CHAPTER 5.

GARDENWORLD ELABORATED

i[i]

The caption reads, “Marcelina Figueroa treats her roost in East Harlem like a
combination takeout counter and dispensary offering ice-water coffee, food, Band-
Aids or Tylenol to those who are in need. “ii[ii] What ms. Figuroa is doing is
already GardenWorld, but it could be enhanced with a few geraniums in that
window.

GardenWorld starts and is, everywhere. It is a question of working with what’s

good, looking for connections, and keep going. I’d like to talk about change.
GardenWorld is an approach which looks at everything as an opportunity for
human and nature co-enhancement.
GardenWorld has a deep continuity in cultural history and it is already present in
nearly everyone’s mind, only unnamed. Remember, GardenWorld is not an end
point we can see clearly now, but a guide to a future that gives us a way of making
decisions and trying experiments now. It is not only an arrow toward the future but
a way of reorganizing and emphasizing or deemphasizing things already in place.
It means finding what people care about and bringing those together under the
imagination of GardenWorld. It is not sacrificing the present for the future, but
enhancing the present for the near future and creating an approach which has
organic flexibility for further future experimentation, which, given energy, climate
and population crises, it looks like we will need. GardenWorld shifts the balance
from an engineering planning method to an organic planning attitude. It is
consistent with the idea of sustainability as allowing for future generations
opportunity’s at least as rich as our own.
The promise of GardenWorld is not just good medicine, but helps us vision an
attractive way to live, releasing creativity for engineering, arts and biology – as
well as new forms of governance and respect for the human life cycle.
There is a fascinating project called The Long Now. The idea is to encourage us to
longer term thinking. The founders, such as Brian Eno and Stewart Brand
estimated that since complexifying civilization began about 10,000 years ago, what
could civilization looks like 10,000 years from now? (Dante thought that the
Christian world would last 2700 years and that being in the middle in 1350 he was
privileged) Obviously we don’t know what ten thousand years will bring, but
thinking about what it could be like, good and bad, leads us to make different
choices now. One of their projects is to build a clock that could last 10,000 years,
as the pyramids have, so far, lasted 4,000. GardenWorld is mindful in the same
way, suggesting that if we are more organic and less mechanical we have a greater
chance that flexible evolution can survive across climate change and social
collapse. What amazes me is the degree to which ordinary citizens grasp this issue
– and are becoming basically, more tentative, more humble, more flexible and
more fair, with increased sense of the need for local solutions. Yet popular
consumer culture, driven by business through a combination of production,
advertising and subsidies, wants us to favor mere consumerism as a way of life.

Alternative to dominant consumerism

GardenWorld is a reaction against a thing oriented consumerism. Not that products

