Engineering Mathematics Limits and Continuity
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premranjanv784Engineering Mathematics Limits and Continuity
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Powered by AITo verify the identity \(x\frac{\partial z}{\partial x} + y \frac{\partial z}{\partial y} = 0\) for \(z = \log{\frac{x^2-y^2}{x^2+y^2}}\), first find \(\frac{\partial z}{\partial x}\) and \(\frac{\partial z}{\partial y}\) using implicit differentiation. We get \(\frac{\partial z}{\partial x} = \frac{2x(x^2+y^2) + 2x^2y^2/(x^2+y^2)^2}{\frac{x^2 - y^2}{x^2 + y^2}}\) and \(\frac{\partial z}{\partial y} = \frac{-2y(x^2-y^2)(x^2+y^2)^2}{\frac{x^2 - y^2}{x^2 + y^2}}\). Simplifying both expressions, substitute them back into the identity to check if they sum to zero, thus verifying the identity holds.
Verifying the identity \(2y \partial z / \partial x - \partial z / \partial y = 0\) for \(z = \ln(u^2 + v)\), with substitutions \(u = \exp(x + y^2)\) and \(v = x + y^2\), checks if specific coordinate changes or transformations nullify certain effects. This verification demonstrates consistency in directional derivatives across transformations and can simplify complexity in calculations or inspire deeper symmetry and conservation laws present in such functions.
To find \(dw/dt\) for \(w = x^2 + y^2\) given \(x = \frac{t^2-1}{t}\) and \(y = \frac{t}{t^2+1}\), apply the chain rule: \(\frac{dw}{dt} = \frac{\partial w}{\partial x}\frac{dx}{dt} + \frac{\partial w}{\partial y}\frac{dy}{dt}\). Compute \(\frac{\partial w}{\partial x} = 2x\), \(\frac{\partial w}{\partial y} = 2y\), \(\frac{dx}{dt} = \frac{2t}{t^2} - 1\), and \(\frac{dy}{dt} = \frac{1-t^2}{(t^2+1)^2}\). At \(t = 1\), \(x = 0\), \(y = \frac{1}{2}\), resulting in \(\frac{dw}{dt} = 0\cdot0 + 2\cdot\frac{1}{2} \cdot (-1) = -1\).
To determine the existence of limits for multivariable functions like \(\lim_{(x,y) \to (0,0)} \frac{x^3 + y^3}{x^2 + y^2}\), test different paths towards the limit point to see if they yield the same result. For this particular limit, if you consider the path along \(x = y\), you get \(\lim_{t \to 0} \frac{2t^3}{2t^2} = \lim_{t \to 0} t = 0\). However, along \(x = -y\), the limit becomes \(\lim_{t \to 0} \frac{0}{2t^2} = 0\). Since the results are path-independent here, the limit exists and equals 0.
To find the first-order partial derivatives of \(f(x, y) = \ln(x/y)\) at (2,3), compute them directly. The partial derivative with respect to \(x\) is \(\frac{\partial f}{\partial x} = \frac{1/x}{x/y} = \frac{y}{x^2}\), and with respect to \(y\) is \(\frac{\partial f}{\partial y} = -\frac{1/y}{x/y} = -\frac{1}{y}\). Evaluating these at (2,3) gives \(\frac{\partial f}{\partial x} = \frac{3}{4}\) and \(\frac{\partial f}{\partial y} = -\frac{1}{3}\).
Evaluating \(\lim_{(x,y)\to(0,0)} (x^2 + y^2)\sin\left(\frac{1}{xy}\right)\) demands checking multiple paths because the sine component oscillates between -1 and 1. As \((x,y)\to(0,0)\), \((x^2 + y^2)\) approaches zero, attempting to nullify the oscillation. Choose paths like \(x = y\) and polar coordinates \(x = r\cos(\theta), y = r\sin(\theta)\) to see that the maximum amplitude becomes negligible due to the \(r^2\) term reducing faster than \(\sin(1/\theta)\) changes, leading to the conclusion that the limit may tend to zero, signifying that despite oscillations, the amplitude vanishing results in a definite limit.
To show that \(f(x, y) = \frac{xy}{\sqrt{x^2 + y^2}}\) has partial derivatives at (0,0) but may not be continuous, calculate \(f_x(0,0) = \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{f(h,0) - f(0,0)}{h} = 0\) and \(f_y(0,0) = \lim_{k \to 0} \frac{f(0,k) - f(0,0)}{k} = 0\). Both partial derivatives exist at (0,0). However, testing continuity, approach (0,0) along \(y = x\), giving \(\frac{x^2}{x} = x\) and \(\lim_{x \to 0} x = 0\), but along \(x = 0\), \(f = 0\) directly. Different outcomes indicate that despite the existence of partial derivatives, \(f\) may not be continuous at (0,0).
The equation \(\partial u/\partial x + \partial u/\partial y + \partial u/\partial z = 0\) implies that the function \(u = f(x-y, y-z, z-x)\) is homogeneous of degree zero. This means that if \(u\) is expressed in terms of its derivatives with respect to transformations in \(x, y, z\), the sum of the effects in each direction equals zero, suggesting a form of symmetry or conservation property in the function's behavior over the space it is defined.
To demonstrate \(\left(\frac{\partial f}{\partial u}\right)^2 + \left(\frac{\partial f}{\partial v}\right)^2 = \left(\frac{\partial f}{\partial x}\right)^2 + \left(\frac{\partial f}{\partial y}\right)^2\) with trigonometric transformations, consider the relationships: \(x = u\cos(\alpha) - v\sin(\alpha)\) and \(y = u\sin(\alpha) + v\cos(\alpha)\). Use the chain rule: \(\frac{\partial f}{\partial u} = \frac{\partial f}{\partial x}\cos(\alpha) + \frac{\partial f}{\partial y}\sin(\alpha)\), and \(\frac{\partial f}{\partial v} = -\frac{\partial f}{\partial x}\sin(\alpha) + \frac{\partial f}{\partial y}\cos(\alpha)\). Squaring and adding these derivatives will result in the proposed equivalence due to the Pythagorean identity, showing how trigonometric properties can maintain equality in derived expressions.
The function \(f(x, y) = \frac{(x-y)^2}{x^2 + y^2}\) is not continuous at (0,0) because as we approach (0,0) along different paths, the limit of the function may change. To prove discontinuity, compute the limit along the line \(y = kx\), which results in \(\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{(x-kx)^2}{x^2(1+k^2)} = \frac{(1-k)^2}{1+k^2}\). This limit depends on \(k\), which implies the overall limit does not exist along different paths.