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Matrix Operations and Solutions Guide

The document provides solutions to matrix algebra problems involving addition, subtraction, multiplication, and inversion of matrices. In the first problem, matrices A, B, and C are given and operations such as A+B, A-C, and AB are computed. The second problem evaluates a matrix multiplication. The third problem shows that A^2 and A^3 can be computed for a given matrix A. The fourth problem shows that a particular linear combination of matrices A and B squared is the identity matrix. Further problems provide solutions for finding inverse matrices using elementary row operations.

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50 views9 pages

Matrix Operations and Solutions Guide

The document provides solutions to matrix algebra problems involving addition, subtraction, multiplication, and inversion of matrices. In the first problem, matrices A, B, and C are given and operations such as A+B, A-C, and AB are computed. The second problem evaluates a matrix multiplication. The third problem shows that A^2 and A^3 can be computed for a given matrix A. The fourth problem shows that a particular linear combination of matrices A and B squared is the identity matrix. Further problems provide solutions for finding inverse matrices using elementary row operations.

Uploaded by

lahirudb1
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Solution Manual prepared by T.M.J.A.

Cooray, Department of Mathematics 1

MATRICES
MODEL QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS
 1 2  3  3 1 2 4 1 2
     
1. Given A   5 0 2  B   4 2 5  and C   0 3 2
1 1 1   2 0 3 1  2 3 
    
(a) Compute that A+B and A-C
(b) Verify that A+(B+C) = (A+B)+C
(c) Compute AB, BA and ACT
 4 1  1   3 1  5
   
Solution: A  B   9 2 7  and A  C   5  3 0 
3 1 7   0 1  2 
  

8 2 1
 
(A  B)  C  A  (B  C)   9 5 9 
4  3 7
 

5 3 3  0 4  9
   
AB  19  5 16  BA  19 3  3 
 1 3 0   5 1  3
   

 0 0 12 
 
AC   24 4 11 
T

 5 1 6 
 

Q(2). Evaluate :
 0 1 3  1 4 5   12 12 5 
    
 4 5 6  6 3 2    46 49 36 
 7 3 2  2 3 1   29 43 43 
    
Solution Manual prepared by [Link], Department of Mathematics 2

1 2   9  4   7 30 
Q(3). If A    , show that A 2    and A 3   
 4  3   8 17   60  67 
 1  2  2 3 2 2
   
Q(4). If A   1 2 1 , B   - 1 0 - 1 
 1 1 0   - 3 - 3 - 2
   

Show that {kA  (1  k )B}2  I , k being a scalar.

Solution: {kA  (1  k)B}2  k 2 A 2  (1  k) 2 B2  k(1  k)AB  k(1  k)BA


Now compute each matrix as follows;
k 2 A 2  (1  k) 2 B2  k(1  k)AB  k(1  k)BA 

3 0 0  1 0 0 5 4 4  1 - 4 - 4
       
A2   2 1 0 , B 2   0 1 0  AB   - 2 - 1 - 2 , BA   0 3 2 
  2  4  3 0 0 1 4 2 3 - 2 2 3 
       

Consider element a11 ; of k 2 A 2  (1  k) 2 B2  k(1  k)AB  k(1  k)BA

 3k 2  (1  k) 2  5k(1  k)  k(1  k)  1  8k 2  4k  1
Therefore k =1/2
1 0 0
1  

When this value A  B  AB  BA   0 1 0 
2 2

4 


0 0 1
 2  1 x   8   0 
Q(5). Find x, y such that          .
  3 4  y   1   0 
2x  y  8 31 22
x , y
 3x  4 y  1 5 5
Solution Manual prepared by [Link], Department of Mathematics 3
 1 2 4
 
Q(6).Express the matrix  2 3  1 as the sum of symmetric and skew
3 1 4 
 
symmetric matrix.