or “things” are bad, taken them one at the time, but out of balance. The business
community sees a world where “there is no human need without a satisfying
product.” If we think of the human in his or her lived totality, the psychological
plays a large part. Theories – actually social criticisms – of alienation, lack of
beauty and lack of “humanism” are aspects of many reactions against the
marginalization of experience and the front and center star quality given to mass
produced commodities. We push buttons and avoid spills and relationships. Hand –
eye – ear coordination and pleasing others is given up to a world of people
strangers to each other and anxiously content with readymade things.
Theodore Roszak iii[iii] in 1992 wrote The Voice of the Earth, a penetrating book
making common cause between the beauty of the environment and our inner life.
Experience is whole, and includes what came to be called internal and external,
and our well being is based on our being situated in, in continuity with, a healthy
environment. This way of approaching the environment goes beyond Rachel
Carson’s earlier book, The Sea Around Us, which opened at us and up to the idea
that while the ocean was large, it could be polluted. Her writing made many of us
aware for the first time that the earth was small. I just reread my 1992 notes on The
Voice Of Earth and see how much I was influenced by this book. Roszak’s
attractive thinking about our personal health being a reflection of the health of the
earth also led him and others to a movement called “eco-psychology” which as an
educational discipline stressed the intimacy between environment and psychic
well-being. I attended a workshop a Findhorn, the organic community on the north
coast of Scotland, where this movement had its first gathering. It was one of the
most deeply attractive meetings I’ve ever attended. The participants had lots of real
world experience and - yes, and - still had a deep compassion for everyone and a
desire for the creation of a healthy world for all. Of course such a GardenWorld
environment is in contrast to the worst sins of modernism in design, with its aloof
coldness and its abuse by narrow economic interests of cubic feet and bottom line
logic without regard for larger system costs.
Later – I am only reflecting on a few from the many critical books published in
these years - James Hillman and Michael Ventura wrote We Have A Hundred Years
Of Psychotherapy And The World Is Getting Worse. The idea is that we humans
have exquisite sensitivity to the surrounding environment, and the environment is
all messed up, so we feel bad and go to the psychotherapist, who, having heard us,
asks us about our childhood. The result is that psychotherapy makes political idiots
of us all, breaking the link between our experience of our surroundings, how we
feel, and what we might do about it. Hillman uses the world “soul,” not as a thing,
but as a quality of our experience. There is no question but our own “soul”, the
quality of our experience, is deeply affected by our surroundings: a crowd fun to
walk through, an art museum, a beautiful garden of dancing colors and sleeping
shadows, home full of taste and care, where porcelain and silver, paintings and
oriental carpets, flowers and fruit, or the simple textures of wood and adobe, reflect
each other and welcome your own hidden but experienced complexity. And a tent,
hut, cave, or small efficiency apartment can be made more attractive and more
livable. But more is probably to be gained by improving the outside surrounding
environment than the interior, not only the more mindful of what happens on the
“law”, but how pieces of property support each other functionally and aesthetically.
The well-known idea of situating my living space to take advantage of others as
“borrowed scenery” can be extended to borrowing temperature, air movement,
water use and its recycling, created relationships with neighbors and developing
coherent mutual plans.
There are so many others who have been and will be writing about aspects of the
integration of humans with nature. That is why we are ready for GardenWorld. It is
in us, from our ancient heritage in the West of the Garden of Eden, Thoreau, John
Muir, Olmstead, Rachel Carson, Roszak, and Hillmaniv[iv] and I dare to include
Martha Stewart. The homes in Architectural Digest are almost always as concerned
about the use of the land as a setting as for the design and furnishing of the
structures. Most if not all cultures have some kind of myth about an Eden-like
period in their own history.
In fact, the reaction against the mechanization of life and the dominance of concern
for capital without a due regard for the human costs and benefits can be seen as the
major impetus of all the arts with increasing intensity and angst. Contemporary art
is considered by many to be ugly – and it is, because the reality outside of them all
and the upscale enclaves world is largely ugly. Art in our time has been much
better at diagnosis and it pointing the way forward. The impressionist painters
showed how the bourgeois world of the 19th century could be beautiful because it
had some latent tendencies in the direction of increased health and attractiveness.
Contemporary artists for the most part have not been able to discern these
possibilities in lake modernism and a science fiction world beyond, in movies,
painting, or fiction is increasingly, rather than less, alienated. As I argued earlier it
technically compromised environment, through civic policy or business
investment, also motivates anger at politicians and the withdrawal from the
political process by so many. The destruction in Iraq is probably supposed to make
us feel better about our own country and its environment when, actually, it too is
more like Iraq than GardenWorld. The reaction against over-mechanization deeply
affects our advertising which is predominantly filled with images of nature, even
nature in the extreme, so remote that nobody but you in your private imagination
(and the many others looking at the same ad) could possibly be there. As we are
becoming aware corporate marketing is borrowing green imagery as fast as we can
ourselves to make their products more acceptable. The point for us is that our
desire for GardenWorld motivates the use of this imagery.
Hillman’s deeper theoretical view is that the modern frame of perception, that the
soul is inside us and the environment outside, is fundamentally flawed. The soul is
a quality of our self in relation to our experience and our experience is always a
blend of our self and the surrounding environment. It follows that in order to help
our self we must undertake to improve the environment we experience. Realizing
how central the environment is to our experience, and hence to ourselves, should
encourage us to take on the hard tasks of thinking about all aspects of the
environment and its changes. I realize that their route some religious traditions see
the world as the entrapment of the soul rather than the place for its fulfillment.
Garden world stress is more the mutual adaptation between humans and nature
rather than their opposition. The future, I think, requires us to experiment in a
healthy way across this boundary allowing for mutual influences.
For example, deep fears about genetically modified food are in large part (though
not entirely) based on quite legitimate fears of mega corporations controlling our
food, not that home gardens could have better pears and tomatoes. If local growing
was more common and under the control of people who are affected by the results,
GM would get a better hearing and would be a vital but cautious part of
GardenWorld, enhancing local production for quality food and plant beauty.
Freeman Dyson wrote “It is likely that genetic engineering will remain unpopular
and controversial so long as it remains a centralized activity in the hands of large
corporations. “v[v]
The same might turn out to be necessary and true about nuclear power. James
Lovelock, the originator of the modern theory of the earth as a living object, Gaia,
argues that we must go down that path. Others think that we can avoid it. A real
issue is that the world uranium supply seems limited and certainly also has a
“peak” in potential production, and some of my reading suggests that we are close
to that point. If we must reengage with nuclear power, a GardenWorld frame will
make it much safer, fitting responsibly into local environments and local control.
