Analysis of Trusses 10.1 TRUSS (FRAME) A structure made up of several members connected to each other is known as truss (or frame). A truss @ Truss (Frame) is used when heavy loads are to be resisted or the m Types of frames span is very high. Trusses are used for roofs in @ Reactions at supports industrial buildings, Workshops etc. They are ™ Assumptions made in the analysis supported on walls, Columns or girders. of trusses @ Analysis the truss 10.2. TYPES OF FRAMES @™ Sign Convention . ® To find the members which carry Frames are of two types: eae () Perfect frame ™ Method of Joints = Method of section '™ Graphical method (ii) Imperfect frame (@) Perfect frame: If the number of members ina frame is just sufficient to keep it in equilibrium under any external force acting at its joints, it is said to be a perfect frame. Perfect frame is also known as efficient frame. The simplest perfect frame is a triangle as shown in Fig. 10.1. This can be easily analysed by the application of conditions of equilibrium i.e,. 2Fx = 0, EFy = 0 and EM = 0. For a perfect frame, number of members, n = 2j—3 we A Fig. 10.1 Perfect frame where Number of members Number of joints. 292Analysis of Trusses ["] 293 In Fig. 10.1 n=3(AB, BC and CA) J=3(A, Band) n=2j-3 3=2x3-3 The frame as shown in Fig. 10.1 sati isfies th (ii) Imperfect frame: An imy e equation n = 2j — 3. So it is a perfect frame. iperfect frame is one which does not satisfies the equation n = 2j— Imperfect frames are of two types: (@ Deficient frame (b) Redundant frame (a) Deficient frame: A deficient frame is\dne in which number of members is less than (2J-3), Adeficient frame is unstable. D c B c Al B { F E Fig. 10.2 Deficient frame Fig. 10.3 Deficient frame Consider Fig. 10.2 Number of members, n= 4 (AB, BC, CD and DA) Number of joints, j=4 (A, B, C, D) n=4 Qj-3= 2x4-3=5 n< 3-3 ‘As nis less than (2j-3), the frame in Fig. 10.2 is a deficient frame. Consider Fig. 10.3 Number of members, 7= 8 (AB, BC, CD, DE, EF, FA, BE, and CE) Number of jonits, 6 (A, B, C, D, E, F) aj-3 = 2x6-3=9 n< %-3 ” hs nis less than (2j 3), the frame in Fig. 10.3 is a deficient frame, (6) Redundant frame: ‘A redundant frame is one in which number of members is more than (2; ~ 3) pt eK | Fig. 10.4 Redundant frame Fig. 10.5 Redundant frame Consider Fig. 10.4 Number of members Number of joints, (AB, BC, CD, DA, AC, BD) (A, B, C, D)294 Structural Mechanics Qj-3= 2x4-3=5 o n> (3-3) As n> (2j — 3), the frame in Fig. 10.4 is a redundant frame. Consider Fig. 10.5 : Number of members, = 10 Number of joints, j=6 2j-3= 2x6-3 =9 n > (2j—8), The frame shown in Fig. 10.5 is a redundant frame. 40.3. REACTIONS AT SUPPORTS Frames are usually supported on: ( Roller Wi Hinged supports (i) Roller supports: At roller support, the line of action of the reaction will be normal ic., at right angles to the roller base. Roller support is shown in fig 10.6 (). Fig. 10.6 (ii) shows Wy We Wy Wa e c 5 c A D A D E E “mn A al () Hinged support a (i) Free body diagram Fig. 10.6 the F.B.D. of the truss with roller supports. Reaction at A and B are normal to the roller base. (ii) Hinged support: At hinged support, the line of action of the reaction depends upon the load system on the frame. Figure 10.7 shows frame with hinged supports. wy We wy, We 1B c |B c A Roller —», © pote D ‘support E Pe sot | () Rotor support oat (i) FRD of russ As the loads are vertical, the reactions at A and D are vertical Figure 10.8 shows a truss with hinged and roller support. we cS w h E Ha f ~ We Ry i : Ee Fig. 10.8 Froe body diagram *FBD — Free Body Diagram =aAnalysis of Trusses 40.4 ASSUMPTIONS MADE IN THE ANALYSIS OF TRUSSES While find out the forces in the members of perfect tru: 1, All joints are pin jointed 2, All external load/forces act on the joints only, 3. Self weight of the members are neglected. 