The Scientific Revolution was the period of

CHAPTER 1: GENERAL enlightenment when the development on the fields of

CONCEPTS AND mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology and chemistry
transformed the views of society about nature.
HISTORICAL EVENTS
THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION INFLUENCES:
LESSON 1: INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS
THAT DEFINE SOCIETY 1. Science Ideas
2. Humans
3. Society
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
 Series of events that marked the emergence of EFFECTS OF THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
modern science during the early modern
period.  Enabled people to rethink and reconsider all ideas
 Science is as old the world itself. about their way of life.
 There is no way to determine when has science  Ignited vast human interests to rethink how they do
started. science and how they view scientific processes.
 From the start of time, science has always been  Golden age for people committed to scholar life.
interwoven with society.  Significantly improved the conduct of scientific
experiments and observations.
1. Science as an idea  Led the creation of new research fields.
 Prompted the establishment for the foundation of
 It includes ideas, theories, and all available modern science.
systematic explanations and observations about the  Led to condemnation of individuals whose work
natural and physical world. questioned works of some religious and theological
views.
2. Science as an intellectual activity  It explained the emergence or birth of modern
science as a result of these developments from the
 It encompasses a systematic and practical study of
the natural and physical world.
disciplines mentioned.
 This process of study involves systematic
observation and experimentation.

3. Science as a body of knowledge

 It is a subject or a discipline, a field of study, or a

body of knowledge that deals with the process of
learning about the natural and physical world.
 This is what we refer to as school science.

4. Science as a personal and social activity

 Science is both knowledge and activities done by INTELLECTUALS AND THEIR

human beings to develop better understanding of
the world around them. REVOLUTIONARY IDEAS
 It means to improve life and to survive in life.
 It is interwoven with people’s lives.
Nicolaus Copernicus

 Was born in Torun, Northern Poland on

The Scientific Revolution is claimed to have started
February 19, 1473
between the early 16th century to the 18th century in
 DIED: May 24, 1543
Europe.
 Father of Modern Astronomy
 Was the first modern European scientist to
Why Europe? The probable answer is the invention of the
propose that Earth and other planets revolve
printing machine and the blooming intellectual activities
done in various fields of human interests.
around the sun
  Greek astronomer Ptolomy
 One of the renaissance men.
 Appointed as canon at Frombork Cathedral in
Poland
 Publication of his book, De revolutionibus
orbium Coelestium ( On the revolutions of the
heavenly bodies )
 In 1543 cited is often cited as the start of the
scientific revolution

Charles Darwin

 Was born on February 12, 1809 in Shrewsberry,

England
 DIED: April 19, 1882
 Theory of Evolution
 Russel Wallace
 published his book The Origin of Species in
1589
 Famous for his Theory of evolution
 Published his book The origin of species which
is considered to be one of the most important
works in Scientific literature. Development of Science in Asia
 Introduced the idea that all organic beings
(India, China, Middle East Countries)
including Humans under the realm of
evolutionary thinking.
ASIA
Sigmund Freud India
 Was born in May 6, 1856
 Known for manufacturing iron and in
 Famous figure in the field of psychology
 DIED: September 23, 1939 metallurgical works
 Was a Austrian neurologist  Famous in medicine
 Founder of psychoanalysis  Notable in the field of Astronomy
 A prominent figure in the field of psychology.  Also known for mathematics
 Developed the method of Psychoanalysis.  Developed a ruler (Mohenjo-daro ruler).
 His ideas and theories are still considered great
inspirations to examine the human mind and
China
behavior.
 Are known for traditional medicines
(acupuncture)
CRADLES IN EARLY SCIENCE  In terms of technology, they are known to
develop many tools. (e.g., compass,
Development of Science in: Mesoamerica, Asia, papermaking, gunpowder, & printing tools)
& Africa (Iron plough, wheelbarrow, & propeller)
 Developed a design for different bridges.
(Zhongguo ke xue yuan, 1983)
MESOAMERICA  Developed dry dock facility.
 Invented first seismological detector.
1. Mayan Civilization  In Astronomy, they made significant records of
supernovas, lunar and solar eclipses, and
 Astronomy comets.
 Agriculture
 Mathematics