France now has three quarters of its electricity from nuclear plants. Nuclear power
combined with severe retrofitting for energy conservation could either be managed
by mega-corporations failing to notice the local consequences, or under local
control within communities where all the trade-offs are clear, and where safe
management is done by the people who see the environmental consequences of
their policies for action or inaction. Amory Lovins is persuasive to me that radical
conservation can deal with energy use, cost, and business vitality without the use
of nuclear [Link][vi]
We know that one big issue for the future is, do we have enough energy left to
build the infrastructure that could take us to a different material culture? Building
many solar panels, retrofitting buildings for energy efficiency, and redesigning-
after rethinking-our infrastructures are going to be costly in terms of resources,
including energy. At some point passed “peak of oil” we would not have enough
energy to run the manufacturing process ease and transportation necessary for
rebuilding a new system. It would be terrible if our societal sinking ship has drifted
so far from the shore of natural supports that we could no longer wade or swim to
it.
We know that planting trees in cities moderates temperatures, and that a greened
environment moderates people. Why don’t we move these out of the grace-note
category into mainstream strategy and funding? Richard Register’s book , Eco-
cities, continues making the case for expanding the cities internally and to its
periphery with both agriculture and scenery. The book is very valuable and
stimulates our thinking about out of the box possibilities. He gives the terrible
example of Jefferson’s University of Virginia where two rows of living quarters
were capped at one end with a library looking out toward the fourth side into a
broad expanse of wilderness and scenery, but a later generation of educator-
managers filled in that space with a new building, blocking the view and breaking
the intent. The GardenWorld image must be strong enough to compete with the
resistances from power and private property concepts that thwart of our society’s
attempts to cope with issues we know we have to face and I’m trying to provide
some analysis of the structure of those resistances.
Quality of life is associated with the outdoors. Vacations are almost always
associated with the outdoors - but interestingly, in association with attractive
human gathering places, ether at the end of the trail or beside it. Most ads for
automobiles have the car in nature so remote that few have ever been there, but the
appeal is obvious. The housing magazines aimed at the rich show almost always a
very well cultivate blending of natural, garden and interior spaces flowing together
in natural enhancement. Architectural Digest’s aesthetic, if taken to the level of the
whole built environment, would be getting at what GardenWorld would be like.
What is missing from Architectural Digest is a much greater appreciation of the
range of incomes, and moving beyond consumption of trophy houses to production
of quality living space for a much broader spectrum of society. The editors have
not yet – as I write –caught up with the movement for billing very attractive very
small homes or shifting the balance of resources between the building and its
garden. A few thousand dollars spent in the garden has a much higher pay off than
the same money spent on the house. Taking the axes of the house into the garden
and reflecting rooms in the house along these axes in garden spaces has an
extraordinary impact on the quality of living space and the range of things that can
be done there
Almost out of sight for us in the U.S. is the quality of living conditions of at least
the poorer one billion of us, people to whom we are interconnected through the
ways we draw capital out of their countries. In terms of water, the view from the
home, food, freedom from pollution, security from traffic, and accessibility to
work, I believe that 2/3 of us, four out of six billion, are in need of immediate help.
It is the promise of GardenWorld that almost all of our living and working spaces
can be enhanced aesthetically (as scenery, gardens, and sociability) and
functionally (temperature, water, and food). As you come to really understand the
GardenWorld idea we recognize that it isn’t just the individual plot but the
interconnections between our spaces where the largest enhancements are to be
found. It takes leadership and a vision to get there.
The coming of suburbia was an attempt at increasing connection to nature. It was
made possible by oil and the automobile, mail and telephone. Moving to suburbia
was driven by the breakdown under the impact of factories and pollution on the
city as a place to live in a community. With increasing feelings of danger and
desperation in the city or factory environment people, who had often moved to the
city from the country, jumped at the suburban opportunity made possible by the
automobile. But the result was a choice that while, in some ways closer to nature
was further from community (it prohibited farms or even a few chickens and the
wilderness channels to support wildlife and relatively safe childhood play). The
desire for privacy made the placement of the house in the lot’s center mandatory,
and the result was the land was useless for good gardens, the growing of
vegetables, outdoor play, and any real experimentation in playfulness, artfulness,
or more pragmatic use. The wide asphalt streets were good for cars, but bad for
sociability. In the city one could choose from among numerous companions and
avoid others. In the suburbs that was harder with far fewer choices, and led many
to just hide out in the houses and defend their identity with the use of fences. The
image of living suburban was also based on the model of the English country
house, a retreat for the wealthy from London, and so pervasive in the English
novel, and imitated in the weekend and summer houses of the upper middle
professional class, especially of the east coast. The inhabitants of the English
country house of course had enough income left over to enrich the life inside with
dinners and parties, and outside with theater and opera. But the suburbanite was
often highly stressed to meet the costs of transportation and the mortgage and had a
little left over. The TV became the many faceted answer to the problem of what to
do in the suburban house, and the consequences have been mostly terrible. Many
suburban houses look like stage sets waiting for Godot. Some were compulsively
maintained while waiting, but many others fell into disgusting confusions. Much of
the interesting "stuff" happened in the garage and the cars remained outside. The
messy garage was male territory and the sterile kitchen was all that was left to the
feminine. When the children were gone and a spouse died deep depression and the
cats often took over.
A spectrum of ways of living, from the Georgian style townhouses in London and
Bath to the immense country villas, shows that the idea of a continuous landscape
from the inner city to the distant country has already been partially achieved, but
more under the influence of money and private property and personal solutions
than through rebuilding community and attractiveness. Archer uses the phrase “the
apparatus of selfhood" to describe these buildings.”vii[vii] But in the concentration on
the self, the result is that the spectrum has huge gaps of commercial or decaying
living conditions (towns and houses) that break up the potential coherence of a
human centered or human including landscape. The space given to roads and
parking is tragic. Take a walk outside work or home and calculate roughly the
percentage and imagine what that land would look like if none of the concrete and
asphalt where there.
Suburbia was made necessary by the crisis of that city breakdown and made
possible by new technology: the telephone, the car, and washing machine and the
refrigerator. I believe that the coming crisis in land use, water availability, food
production, new forms of family life, and financial pressures will join with the new
possibilities made possible by new fabrics, such as Gortex, that allow us to be
outside, especially in GardenWorld, comfortably for longer periods of time. The
Internet with its powerful restructuring of our social space and connections, will
alter our need for large personal spaces.