40.5 ANALYSIS OF TRUSS The analysis of a truss consists of the following: (i) Determination of reactions at supports (a) Analytical method (b) Graphical method (ii) Determination of force in the members (a) Analytical method (b) Graphical method Analytical methods are of two types. (a) Method of joints (b) Method of section. 10.5.1 Determination of Reactions at Supports [Link]. Analytical method 295 'ss following assumptions are made: Reactions at supports are calculated by using the conditions of equilibrium 0 0 IM = 0 Fig 10.9 shows a truss loaded with 10 KN and 20 KN. The truss is hinged at A and is on roller support at D. Draw the force body diagram of the truss by showing the reactions at the supports and the external loads as shown in Fi . } own in Fig 10.10. ofthe truss the 10 KN force i x xF, ata distance of 1.5 m from A and 20 \N is at a distance _ ie moments of all the forces about A ice., a RpxG= 10x 15+ 20x45 Ry x6= 15+90= 105 Rp= 108 =17.5kN Applying 2Fy = 0 i.e., algebraic sum of all the verti- cal force is zero. Ry+Rp= 10+20 30 30 — 17.5 = 12.5 KN 10 KN 20 KN B Cc , &S y Va bs om E om An Fig. 10.9 10 KN 20 KN A Z\60" Rabe Smo +-———45m—__.| Fig. 10.10 F.B.D. of truss296 Structural Mechanics [Link] Graphical method A. When the loads are vertical The steps are: (i) Drawing a space diagram (ii) Drawing a polar diagram (ii) Drawing a funicular diagram 10 KN 20 KN D i () Space diagram / pe——____ rg c (ii) Polar diagram (i) Funicular diagram Fig. 10.11 (®) Drawing a space dia; Mark the members of t (ii) Drawing polar diag: gram: Draw the given truss to a scale along with the loads. the truss with capital according of Bow’s notation.Analysis of T tusses 207 10 KN 10 KN (0) Space diagram ) Load line diagram Fig. 10.13 (ii) Produce the line of action of R, downward and draw the resultant line of external forces (i.e., 10 KN, 20 KN and 10 KN. Resultant of the these forces will pass through 20 KN). Both the lines intersect at point o. Join o with the hing support points ie., D. The line OD gives the line of action of Rp. (iii) To find the magnitude of R, and Ry, draw the load line of the external loads (i.e., 10 KN, 20 KN and 10 KN). Load line is drawn to some scale parallel to the external loads. Fig. 10.13 (éi) shows the load line diagram in which ab = 10 KN, be = 20 KN and ed = 10 KN. From ‘a’ draw a line ae parallel to line of action of R, (in this case ae is a vertical line as R, is vertical). Draw de parallel to line of action of R, from point ‘a’. The two lines in tersect at point e. Measure ae and de which gives the magnitube of R, and R, respectively. 10.6 SIGN CONVENTION If the arrow head is pointing towards the joint, then the force in the member is compressive. If the arrow head is pointing away from the joint, then the force in the member is tensile. : Fig.10.14 shows @ perfect truss. Consider joint A in which two members AB and AC are meeting. The Fig. 10.14 int A are a . ber AB and AC at point atu heads us rhe joint ‘A and so the forces in the members AB and AC are compressive. At joint Behe varow head in member BC is pointing away from B and so the force in member BC is tensible. 1 TO FIND THE MEMBERS WHICH CARRY ZERO FORCE The following prineiples are used to find the members which does not ‘Compressive — _ Compressive Tensile F carry force: (@ If there is only © rium of the joint, F=0 joi i js it, then for equilibrium of th both the fe ( forces are acting at ajoin| e joint both the forces should tw) bays for coF opposite and should act along the same line. If two forces acting at a joint are not along the same straight line, then for equilibrium of the joint, each force should ; «os a: F=0 ne force acting at a joint then for the equilib- "his force should be equal to zero. In fig 10.15, eee298 Structural Mechanics be equal zero. In Fig. 10.16, both F, and F, = 0 Vf Fo Fy=Fp Fy Fo Fig. 10.16 Fig. 10.17 iii) If three forces are acting at a joint two of them are along the same straight line, then for equilibrium of joint, the third force should be equal to zero. In Fig. 10.17, F, = 0 10.8 METHOD OF JOINTS This method is used when forces in all the members of the truss is to be determined. Steps: (@ Calculate the reactions at supports by applying condition of equilibrium (i.e,. 