MODELLING AND DESIGN OF MODIFIED SEPIC CONVERTER

A. Operation:

The modified SEPIC converter operates in two different modes, which are the
Boost mode and the SEPIC mode.

1. Boost Mode:

- During the Boost mode, the converter utilizes diode D1 and capacitor C2 while
ignoring components C1, L2, and diode D0.

- The input voltage is applied to the inductor L1 and the switch (typically a
MOSFET).

- The switch is turned on, and energy is stored in the inductor L1.

- When the switch is turned off, the energy stored in L1 is transferred to the
output through diode D1 and capacitor C2.

- The output voltage is boosted by the voltage conversion ratio determined by

the duty cycle of the switch.

2. SEPIC Mode:

- During the SEPIC mode, capacitor C1, inductor L2, and diode D0 come into
play while disregarding diode D1 and capacitor C2.

- The input voltage is applied to the inductor L1 and the switch.

- The switch is turned on, and energy is stored in the inductor L1.
 - When the switch is turned off, the energy is transferred to the output through
capacitor C1 and diode D0.

- The voltage conversion ratio is controlled by adjusting the duty cycle of the
switch and the energy transfer between the inductors L1 and L2.

By selectively activating different components, the converter achieves a higher

voltage gain compared to conventional converters, effectively doubling the voltage
conversion ratio and improving efficiency and performance. The use of both
inductors and capacitors also reduces the switching voltage stress, enhancing the
reliability of the circuit.

[Link] OF MODIFIED SEPIC CONVERTER

 [Link] SEPIC OPERATION MOSFET GATE DUTY CYCLE ON
STATE

[Link] SEPIC OPERATION MOSFET GATE DUTY CYCLE OFF

STATE
Time Domain Waveform of Modified Sepic Converter

B. Modeling Equation:
 The voltage across an inductor (V_L) and the voltage across a capacitor (V_C)
can be modeled using the following equations:

1. Voltage across an Inductor:

For the Boost mode (L1 inductor):

V_L1 = -L1 * dI_L1/dt

For the SEPIC mode (L2 inductor):

V_L2 = -L2 * dI_L2/dt

2. Voltage across a Capacitor:

For the Boost mode (C2 capacitor):

V_C2 = 1/C2 * ∫i_C2 dt

For the SEPIC mode (C1 capacitor):

V_C1 = 1/C1 * ∫i_C1 dt

where:

- V_L1 and V_L2 are the voltage across L1 and L2 inductors, respectively.

- dI_L1/dt and dI_L2/dt are the rates of change of current in L1 and L2

inductors, respectively.

- V_C2 and V_C1 are the voltage across C2 and C1 capacitors, respectively.
 - i_C2 and i_C1 are the currents flowing through C2 and C1 capacitors,
respectively.

C. Voltage Conversion Ratio:

The voltage conversion ratio (VCR) is the ratio of the output voltage (V_out) to
the input voltage (V_in) of the converter. It is determined by the duty cycle (D) of
the switch:

VCR = V_out / V_in = 1 / (1 - D)

D. Voltage Stresses on Power Switches and Diodes Equation:

The voltage stress on the power switch (MOSFET) during the SEPIC mode can
be calculated as follows:

V_stress_switch = V_in + V_L1

where:

- V_stress_switch is the voltage stress on the power switch (MOSFET).

- V_in is the input voltage to the converter.

- V_L1 is the voltage across the inductor L1.

E. Current Stresses on Power Switches and Diodes Equations:

 The current stress on the power switch (MOSFET) and the diodes during the
Boost mode and SEPIC mode can be calculated as follows:

1. Current Stress on Power Switch during Boost mode:

I_switch_boost = I_L1 + I_C2

where:

- I_switch_boost is the current stress on the power switch (MOSFET) during the
Boost mode.

- I_L1 is the current flowing through the inductor L1.

- I_C2 is the current flowing through the capacitor C2.

2. Current Stress on Power Switch during SEPIC mode:

I_switch_sepic = I_L1 + I_L2

where:

- I_switch_sepic is the current stress on the power switch (MOSFET) during the
SEPIC mode.

- I_L2 is the current flowing through the inductor L2.

3. Current Stress on Diode D0 during SEPIC mode:

I_D0_sepic = I_L1
 where:

- I_D0_sepic is the current stress on diode D0 during the SEPIC mode.

4. Current Stress on Diode D1 during Boost mode:

I_D1_boost = I_C2

where:

- I_D1_boost is the current stress on diode D1 during the Boost mode.

F. Variation Ratio of Current and Voltage with Equation:

The variation ratio of current and voltage refers to how the current and voltage
waveforms change during different operating modes. This can be analyzed using
mathematical equations and circuit simulations, considering the duty cycle and
operating frequencies. However, providing a generic equation here would be
challenging without specific operating conditions and waveform characteristics.

