramid is presented as composed of four triangles.

TOPIC #8 METHODS OF PRESENTING THE SUBJECT

Every artist has his individual style of doing his artwork. This style
is almost always governed by his choice of the method of
presenting his subject. He can choose from any of the following
methods: realism, abstractionism, surrealism, symbolism,
fauvism, Dadaism, impressionism, expressionism, and futurism.

1. Realism.
Realism is the method of presenting subjects as they appear in
real life. If an apple is the subject, it is shown as is with either red
or green color. If a plant is the subject, it is presented with a
brown trunk and branches, green leaves, yellow fruits, and an
appropriate size. The three Renaissance greats, Michelangelo
Buonarroti, Leonardo da Vinci, and Raphael Sanzio, are realist
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painters; they showed their subjects as they saw the latter. The
Filipino foremost painter, Fernando Amorsolo, is the Father of
Philippine Realism; he painted Philippine rural scenes
realistically.

2. Abstractionism.
Abstractionism (See Fig. 1.44.) is "drawing away from realism."
The word abstractionism was derived from the verb abstract
meaning to draw away. Therefore, an abstractionist draws away
from reality as he creates his artwork. His product is a departure
from what is present in real life. For example, in painting a
human body, a person is shown with no facial features, no
fingers, no toes, and no hair. An abstractionist selects from any of
the following methods: distortion, mangling, elongation, cubism,
and abstract expressionism.

2a. Distortion. Distortion is presenting the subject in a

misshaped form. For example, an apple is shown as a square or a
circle or a star apple as ovoid (egg-shaped) or cylindrical (funnel-
like).

2b. Mangling. Mangling is presenting the subject with parts

which are cut, lacerated, mutilated, or hacked with repeated
blows (Sanchez, Abad, and Jao, 2002).

2c. Elongation. As the word suggests, elongation is presenting

the subject in an elongated form. It is done by stretching the
object, for example, the human body, vertically. A good sample
of this is El Greco's "The Resurrection of Christ".

2d. Cubism. Cubism is presenting the subject with the use of

cubes and other geometric figures (triangles, squares, rectangles,
pentagons, hexagons, heptagons, etc.). Tam Austria's
“Fisherman's Family" and Vicente Manansala's "Balut Vendors,"
"Prayer before Meals," (See Fig. 1.47.) and "Fruit Vendor with
Twin Sons" are examples of cubism.

2e. Abstract Expressionism. Having its origin in New York City,

abstract expressionism is presenting the subject with the use of
strong color, uneven brush strokes, and rough texture and with
the deliberate lack of refinement in the application of the paint.
Jose Joya, whose works are mostly under this genre, is the
foremost exponent of abstract expressionism. In the US, Jackson
Pollock was one of the leading abstract express:onist painters.

3. Surrealism.
Surrealism is "beyond realism." It is presenting the subject as if
the subject does not form part of the real world, but belongs to
the world of dreams and fantasy. This method was influenced by
Sigmund Freud, the Father of Psychoanalysis.

4. Symbolism.
Symbolism is presenting the subject symbolically, that is,
the artist shows his subject as it appears in real life, but he
intends to let it represent something. For example, Juan Luna's
"Spoliarium" depicting a soldier dragging a slave exposes the

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oppression suffered by the Filipinos from the hands of the
Spaniards as he lets the soldier symbolize the Spaniards and the
slave represent the Filipinos. Guillermo Tolentino's "Oblation" is
symbolic of academic freedom.

5. Fauvism. Fauvism is optimistic realism. It is presenting the

real-life subject with the use of bright colors suggesting comfort,
joy, and pleasure. The colors bright red, yellow, orange, purple,
and the like are used instead of blue, black, gray, green, and
brown. For example, the tree trunk is colored orange instead of
brown. Henry Matisse, the leader of the fauves, formed this art
movement in the 1900s. Though the movement was short-lived,
many later artists were influenced by Matisse and his
contemporaries. One of his works is "The Red Room" (1908-
1909).

6. Dadaism.
Dadaism is shocking realism. It is presenting the real-life
subject with the intention to shock the audience through the
exposition of the evils in society. Derived from the French word
dada meaning hobby horse, Dadaism started as a protest art
movement composed of painters and writers whose desire was
to revolutionize the outworn art traditions. Marcel Duchamp,
who espoused this desire, was the best known Dadaist.

7. Expressionism.
Expressionism is emotional realism. It is presenting the real-life
subject with the intention to express emotions, pathos, chaos,
fear, violence, defeat, morbidity, and tragedy. Introduced in
Germany (Central Europe) during the first decade of the 20th
century, it is a style of modern painting which puts stress on
intense color, agitated brushwork, and violent imagery to express
painful emotions, anxiety, and hallucinatory states (Feldman,
1986). It has influenced playwrights in English and Filipino.
Among them was Paul Dumol, who wrote "Ang Paglilitis ni Mang
Serapio."

8. Impressionism.
Impressionism is realism based on the artist's impression. It is
presenting the real-life subject with emphasis on the impression
left in the artist's mind or perception, particularly the effect of
light on the object used as subject. For example, an apple on a
table is presented not as entirely red, but with white areas
showing the spots where the light rays fall upon. Impressionism
is a late 19th-century style of painting which puts stress on
capture of transient atmospheric effects, use of broken color and
color complementariness to render form, and direct observation
of subjects emphasized. Painters in this genre include Claude
Monet,
Edouard Manet, Edgar Degas, Auguste Renoir, Camille Pissarro,
and Vincent van Gogh. Edward Hopper's paintings illustrate this
method.

9. Futurism.
Futurism is realism in the future. It is presenting a subject that
relates not to the present, but to the future. An example is a

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 painting of a futuristic machine or a futuristic human being such
as an android. In the art of filmmaking, "Star Wars," "Star Trek,"
"E. T.," and "Back to the Future" are considered futuristic.

TOPIC #9 HISTORY OF ART

Generally, the art history is divided into 13 periods. These are as
follows:
A. Greek Period
1. Greek Golden Age (500 BC-410 BC)
2. Hellenistic Period (336 BC-AD 146)
B. Roman Period (146-323)
C. Medieval Period or Middle Ages (323-1400)
1. Early Medieval Period
2. High Middle Ages
D. Renaissance Period (1270-1594)
1. Early Renaissance Period
2. High Renaissance Period
E. Age of Mannerism
(1530-1616)
J. Realist and Naturalist Period
(1827-1927)
F. Baroque Period (1600-1750)
G. Classic Period (1644-1793)
K. Impressionistic Period
(1863-1900)
L. Modern Period (1895-1990)
H. Rococo Period (1715-1774)
I. Romantic Period
(1773-1848)
M. Post-modernism
(1990 up to the present)

FROMATIVE PERIODICAL ASSESSMENT IS PROVIDED AS PER SCHEDULE.

ASSESSMENT

ASSIGNMENT Check your notification for the activities posted at your

respective GC.

REFERRENCE Introduction to Humanities, A Holistic Approach Textbook

By: Jesus Z. Menoy

Prepared by:

Noel P. Felices
Instructor