2. Aztec Civilization
  Mandatory Education

 Known for seismology. (prepared in times of  Metal age: gold and silver jewelry, ceramics and
calamities) tools
 Unable to accept the ideas of laws of nature.
Life during the Spanish Era
Middle East Countries
 Americans have more influence in the development
of science and technology in the Philippines
 Ibn al-Haytham, Father of Optics compared to the Spaniards.
 Mathematician, Musa al Khwarizmi
 Ibn Sina, field of medicine, first physician to LESSON 2: BRIEF HISTORICAL
conduct clinical trials. (The Book of Healing
BACKGROUND OF SCIENCE AND
& The Canon of Medicine)
TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES
AFRICA

 Blessed with natural and mineral resources PRE-SPANISH PHILIPPINES

 Egypt was known to be a center of alchemy
 Astronomy
 Metallurgy
 Mathematics  The early inhabitants of the archipelago had their
own belief system and indigenous knowledge
system.
LESSON 2: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY
AND NATION BUILDING

 Brief Historical Background of Science and  Science was observed in the way they interpreted
Technology in the Philippines the movements of heavenly bodies to predict
 Government Policies on Science and seasons and climates and in organizing days into
Technology months and years.
 Famous Filipinos in the Field of Science

Brief Historical Background of Science and  Scientific Knowledge was observed in how they
Technology in the Philippines planted their crops, cared for animals, and produced
Historical Background of Science and Technology in the food.
Philippines

 Was started way back before the Philippines gained  They used science to prepare the soil for
its independence from the American colonizers.
agricultural purposes like other ancient cultures.
 In Pre-Spanish Philippines, scientific knowledge is
observed .

 planting crops, taking care of animals, food  They also discovered the medicinal uses of plants.
production, interpreting the movements of
heavenly bodies and preparing soil for
agricultural purposes.
 They developed tools for planting, hunting,
 Technology is used by people in building houses, cooking, and fishing; for fighting their enemies
irrigations and developing tools .
during war or tribal conflicts.
 developed tools for planting, hunting, cooking  They also developed technologies for creating
and fishing; for war or tribal conflicts;
transportation; and musical instruments musical instruments.
  The Americans established the public education
system and improved the engineering works and
 The Metal Age had a significant influence on the the health conditions of the people.
lives of early Filipinos.

 They reorganized the learning of science and

 Sophisticated designs of gold and silver jewelry, introduced it in public and private schools.
ceramics, and metal tools proved that their
technological ideas helped in the development of
different tools.
 They established a modern research university, the
University of the Philippines.

SPANISH ERA
 They created more public hospitals than the former
colonial master.
 The Spaniards brought with them their own culture
and practices.
 The mineral resources of the country were also
explored and exploited during the American time.
 They established schools for boys and girls and
introduced the concept of subjects and disciplines.

 It was the beginning of formal science and  The transportation and communication systems
technology in the country, known now as the school were improved, though not accessible throughout
of science and technology. the country.

 The Filipinos developed ways to replicate the

technology brought by the Spaniards using
 The Protestant church's missions in different
indigenous materials.
places in the country also brought hospitals and
 Medicine and advanced science were introduced in schools to farflung areas.
formal colleges and universities established by the
Catholic orders.
 However, World War II destabilized the
development of the country in many ways.
 The galleon trade had brought additional
technology and development to the Philippines.
Filipino students who were able to study in Europe.  Institutions and public facilities were turned into ashes,
houses were burned, and many lives were destroyed.

 Contributed to the advancement of medicine,

engineering, arts, music, and literature in the  Since the establishment of the new republic, the
country. whole nation had been focusing on using its limited
resources in improving its science and technology
capability.

AMERICAN ERA
 Explored the use of ODA (Overseas Development 1. Social Sciences, Humanities, Education, International
Allocations) from different countries to help the Policies and Governance
country with its scientific productivity and
technological capability.
2. Physics, Engineering, and Industrial Research, Earth
and Space Sciences, and Mathematics
Development of Science and Technology in the
Philippines
3. Medical, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences

INTERNAL INFLUENCES
4. Biological Sciences, Agriculture, and Forestry
1. Survival

2. Culture
There are also other existing programs supported by
3. Economic Activities
the Philippine government through the Department
of Science and Technology (DOST).

