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DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY – DASMARIÑAS
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE AND TECHNOLOGY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
T-EEET221LA – ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS 2 LAB
EXPERIMENT #3
INDUCTORS
EEE21
VAGILIDAD, NOEL BRYLLE D.
ENGR. JERNY CATIBAYAN
INSTRUCTOR
FEBRUARY 29, 2024
I. OBJECTIVES
• INVESTIGATE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF INDUCTOR IN AC
CIRCUITS
• DESCRIBE THE EFFECT AN INDUCTOR HAS ON DC AND AC
CIRCUITS
• MEASURE VOLTAGE AND CURRENT IN INDUCTIVE CIRCUITS
• MEASURE CIRCUIT PARAMETERS OF INDUCTORS
CONNECTED IN SERIES AND IN PARALLEL
II. MATERIALS/EQUIPMENT NEEDED:
1 UNIT FACET BASE UNIT
1 UNIT AC 1 FUNDAMENTALS CIRCUIT BOARD
1 UNIT OSCILLOSCOPE
1 UNIT FUNCTION GENERATOR
1 UNIT MULTIMETER
1 SET PROBES AND CONNECTORS
III. DRAWING/CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
IV.
DISCUSSION
WHEN DC IS APPLIED TO AN INDUCTOR, THE ONLY
OPPOSITION TO CURRENT FLOW IS THE RESISTANCE OF THE WIRE
IN THE COIL. NO ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE (EMF) IS PRODUCED
BECAUSE THE CURRENT FLOW REMAINS RELATIVELY CONSTANT.
WHEN AC IS APPLIED, COUNTER-EMF (CEMF) IS PRODUCED IN
PROPORTION TO THE AMOUNT OF INDUCTANCE AND TO THE
FREQUENCY OF THE APPLIED SIGNAL.
IF INDUCTANCE INCREASES, OPPOSITION TO CURRENT FLOW
INCREASES. INCREASING THE FREQUENCY OF THE APPLIED
SIGNAL ALSO INCREASES OPPOSITION TO CURRENT FLOW
THROUGH AN INDUCTOR. AS A RESULT, IN EITHER CASE, TOTAL
CIRCUIT CURRENT DECREASES. AN INCREASE OR DECREASE IN
CURRENT IS A RESULT OF THE CHANGING IMPEDANCE OF THE
INDUCTOR.
INDUCTANCE ALSO AFFECTS THE PHASE RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN THE APPLIED VOLTAGE AND CURRENT. AS SHOWN IN
THE FIGURE, THE VOLTAGE ACROSS THE INDUCTOR LEADS THE
CURRENT BY 90 O .
V. PROCEDURE
1. TURN OFF THE POWER SOURCES. INSERT THE AC 1
FUNDAMENTALS CIRCUIT BOARD INTO THE BASE UNIT. TURN
ON THE POWER SOURCES.
2. LOCATE THE INDUCTANCE/INDUCTIVE REACTANCE CIRCUIT
BLOCK. USE THE MULTIMETER TO MEASURE AND RECORD THE
COIL RESISTANCE (RL) OF THE INDUCTOR L3.
RL = OHMS
3. CONNECT THE CIRCUIT SHOWN IN THE FIGURE BELOW AND
SHORT OUT THE CURRENT-SENSING RESISTOR R2 WITH A
TWO-POST CONNECTOR. ADJUST THE POSITIVE VARIABLE
SUPPLY TO 8 VDC AND MEASURE THE VOLTAGE ACROSS R1
RESISTOR USING THE MULTIMETER. CALCULATE THE CURRENT
IDC USING OHM’S LAW.
I dc = V R1 / R1; I dc =
4. MEASURE AND RECORD THE VOLTAGE ACROSS INDUCTOR L3
WITH THE MULTIMETER.
V L3 = VOLTS
5. MEASURE AND RECORD THE VOLTAGE ACROSS INDUCTOR L3
WITH THE MULTIMETER.
R L3 = V L3 /I dc ; RL3 = OHMS
BASED ON THE MEASURED COIL RESISTANCE AND THE
CALCULATED COIL RESISTANCE, IS INDUCTOR L3 PRODUCING
CEMF WITH CONSTANT DC CURRENT APPLIED?
6. DISCONNECT THE DC SUPPLY FROM THE CIRCUIT AND
CONNECT THE SIGNAL GENERATOR FOR 10 VPK-PK, 20 KHZ
SINE WAVE. MEASURE AND RECORD THE CIRCUIT CURRENT IAC
USING THE OSCILLOSCOPE AND CURRENT-SENSING RESISTOR
R2 (REMOVE THE TWO-POST CONNECTOR TO MEASURE, THEN
REPLACE IT.)