The Internet

The Internet changes our connection to solid material space. Much smaller living
space with a fast internet connection (ubiquitous Wi-Fi is coming) allow many
people to feel comfortable in much smaller yacht like environments. The Internet
opens up the built environment to much greater flexibility. The ability to use a cell
phone to take over large project are based interactive images will allow many semi
public and public spaces to act as personal spaces.
The Internet creates a fascinating virtual world that, given the destruction of
outside institutions, such as churches, parks and sociability, is increasingly meeting
human needs that give the users the experience of being connected. We all realize
that there are weaknesses in the extensive addiction to the Internet, creating new
kinds of alienation and separation at the same time it is providing new connections
and resources. If we imagine a complete GardenWorld and ubiquitous Internet
access, very interesting things begin to emerge. The felt necessity for a larger
indoor space for things is to some extent replaced by the need for a simpler space
within which to access the Internet.
I can even imagine that in 30 years people will choose to spend much more time
outside, and we may even get to the point where young people say

-You know that until about 2010 people lived inside

-Yuck, sounds pretty unhealthy too me.

The emergence of the Internet world makes physical space less necessary and
compelling. An internet connection, increasingly available in the air and not even
requiring a home router, means I can be connected and at home more easily
anywhere. These all lead to a decline in the preference for indoors vs. outdoors.
The increase of love and sexuality is probably at the expense of property as
dominant. The emergence of the love marriage over the old style arranged marriage
is part of this shift.