EXTERNAL INFLUENCES Some of these projects are the following:

1. Foreign Colonizers 1. Providing funds for basic research and patents

related to science and technology
2. Trades with foreign countries 2. Providing scholarships for undergraduate and
graduate studies of students in the field of science
3. International Economic Demands
and technology
3. Establishing more branches of the Philippine
Science High School System
GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON SCIENCE 4. Balik Scientist Program to encourage Filipino
AND TECHNOLOGY scientists abroad to come home and work in the
Philippines
5. Developing science and technology parks on
academic campuses to encourage academe and
 The Philippine government introduced and
industry partnerships
implemented several programs, projects, and
6. The establishment of the National Science Complex
policies to boost the area of science and technology.
and National Engineering Complex within the
University of the Philippines campus in Diliman.

 The goal is to prepare the whole country and its The Philippine-American Academy of Science and
people to meet the demands of a technologically Engineering (PAASE, 2008) identified several
driven world and capacitate the people to live in a capacity-building programs such as:
world driven by science.
1. Establishment of national centers of excellence;
2. Manpower and institutional development programs,
such as the Engineering and Science Education
The National Research Council of the Philippines Program (ESEP) to produce more Ph.D. graduates in
(NCRP) clustered these policies into four, namely: science and engineering
3. Establishment of science and technology business
centers to assist, advise, and incubate
technopreneurship ventures; and
4. Strengthen science education at an early stage 6. Rafael Dineros Guerrero III
through the Philippine Science High School System.
- Research on tilapia culture
The current K to 12 education program includes
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics 7. Enrique Mapua Ostrea Jr.
(STEM) - Invention of the meconium drugs testing
1. The Commission on Higher Education has launched 8. Lilian Formalejo atena
its Philippine-California Advanced Research
Institutes (PICARI) Project to strengthen the STEM - Research on plant biotechnology
competitiveness of the country.
2. The Philippine Congress has also created various 9. Mari-Jo Panganiban Ruiz
laws related to science and technology.
- Outstanding educator and graph theorist.
3. These laws vary according to different themes such
as conservation, health-related, technology- 10. Gregory Ligot Tangonan
building, and supporting basic research, among
others. - Research in the field of communications technology

Some laws and policies are in line with

international treaties such as: There are other outstanding Filipino Scientists who
1. The United Nations (UN) are recognized here and abroad for their outstanding
2. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural contributions to science:
Organization (UNESCO); and
3. Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
Caesar A. Saloma
FAMOUS FILIPINOS IN THE FIELD OF
SCIENCES - Internationally renowned physicist

1. Ramon Cabanos Barba Edgardo Gomez

- Outstanding research on tissue culture in Philippine - Famous scientist in marine science

mangoes.
William Padolina
2. Josefino Cacas Comiso
- Chemistry and president of National Academy of
- Works on observing the characteristics of Antarctica by Science and Technology (NAST)-Philippines
using satellite images.
Angel Alcala
3. Jose Bejar Cruz Jr.
-Marine Science
- Known internationally in the field of electrical
engineering.
LESSON 3: SCIENCE AND EDUCATION IN
THE PHILIPPINES
- Elected as an officer of the famous Institute of
Electrical and Electronic Engineering. The Concept of Science Education

4. Lourdes Jansuy Cruz  Science education focuses on teaching, learning, and

understanding science.
- Notable for her research on sea snail venom.  Teaching science involves developing ways how to
effectively teach science.
5. Fabian Milar Dayrit

- Research on herbal medicine

 This means exploring pedagogical theories and  Science education includes important skills such as
models in helping teachers teach scientific concepts process skills, critical thinking skills, and life skills
and processes effectively. that are needed in coping up with daily life activities.
 Learning science includes both pedagogy and the
most interesting aspect, which is helping students Lind (1997)
understand and love science.  Science education also develops positive attitudes
 Understanding science implies developing and such as a love for knowledge, passion for innovative
applying science-process skills and using science things, curiosity to study nature, and creativity.
literacy in understanding the natural world and
activities in everyday life. Tertiary Education