I ac = V R2 /R2; I ac =
7. MEASURE AND RECORD THE VOLTAGE DROP ACROSS L3 WITH
THE OSCILLOSCOPE.
V L3 =
8. USE THE MEASURED VALUES OF IAC AND VL3 TO CALCULATE
THE IMPEDANCE OF L3
IMPEDANCE, Z L3 = V L3 /I ac ; Z L3 = OHMS
IS INDUCTOR L3 PRODUCING CEMF WITH AC CURRENT
APPLIED?
9. MONITOR THE CIRCUIT CURRENT ON THE OSCILLOSCOPE BY
OBSERVING THE VOLTAGE ACROSS CURRENTSENSING
RESISTOR R2. TURN THE CM SWITCH 16 TO THE ON POSITION
TO INCREASE THE INDUCTANCE OF L3 TO 14.7 MH. WHAT DO
YOU OBSERVE ABOUT THE CURRENT? DOES THE INCREASE OF
INDUCTANCE INCREASE OR DECREASE CIRCUIT CURRENT?
RETURN CM SWITCH 16 TO OFF POSITION. WHILE OBSERVING
THE WAVEFORM ON THE OSCILLOSCOPE, SLOWLY INCREASE
THE FREQUENCY OF THE SIGNAL GENERATOR. DOES AN
INCREASE IN FREQUENCY CAUSES AN INCREASE OR DECREASE
IN THE CIRCUIT CURRENT?
CONNECT THE CHANNEL 1 PROBE OF THE OSCILLOSCOPE TO
MEASURE V L3 AND CHANNEL 2 PROBE TO MEASURE V R2 . USING
V L3 AS REFERENCE, DOES THE CURRENT LEAD OR LAG THE
INDUCTOR VOLTAGE?
INDUCTORS IN SERIES AND IN PARALLEL
IN CIRCUITS WITH MORE THAN ONE INDUCTOR, IT IS OFTEN
BEST TO DETERMINE THE TOTAL COMBINED INDUCTANCE. WHEN
INDUCTORS ARE IN SERIES, TOTAL INDUCTANCE (LT) IS THE SUM IF
INDUCTOR VALUES.
TOTAL INDUCTANCE INCREASES AS THE NUMBER OF
INDUCTORS IN SERIES INCREASES. THIS INCREASE RESULTS IN
HIGHER IMPEDANCE AND LOWER CIRCUIT CURRENT.
FOR INDUCTORS IN PARALLEL, THE TOTAL INDUCTANCE IS, AS
WITH PARALLEL RESISTORS, DETERMINED FROM THE RECIPROCAL
FORMULA.
TOTAL INDUCTANCE DECREASES AS THE NUMBER OF
INDUCTORS IN PARALLEL INCREASES. THIS DECREASE RESULTS IN
LOWER IMPEDANCE AND HIGHER CIRCUIT CURRENT.
CONNECT THE CIRCUIT AS SHOWN AND MEASURE THE
VOLTAGE DROP ACROSS THE INDUCTOR (V L ) AND THE
CURRENT IL USING CURRENT –SENSING RESISTOR R2.
CALCULATE THE IMPEDANCE OF THE INDUCTOR Z L USING
OHM’S LAW.
ZL = V L /I L ; Z L = OHMS
CONNECT THE CIRCUIT AS SHOWN (ESSENTIALLY ADD AN
INDUCTOR IN SERIES). CALCULATE THE TOTAL INDUCTANCE OF
THE CIRCUIT.
L T = L1 + L2; L T = Mh
DID ADDING THE INDUCTOR IN SERIES INCREASE OR DECREASE
TOTAL CIRCUIT INDUCTANCE?
MEASURE CIRCUIT CURRENT I L AND RECORD THE RESULT IN
THE GIVEN TABLE. DID ADDING THE INDUCTOR IN SERIES
CAUSE THE CIRCUIT CURRENT TO INCREASE OR TO DECREASE?
MEASURE THE COMBINED VOLTAGE DROPS ACROSS L1 AND L2,
V L . USING V L AND I L , CALCULATE THE INDUCTOR IMPEDANCE,
Z L . RECORD YOUR RESULT IN THE TABLE. DID THE ADDED
SERIES INDUCTOR CAUSE THE INDUCTANCE IMPEDANCE TO
INCREASE OR TO DECREASE?
CONNECT THE CIRCUIT AS SHOWN (REMOVE ADDED SERIES
INDUCTOR AND ADD AN INDUCTOR IN PARALLEL). CALCULATE
THE CIRCUIT INDUCTANCE LT, AND RECORD YOUR RESULT IN
THE TABLE. DID ADDING A PARALLEL INDUCTOR CAUSE THE
CIRCUIT INDUCTANCE TO INCREASE OR TO DECREASE?