Rethinking agriculture

We need a much better integration of agriculture – fruits and vegetables - into our
urban and suburban areas. Increased transportation and energy based fertilizer
costs and the need for less imported food will make this a necessity we are not
prepared for. The tech and the demonstration projects have been done. In fact, it is
obvious that this direction is at hand, with many existing local experiments, but so
long as the market appears to be able to meet our needs there is not much
anticipation. Newer books such as Barbara Kingsolver ‘s Animal, Vegetable,
Miracle are part of the newly emerging culture that is quite serious. The real
challenge will be to keep the shift from being a major opportunity for industrial
scale agribusiness from owning the process and taking the profits. The current
trend in corn based ethanol shows that at the large system level the decisions that
are being made are those that favor the large corporations
Jim Channon in Hawi, Hawaii (Big Island) has a demonstration project that blends
aesthetics with food production. Instead of rows of vegetables, which are
reminiscent of the assembly lines, “islands” of circular raised beds, often
surrounding the base of trees, mirror the complex distribution of the Hawaiian
islands in a kind of resonating metaphor. The lawn between the islands allows easy
access for walking and play as well as access for vehicles to every piece of the
land. The richness and complexity of the result is balanced by the pleasure and
experimental attitude in its creation. A small outdoor theater for plays and music,
places for making art with large protected easels and a small number of small
houses round out the miniature village landscape. Down in the larger village of
Hawi Jim has helped the restoration of old wooden buildings which include
restaurants, a great coffee shop, and some attractive clothing stores, all in a setting
that looks like it could be from the 1890’s.
We need to go further and recognize that with an economy in trouble, rebuilding
and enhancing our already built environment is the way to create jobs that can't be
exported, and that strong environmental regulations require - require - high tech
innovation and entrepreneurial activity. The result could be a more vital economy,
friendly to people through increased participation, and friendly to the environment
through tough regulation that stimulates innovation. Imagine a blend of restoration
and retrofitting with a garden in the spaces linking them with and between all
buildings.
It has been said that there are two kinds of people, those who like to build and
those who like to grow. Bringing them together seems more attractive than keeping
them separate. The machine alone is scarier to us post moderns than nature alone.
But we should not have to make a choice, living with an enhanced nature, bringing
the best out of the natural without trying to replace it, just seems smarter, from bio-
mimicry to the arts, and the desires of daily living. GardenWorld is concerned with
beauty, creativity and is healthy and attractive.
Walt Whitman asked somewhere, "Is the American Indian waiting for civilization,
or past it?” We need to be asking that kind of question. Instead of merely riding out
the wave of technical inventiveness, with its concentration of wealth and power in
struggles for empire, to be thinking what is the goal, why are we so sidetracked by
technology? There is the story about the racing greyhounds and one of the owners
anesthetizes the nose of his and puts sausages on the track before the next race.
Technology is our sausage, and we are drawn like bees to flowers. Are we missing
the point, the point of life and the goal of living? Simply to be exploring the
question is an advance. People drawn to technical careers usually have a
progressive view of society and want their technology to be helpful, but
institutional arrangements, turning all technical thought into private property, let
many of them down.
Energy considerations and the impact on fertilizer and transportation will lead to
new experiments in local farming. The small farm and farmers market combination
already is an important part of the agricultural life cycle, brining local communities
of farmers into seasonal contact with those who like to eat. There is no question but
what huge amounts of the current landscape could be food producing at low cost. I
think of the broad open spaces of grass t Stanford University that could be planted
with vegetables and the water used for grass used by tomatoes, peas, eggplants,
zucchini. There are already demonstrations of the ability to grow food in containers
and roof tops in very crowded urban areas. If we are smart we will combine the
economic advantages of local growing with the local advantages of aesthetic
design, working together to create the motives and the ideas for such experiments.
i[i] From the NYT
[Link]
ii[ii] The whole series is
Summer Rituals | Window Gazing

WHAT DO YOU SEE OUT THERE? NOT MUCH, EXCEPT LIFE ITSELF
By ANDY NEWMAN and CASSI FELDMAN

There are few summer sights more archetypically urban than the face glimpsed in an
open window, gazing silently out at the street.

August 18, 2007 N.Y. / Region Series

Summer Rituals | Boldface Barbecue

A HAMPTONS BARBECUE, AGLOW WITH STAR POWER

By ERIC KONIGSBERG

In Southampton, N.Y., high-profile guests are part of the quintessential summer barbecue.