 Deals with developing student’s understanding and

John Dewey (2001) appreciation of scientific ideas and scientific works
 Science education focuses on the preparation of
 Stressed the importance of utilizing the natural science teachers, scientists, engineers, and other
environment to teach students. professionals in various science-related fields such
 Nature must indeed furnish its physical stimuli to as engineering, agriculture, medicine, and health
provide a wealth of meaning through social activities sciences.
and thinking.

Marx (1994) Science Schools in the Philippines

 Science is going to be one of the most important 1. Philippine Science High School System
school subjects in the future. (PSHSS)
2. Special Science Elementary Schools (SSES)
Project
Science Education 3. Quezon City Regional Science High School
4. Manila Science High School
 Justified by the vast amount of scientific knowledge 5. Central Visayan Institute Foundation
developed in this area that prepares citizens in a
scientifically and technologically driven world.
Philippine Science High School System (PSHSS)
Knight (1986)
 A government program for gifted students in the
 Science education provides skills and knowledge Philippines.
that are necessary for a person to live in.  A service institute of the Department of Science and
Technology (DOST) whose mandate is to offer a free
Tilghman (2005)
scholarship basis for a secondary course with special
 Science education develops a citizenry that will meet emphasis on subjects pertaining to the sciences, with
the goals of science in the society. the end view of preparing its students for science
career (Republic Act No.3661)
Science Education in Basic and Tertiary Education
Special Science Elementary Schools (SSES) Project
Basic Education
 Is in pursuance to DepEd Order No. 73 s.2008, and
(Carale & Campo, 2003; Meador, 2005; Worth & DepEd Order No. 51 s. 2010
Grollman, 2003)  This project started in June 2007 with 57 identified
elementary schools that participated or were
 Science Education helps students learn important
identified as science elementary schools in the
concepts and facts that are related to everyday life.
country.
Chaille & Britain (2002)
 The numbers have grown to more than 60 schools  It administers an entrance exam Manila Science
nationwide and this is now its sixth year of High School Admission Test (MSAT) for students
implementation. who wish to enroll.

The SSES Project envisions developing Filipino

children who are equipped with scientific and
technological knowledge, skills, and values. Its mission The MSAT has five parts:
is to: 1. Aptitude in science
i. Provide a learning environment to science- 2. Aptitude test in mathematics
inclined children through a special curriculum 3. Problem-solving test in science
that recognizes the multiple intelligences of 4. Problem-solving test in mathematics
the learners; 5. Proficiency in English
ii. Promote the development of lifelong learning The school prides itself on producing outstanding alumni
skills; and winning various national competitions.
iii. Foster the holistic development of the
learners. Central Visayan Institute Foundation

The subject Science and Health is taught in:  It is the home and pioneer of the prominent school-
based innovation known as the Dynamic Learning
i. Grade I–III - 70 minutes Program (DLP).
ii. Grade IV-VI - 80 minutes  The school takes pride in its Research Center for
Curriculum also utilizes different instructional Theoretical Physics (RCTP) established in 1992,
approaches that address the learning styles and needs of which organizes small international workshops to
the learners like the use of investigatory projects. foster the informational but intense exchange of
ideas and perspectives on outstanding problems in
Quezon City Regional Science High School physics and mathematics.

 It was established on September 17, 1967

 Originally it was named Quezon City Science High
School.
 It was turned into a Regional Science High School
for the National Capital Region (NCR) in 1999.
 A product of a dream to establish a special science
school for talented students in science and
mathematics.
 The curriculum’s focus is science and technology.
 It envisions serving as a venue for providing
maximum opportunities for science-gifted students
to develop the spirit of inquiry and creativity.
 It is well-supported by the LGU and PTA.

Manila Science High School

 It was established on October 1, 1963.

 It is the first science school in the Philippines.
 The organization and curriculum put more emphasis
on science and mathematics.
 Aims to produce scientists with souls humanities and
other electives are included.