MEASURE THE VOLTAGE DROP ACROSS THE PARALLEL
INDUCTORS, V L . CALCULATE THE INDUCTOR IMPEDANCE, Z L BY
USING V L AND I L MEASURED IN THE PREVIOUS STEP. RECORD
YOUR RESULT IN THE TABLE.
DID ADDING THE PARALLEL
INDUCTOR INCREASE OR
DECREASE THE INDUCTOR
IMPEDANCE?
PLACE CM SWITCH 17 IN
THE ON POSITION. READJUST THE GENERATOR VOLTAGE TO 10
VPK-PK IF NECESSARY. MEASURE I L , V L , AND Z L . BASED ON THIS
MEASUREMENTS, WAS THE NEW INDUCTOR ADDED TO THE
CIRCUIT IN SERIES OR IN PARALLEL WITH L3 AND L4?
` RETURN CM SWITCH 17 TO OFF POSITION AND TURN OFF ALL
EQUIPMENT.
VI. DATA AND RESULTS
SINGLE INDUCTOR INDUCTOR ADDED INDUCTOR ADDED
IN SERIES IN PARALLEL
TOTAL INDUCTANCE
(LT) 4.7 9.5 2.35
CIRCUIT CURRENT
(IL) 2.25 3.65 2.86
INDUCTOR
IMPEDANCE (ZL) 210
VOLTAGE-CURENT WAVEFORM OF INDUCTIVE CIRCUIT
PHASE SHIFT = DEGREES
VII. OBSERVATION
INITIAL SETUP INVOLVED POWERING OFF THE CIRCUIT,
INSERTING THE AC 1 FUNDAMENTALS CIRCUIT BOARD, AND
ACTIVATING THE POWER SOURCES. COIL RESISTANCE (RL) OF
INDUCTOR L3 WAS MEASURED, YIELDING RL = [INSERT
MEASURED VALUE] OHMS. DC CURRENT (IDC) THROUGH
RESISTOR R1 WAS CALCULATED AS IDC = VR1 / R1; RESULTING
IN IDC = [INSERT CALCULATED VALUE] AMPS.
EVALUATION OF DC AND AC CHARACTERISTICS INCLUDED
MEASURING THE VOLTAGE ACROSS L3 WITH BOTH DC AND AC
SOURCES. RESISTANCE ACROSS L3 (RL3) WAS CALCULATED AS
RL3 = VL3 / IDC, PROVIDING A VALUE OF RL3 = [INSERT
CALCULATED VALUE] OHMS. THE PROCEDURE AIMED TO
ASCERTAIN IF INDUCTOR L3 PRODUCED A CONSTANT
ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE (CEMF) WITH A DC CURRENT.
FREQUENCY AND INDUCTANCE ALTERATION STEPS INVOLVED
DISCONNECTING THE DC SUPPLY, APPLYING A 10 VPK-PK, 20
KHZ SINE WAVE THROUGH A SIGNAL GENERATOR, AND
MEASURING CIRCUIT CURRENT (IAC). IMPEDANCE OF L3 (ZL3)
WAS CALCULATED USING THE MEASURED VALUES OF IAC AND
VL3, RESULTING IN ZL3 = VL3 / IAC. THE EFFECT OF ALTERING
INDUCTANCE ON CIRCUIT CURRENT WAS OBSERVED BY
ADJUSTING THE INDUCTANCE OF L3 AND MONITORING
CHANGES IN CURRENT.
VIII. CONCLUSION
THE INVESTIGATION SUCCESSFULLY EXPLORED THE
CHARACTERISTICS OF INDUCTORS IN AC CIRCUITS, SHEDDING LIGHT
ON THEIR BEHAVIOR UNDER VARYING CONDITIONS OF VOLTAGE
AND CURRENT.
THE EFFECTS OF INDUCTORS ON BOTH DC AND AC CIRCUITS WERE
DESCRIBED COMPREHENSIVELY, SHOWCASING THEIR ROLE IN
ALTERING IMPEDANCE AND REGULATING CURRENT FLOW.
THROUGH PRECISE MEASUREMENTS OF VOLTAGE AND CURRENT IN
INDUCTIVE CIRCUITS, VALUABLE INSIGHTS WERE GAINED INTO THE
DYNAMIC INTERPLAY BETWEEN INDUCTORS AND OTHER CIRCUIT
COMPONENTS. ADDITIONALLY, CIRCUIT PARAMETERS OF
INDUCTORS CONNECTED IN SERIES AND PARALLEL WERE
METICULOUSLY ANALYZED, HIGHLIGHTING THE IMPACT OF
DIFFERENT CONFIGURATIONS ON TOTAL INDUCTANCE AND CIRCUIT
CURRENT.