August 11, 2007 N.Y. / Region Series

Summer Rituals | Blacktop Beach

IN TANNING CIRCLES, THE ROOF IS BECOMING HISTORY

By LESLIE KAUFMAN

As long as there have been sun worshipers in search of the perfect tan in the city, there
have been the rooftop beaches of Manhattan.

August 4, 2007 N.Y. / Region Series

Summer Rituals | Playing With Tiles

THE SLAP AND CLACK OF THE DOMINO EFFECT IN THE BRONX

By DAVID GONZALEZ

Every morning on East 142nd Street, some longtime friends play what is perhaps the
oldest established permanent floating domino game in Nueva York.

July 28, 2007 N.Y. / Region Series

Summer Rituals | Shakespeare in the Suburbs

 WELL WEST OF BROADWAY, THE STAGE IS THEIR WORLD
By CAMPBELL ROBERTSON

Central New Jersey is swarming with community theaters, and summer stocks offer lively
showcases for the region�s amateur actors.

July 21, 2007 N.Y. / Region Series

Summer Rituals | Under the Boardwalk

KEEPING PEACE ON CONEY ISLAND�S SALTY PLANKS

By MICHAEL WILSON

Anyone who has spent time at Coney Island�s boardwalk will say there has always been
an awful lot more than walking going on there.

July 14, 2007 N.Y. / Region Series

Summer Rituals | Endangered Bonackers

FISHING FADES WHERE ALL THAT GLITTERS IS SEA

By COREY KILGANNON

Government restrictions, imported fish and summer residents threaten a tradition in the
Hamptons.

July 7, 2007 N.Y. / Region Series

Summer Rituals | Bath Time

FINDING BLISS IN A TUB OF FIZZY WATER

By LISA W. FODERARO

At the Roosevelt Baths and Spa, visitors enjoy the fizzy joys of mineral bathing at the
area�s last remaining bathhouse.

June 30, 2007 N.Y. / Region Series

Summer Rituals | Tacos and Huaraches

STUFFING TORTILLAS AND PARKGOERS, DAWN TO DUSK

By FERNANDA SANTOS

On summer weekends for the past 16 years, Margarita Hern�ndez has prepared
authentic Mexican fare for visitors to Brooklyn�s Red Hook Park.

June 23, 2007 N.Y. / Region Series

Summer Rituals | Into the Woods

AT CAMP, CONQUERING FEARS AND HEARING CHEERS

By TINA KELLEY

Since the early 1970s, when environmental education began to take root, schools have
been sending students into the woods to learn about nature � and themselves.

June 16, 2007 N.Y. / Region Series

Summer Rituals | The Veteran Caddies

FROM HARLEM, BEARING CLUBS AND WISDOM FOR GOLFERS

By COREY KILGANNON

Three aging caddies who used to carry clubs for top golf pros now live in Harlem and ply
their trade at some of the region�s most prestigious courses.

June 9, 2007 N.Y. / Region Series

Summer Rituals | Asphalt Dreams

FIELD IS PAVED, GLOVES ARE BORROWED, SPIRIT IS REAL

By TRYMAINE LEE

A patch of West Harlem asphalt is home to a baseball team that is as much a social
experiment as it is boys at play.

June 2, 2007 N.Y. / Region Series

Summer Rituals | Waking the Houses

FOR PLUMBERS, A RUSH BEFORE TOES REACH THE SAND

By ELLEN BARRY

Summer on Fire Island starts with a hyperventilating scramble to prepare houses for
seasonal residents.
May 26, 2007 N.Y. / Region Series

iii[iii] There is a growing literature also on human as Asian and the environment. But it is a mixed
story. Just as the Internet could be an estimate of repression and control, or it could be an instrument of
liberation and expression, so architecture is double edged. There is a wonderful Chinese saying, “
everything has to handles –beware of the wrong one. “
iv[iv] Hillman wrote extensively he nature of the human soul and iss tstion into thieved and perienced
environme. See…
v[v]Freeman Dyson at [Link] and see

[Link] about tropicaal fish.

vi[vi] [Link]
vii[vii]John Archer. _Architecture and Suburbia: From English Villa to American Dream House, 1690-
2000_. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2005.