To analyze the variation ratio of current and voltage, circuit simulation software or
mathematical modeling tools like SPICE (Simulation Program with Integrated
Circuit Emphasis) can be utilized to simulate the converter under different
operating conditions and duty cycles. This will help visualize the current and
voltage waveforms and their variations during the Boost mode and SEPIC mode.
Power Loss Analysis

1. Power Losses of Inductors:

- The power loss of an inductor in the modified SEPIC converter is composed

of copper loss caused by winding resistance (rL) and core loss due to hysteresis
and eddy currents in the magnetic core.

- The approximate RMS values of currents through inductors L1 and L2 are

calculated based on their operation modes (Boost and SEPIC).

- The copper losses of inductors are determined using the RMS current values
and the winding resistance:

P_Cu_L1 = rL * I_L1(rms)^2

P_Cu_L2 = rL * I_L2(rms)^2

- The core losses of inductors are estimated based on core loss density and the
flux swing:

P_core_L1 = a * B^b * f^c

P_core_L2 = a * B^b * f^c

- Where:

P_Cu_L1 and P_Cu_L2 are the copper losses of inductors L1 and L2,
respectively.

P_core_L1 and P_core_L2 are the core losses of inductors L1 and L2,
respectively.

I_L1(rms) and I_L2(rms) are the RMS values of currents through inductors
L1 and L2, respectively.
 B is defined as half of the AC flux swing.

f is the operating frequency of the converter.

2. Power Losses of Capacitors:

- The power loss of capacitors in the modified SEPIC converter is caused by

parasitic resistance (rC).

- The approximate RMS values of currents through capacitors C1 and C2 are

derived based on their operation modes (Boost and SEPIC).

- The power losses of capacitors are calculated using the RMS current values
and the parasitic resistance:

P_Cu_C1 = rC * I_C1(rms)^2

P_Cu_C2 = rC * I_C2(rms)^2

- Where:

P_Cu_C1 and P_Cu_C2 are the copper losses of capacitors C1 and C2,
respectively.

I_C1(rms) and I_C2(rms) are the RMS values of currents through capacitors
C1 and C2, respectively.

3. Power Losses of Power Switches:

- MOSFET is chosen as the power switch for the modified SEPIC converter.

- The main power losses in the power switches are conduction loss and
switching loss.
 - The approximate RMS values of currents through the MOSFET switch are
calculated for different operation modes (Boost and SEPIC):

I_MOSFET_boost(rms) = (I_L1(rms) + I_C2(rms)) / 2

I_MOSFET_sepic(rms) = (I_L1(rms) + I_L2(rms)) / 2

- The conduction losses are determined using the ON resistance (rDS) and the
RMS current values:

P_cond_boost = rDS * I_MOSFET_boost(rms)^2

P_cond_sepic = rDS * I_MOSFET_sepic(rms)^2

- The switching losses are calculated based on the rise time (tr), fall time (tf),
voltage stress (Vs), and the averaged current through the switch:

P_sw_boost = (1/2) * f * (tr + tf) * Vs * I_MOSFET_boost(rms)

P_sw_sepic = (1/2) * f * (tr + tf) * Vs * I_MOSFET_sepic(rms)

- Where:

P_cond_boost and P_cond_sepic are the conduction losses of the MOSFET

during Boost and SEPIC modes, respectively.

P_sw_boost and P_sw_sepic are the switching losses of the MOSFET during
Boost and SEPIC modes, respectively.

tr and tf are the rise time and fall time of the MOSFET switch, respectively.

4. Power Losses of Diodes:

- The power loss of diodes in the modified SEPIC converter is mainly caused
by the forward voltage drop (Vr) and the series resistance (rD).
 - The approximate RMS values of currents through diodes D0 and D1 are
obtained based on their operation modes (Boost and SEPIC):

I_D0_boost(rms) = I_C2(rms) / 2

I_D1_sepic(rms) = I_L1(rms) / 2

- The expression for the power losses of diodes is:

P_diode_boost = Vr * I_D0_boost(rms) + rD * I_D0_boost(rms)^2

P_diode_sepic = Vr * I_D1_sepic(rms) + rD * I_D1_sepic(rms)^2

5. Calculated Efficiency:

- The total power losses of the modified SEPIC converter are the sum of the
power losses of inductors, capacitors, power switches, and diodes:

P_total_losses = P_Cu_L1 + P_Cu_L2 + P_core_L1 + P_core_L2 +

P_Cu_C1 + P_Cu_C2 + P_cond_boost + P_sw_boost + P_cond_sepic +
P_sw_sepic + P_diode_boost + P_diode_sepic

- The calculated efficiency of the modified SEPIC converter can be obtained

by dividing the output power by the total power losses:

Efficiency = P_out / (P_out + P_total_losses)

Parameter Modified Sepic

Controller
Input voltage Vin 12V
Output Voltage V0 24V
Switching Frequency f 50kHz
Output Load R 44.3Ω
Duty Cycle 0.4
Inductor L1 2.5mH
Inductor L2 10mH
Capacitor C1 1µF
Capacitor C2 100 µF