 1 2 1/ 2  0 7 / 2
   
S   2 3 0  and T   0 0 1 
1 / 2 0 4   7 / 2 1 0 
   

Exercises 3.5
 3  3 4
 
Q(1). If A   2  3 4  , show that A 3  A 1 .
0 1 1
 

If A 3  A 1 is satisfied then AA 3  AA 1 or A 4  I
Try
1 0 0
 
A   0 1 0  therefore, A 3  A 1
4

0 0 1
 

 3 2 2
 
Q(2). Find the Inverse of (a)  2 5 3  ,
1 2 1
 

 1/ 3  2 / 3 4 / 3 
 
Use direct method A 1   1 / 3  1 / 3 5/3 
 
 1/ 3 4 / 3  11 / 3 
 
Solution Manual prepared by [Link], Department of Mathematics 4
1 3 7
 
(b) A   4 2 3 
1 2 1
 
Use elementary row operations

1 3 7 1 0 0
 
Define (A|I) =  4 2 3 0 1 0 
1 2 1 0 0 1
 

1 3 7 1 0 0
R 2  4R 1  R 2  
 0  10  25  4 1 0 
R 3  R 1  R 3  
0 1  6 1 0 1

1 3 7 1 0 0
 
R 3  R 3  0  10  25  4 1 0 
0 6 1 0  1
 1

1 3 7 1 0 0
 
R 3  R 2 0 1 6 1 0  1
 0  10  25  4 1 0 
 

 1 0  11  2 0 3 
R 1  3R 2  R 1  
0 1 6 1 0 1 
R 3  10R 1  R 3  0 0 1 6 / 35 1 / 35  10 / 35 
 

 1 0 0  4 / 35 11 / 35  5 / 35 
R 1  11R 3  R 1  
 0 1 0  1 / 35  6 / 35 25 / 35 
R 2  6R 3  R 2  0 0 1 6 / 35
 1 / 35  10 / 35 

  4 / 35 11 / 35  5 / 35 
 
Therefore, A -1    1 / 35  6 / 35 25 / 35 
 6 / 35 1 / 35  10 / 35 

Solution Manual prepared by [Link], Department of Mathematics 5
 2 0  1
 
Find the inverse of the matrix  5 1 0  by elementary row
0 1 3 
 
transformations.
 2 0  1
 
Let A   5 1 0 
0 1 3 
 

 2 0  11 0 0 
 
Define (A|I) =  5 1 0 0 1 0 
0 1 3 0 0 1
 

 2 0 1 1 0 0
 
R 2  2R1  R 2 1 1 2  2 1 0
0 1 3 0 0 1
 

1 1 2  2 1 0
 
R1  R 2  2 0 1 1 0 0
0 1 3 0 0 1
 

1 1 2  2 1 0
 
R 2  2R1  R 2 0  2  5 5  2 0
0 1 0 1 
 3 0

1 1 2  2 1 0
 
R 3  R 2 0 1 3 0 0 1
0  2  5 5  2 0
 

1 1 2  2 1 0
 
R 3  2R 2  R 3 0 1 3 0 0 1
0 0 1 5  2 2
 
Solution Manual prepared by [Link], Department of Mathematics 6
 1 0  1  2 1  1
 
R1  R 2  R1 0 1 3 0 0 1
0 0 1 5  2 2 
 

1 0 0 3 1 1 
R 2  3R 3  R 2  
 0 1 0  15 6  5 
R1  R 2  R1 0 0 1 5
  2 2 

 3 1 1 
 
Therefore, A    15 6  5 
-1

 5  2 2 

1  a 1
 
Q(5). If A   b 0 2b  then, show that
0 a 0 

(i) A 3  abA  A 2  abI , is satisfied


Use method of induction .Multiply the above equation by A
A 4  abA 2  A3  abA and eliminate A3
It gives, A 4  abA 2  A2  abI  0
Therefore, the given statement is true hen n = 4.
Assume that it is also true upto n =p (even) number
A p  abA p2  A 2  abI  0
Multiply this relation with A2, we get, Ap2  abA p  A4  abA 2  0
Now eliminate A4
A p2  abA p  A 2  abI  0
Therefore it I true for n =p+2.
Hence by Methodical induction the given expression is true for every integer values
of n
Solution Manual prepared by [Link], Department of Mathematics 7
(ii) Show also that A 2n  A  

 ab n  1 2  ab ab n 1  1  
I , where n is a positive
 ab  1   ab  1 
integer.

When n = 2, 4
A  

 ab 2  1 2  ab ab   1 
A  I

 ab  1   ab  1 

A 4  (ab  1)A 2  abI which satisfied the above expression.


Assume that the statement is true upto n = p

A 2p
A  

 ab p  1 2  ab ab p 1  1 
 I
 (A)
 ab  1   ab  1 
Multiply (A) with A2

A 2(p 1)
 A  
 
 ab p  1 4  ab ab p 1  1  2
A
 ab  1   ab  1 
Eliminate A4 and get,
 ab p  1
A 2(p1)    (ab 1)A 2
 abI    
 ab ab p 1  1  2
A

 ab  1   ab  1 

    
 ab p  1 (ab  1) - ab ab p 1  1  2  ab ab p  1 
A 2(p1)   A   I

 ab  1   ab  1 

A 2(p1)   A  

 ab p 1  1 2  ab ab p  1 
I

 ab  1   ab  1 
Therefore, the above statement is true for n = p+1, hence by method if induction it is
true for every positive integers n,

i.e, A 2n   A  

 ab n  1 2  ab ab n 1  1 
I

 ab  1   ab  1 
Solution Manual prepared by [Link], Department of Mathematics 8
6.(a) Show that every 2x2 matrix such that X AX  B, where
T

 1   1 
1 0  0 1 a  a 
A    , B    has one of the forms  2a  or  2a 
 0  1 1 0  a 1 
  - a 1 

  2a   2a 
Solution:
a b
Let form of matrix X is   Then
c d
 a c  1 0  a b   0 1   a 2  c 2 ab  cd 
X AX  B,  
T
        
2
 b d  0  1  c d   1 0   ab  cd b 2
 d 
Equating respective elements,
a 2  c2  0
b2  d2  0
ac  bd  1
If a = t then c 2  t 2 , and c  t

Suppose b =k b 2  d 2  d  k and tk-(-tk)=2tk=1


1
t
2k
 1   1
t  t 
Therefore form of matrix is  2t  or  2t 
t 1  - t 1
   
  2t   2t 

(b) If P  QRQ 1 , show that P n  QR n Q 1 where n is a positive integer.

  
Try P 2  QRQ 1 QRQ 1  QR 2 Q 1

  
Similarly P 3  QR 2 Q 1 QRQ 1  QR 3 Q 1

In general P n  QR n Q 1
Solution Manual prepared by [Link], Department of Mathematics 9

 5  2  2 1  - 2 0
( c) Let P    and Q   , show that Q 1PQ    . Hence
 7  4  7 1  0 3

find P n .
 2 1 1  1 - 1
When Q   ,  Q 1    
 7 1 5  - 7 2 

1  1  1 5  2  2 1  - 2 0 
Q 1PQ      
5   7 2  7  4  7 1  0 3 

Hence P  QRQ 1 , and P n  QR n Q 1


1  2 1  2  0  1  1  2(-2)n  7  3 n 0(-2)n 1  2  3 n 
n
P n  QR n Q -1        
5  7 1 0 3 n   7 2   7(-2)n  7  3 n - 7(-2)n  2  3 n 

Common questions

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The challenge of finding the inverse of a matrix using elementary row operations lies in accurately performing sequential operations to transform the original matrix into the identity matrix while applying the same operations to an identity matrix to generate the inverse. The strategies involve setting up the matrix in augmented form with the identity on the right, performing Gaussian elimination to achieve the identity matrix on the original side, and ensuring each step accurately applies to both sides of the augmentation. These steps must carefully maintain row operations like row addition, row swapping, and scalar multiplication .

The method of induction can be used to prove matrix identities by verifying the base case and proving that if the identity holds for an arbitrary integer \( n \), it also holds for \( n+1 \). For example, one might be tasked with proving that for a matrix \( A \), the identity \( abI - A^n = A^p \) holds true for all \( n \). You start by showing it holds for a base case (e.g., \( n=2 \)), then assume it holds for \( n=p \), and show that it must hold for \( n=p+1 \) as well. This iterative verification, often involving algebraic manipulation and matrix multiplication, proves the expression true for all integers \( n \).

The implication of restructuring matrices from one form to another under conditions like \( QR^{-1} = QR^nP^n \) and \( X = XT \) involves a transformation that retains certain algebraic relations while multistep transformations occur. Such conditions show that the matrix structure changes, allowing maintenance of equivalent relationships despite altered forms. This requires combining knowledge of inverses and normal forms in matrix algebra, applying the operations to confirm the equivalency and relationships, demonstrating the properties of commuting and transformation within matrix multiplication remain intact as per the structural rearrangements .

Mathematical induction involves showing that a statement holds for a base case, say \( n = 1 \), and then proving that if it holds for \( n = p \), it must also hold for \( n = p+1 \). For a matrix expression like \( abI - A^n = A^p \), start by proving the base case where \( n=2 \). Assume it holds for \( n=p \) as \( abI - A^p = A^k \), and then show this identity leads to \( abI - A^{p+1} = A^{k+1} \) using algebraic manipulation, ensuring the matrix constraints hold consistently. This step-by-step reinforcement through valid transformations confirms the statement for all integers \( n \).

The properties of 2x2 matrices that satisfy the equation \( AX = XT \) involve the specific forms that matrix \( X \) can take. For the matrices \( A \) and \( B \) where \( A = I \) and \( B = \begin{pmatrix} 0 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 \end{pmatrix} \), matrices \( X \) must be either of the forms \( \begin{pmatrix} 2a & 1 \\ a & 2a \end{pmatrix} \) or \( \begin{pmatrix} 2a & 1 \\ -a & -2a \end{pmatrix} \). This outcome arises because the constraints of matrix multiplication lead to conditions on the elements of \( X \) that only these forms satisfy .

A square matrix \( A \) can be decomposed into the sum of a symmetric matrix \( S \) and a skew-symmetric matrix \( T \) with the formula \( A = S + T \), where \( S = \frac{1}{2}(A + A^T) \) and \( T = \frac{1}{2}(A - A^T) \). This decomposition is significant because it allows the separation of a matrix into two simpler types of matrices, each with distinct properties: the symmetric matrix is one for which elements are mirrored across the main diagonal, while the skew-symmetric matrix is one where elements are the negatives of their transposed counterparts for non-diagonal elements and zeroes on the diagonal .

Expressing a 3x3 matrix as a sum of symmetric and skew-symmetric matrices follows the procedure where the original matrix \( A \) is decomposed into two parts: \( S = \frac{1}{2}(A + A^T) \) as the symmetric part and \( T = \frac{1}{2}(A - A^T) \) as the skew-symmetric part. The rationale is to utilize this decomposition to achieve clarity in understanding matrix properties and simplifying operations by leveraging the distinct features of each component, where symmetric matrices are easier to analyze due to their well-defined eigenvalues, and skew-symmetric matrices have determinant-related properties .

The determinant is critical in verifying matrix inverses because only matrices with a non-zero determinant have inverses. To establish that a matrix \( A \) has an inverse, calculate \( det(A) \); if it is non-zero, the inverse can mathematically exist. Further, matrix inversion often relies on the determinant, as the formula for a 2x2 matrix inverse involves dividing elements by \( det(A) \). The determinant ensures analytical continuity and validity in performing inverse operations, allowing it to serve as a consistency check within matrix theory .

To show that the expression \( (abI - A^2) - (abA^n - A^{n+1}) \) equals zero, you need to use matrix algebra, specifically following steps: First validate the base case, for example when \( n = 2 \). Then assume the equation holds for \( n=p \) and prove it for \( p+1 \) by substitution and manipulation. The process typically involves distributing the terms, using properties of identity \( I \), and repeatedly applying the assumed true condition to reduce higher powers of \( A \) such that each component of the expression simplifies equivalently to zero .

To verify that a matrix equation like \( 1_3 AA^{-1} = I \) holds true, one can begin by calculating \( AA^{-1} \) directly and confirming it results in the identity matrix \( I \). This involves multiplying matrix \( A \) by its calculated inverse \( A^{-1} \) and ensuring matrix multiplication rules are followed such that the resulting product has 1s along the diagonal and 0s elsewhere. Additionally, checking the determinant of \( A \) to ensure it is nonzero (a condition for invertibility) and comparing \( A \) and its inverse's properties remain consistent (e.g., adjugate forms) helps to validate accuracy .

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