3F, = 0, EF, = 0 and EM = 0) i) Consider a joint which does not have more than two unknown forces. Each joint is considered one by one. Resolve the forces along horizontal and vertical directions assuming direction of forces in the members. Gv) Apply condition of equilibrium ie., EF, = 0 and 2F, = 0 at the joint. (v) If the force in any member comes out to be negative, it shows that the assumed direc- tion of force is wrong, change the assumed direction. (vi) In case of cantilever truss, start with the free end. (iii) SOLVED EXAMPLES EXAMPLE 10.1. Find the forces in the members of truss as shown in Fig. 10.18. 2.5 KN Fig. 10.18 Solution: Calculation of reactions at A and B ADB is a right angle triangle, right angled at D AB= 7.5mAnalysis of Trusses 299 AD = AB cos 60° s cos 60° = 7.5 x 2 =3.75m a BD = ABsin60°=7.5x V3 95, 5 36. | AC = AD=CD =3.75 m . CB= 3.75m Now in A DFC FO= DC cos 60°= 3.75 x 4 = 1.875 m BF = FC+CB 25 KN = 1875 +3.75 = 5.625 m : Ind BEC x een BE = CB eos 30° 7 V3 = 3.75 2 = 3.25m InA BGE BG = BE cos 30° Fig. 10.19 = 3.25 x >= 281m Let R, and Ry be the reaction at A and B respectively Ra+Rg= 2.5+3=5.5KN _® Taking moment about B, 2Mp = 0 Ry x 7.5 = 2.5 x 5.625 +3 x 2.81 Ry x75 = 14.06 + 8.43 22.49 Ra= “75 =3KN Puting the value of R, in @, we get77, 34+Rp= 55 e R= 25KN ° Pe i bers Calculations of forces in the mem Joint A: Refer Fig. 10.20 (@). The two unkown 60° forces Fp and F 4eare shown in the Fig. 10.20 (a). = The directions of Fyc and Fap assumed. gk Fan cos 60° 7 e get (@) "0 Resolving the forces eter we gi (b) Resolutsion of froce FAD Fp sin 60° - 3 = Fig. 10.20 3 or Fap* 7g 7 3 3x2 Fap= 5 = 3.46 KN (Compressive) Resolving the forces horizontally, we get Fao —Fap 608 60° = ©300 Structural Mechanics | Fp cos 60° = 8.46 x 1/2 1.73 KN (Tensile) Foe sin 30° @ OO) © Fig. 10.21 Resolving the forces vertically, we get Fc sin 60° + Fpg sin 30° + Fy sin 60° = 2.5 @ 1 Fox B+ fyge b aaex 8 = 2.5 i 8 +5 Fog = 2.5-3.46 x ce 2.5-3=-05 VB Foo + Fog = 0.5x2=-1 Resolving the forces horizontally, we get F'ap 008 60° — Fg cos 60° — Fg cos 30° = 0 iB 1 2 ~Foo* 5 ~Foe 5 =0 wl) 3.46x 2 Foot VB Fog = 3.46 x $x2=8.46 slit) Multiplying (i) by VB» we get 3 Fy, ae Foc = ~ 2.6 KN (Compressive) = 2.6 KN (Tensile) Putting the value of Frpg in (ii), we get -2.6+ 3 Fog = 3.46 V3 Fy = 3.46426Analysis of Trusses [] 301 06 DE= ~ jg = 3.5 KN (Compressive) Joint B Resolving the forces vertically we get, Fyp sin 30° = 2.5 25 | 25 Fea= Sagpe = gp ~DEN (compressive) Resolving the forces horizontally, we get Fy — Fp €08 80° = 0 Fes Fyo = Fpp cos 30° B = = 5x il Fac : 2 0 Rg =2.5KN (i = 4,33 KN (Tensile) Fig. 10.22 Joint E w i w 0 Fig. 10.23 Resolving the forces cee we = saeco in 30° — in 30° - 3= Fog cos 30° + Figp sin 30° ~ Foe us 1 xt -3=0 Fog eos 30° + 5% 9 ~3°* 2 0° 2.25 = 0 _ 2.25 _ 2.25%2 _9 6 KN (compressive) Fea= cos30° V3 Fog 008 3 2.5KN A Cc 433KN Fig. 10.24302 Structural Mechanics | [Link] | Member | Magnitude of force (in KN) Nature | i: AD 3.46 Compressive } 2. | AC 1.73 Tensile 3. pce 2.60 Tensile 4. | DE 35 Compressive 5. CE 2.6 Compressive Loo 6 cB 4.33 Tensile | 7. | EB 5.00 Compressive EXAMPLE 10.2. Find the forces in different members of a roof truss as shown in Fig, 10.25, 300 KN Fig. 10.25 Solution: (i) Calculation of reactions Let R, and R, be the reactions at B and C respectively ZF, = 0 Ry+R o Ry= In 4 BAC (Refer Fig, 10.26) ie truss are equal AE= AD+DE " 24D AD= 3m AB = AD =DE=CF = CD =RD-BC=3m Calculation of reactions In equilateral triangle perpendicular drawn from vertex to base bisects the base BPand C@ are perpendiculars on AB and DE respectively AP = PD=1.5 mand DQ=@E=1.5m1 Analysis of Trusses old) = 10*45 40x18 B,x6= 315 +60=375 375 Ry= = 62.5 KN Putting the value of Ry in (i) , we get 62.5+R,= 110 Ry= 110 x 62.5 = 47.5 KN ) Calculation of forces in the member Joint A Resolving the forces horizontally Fas. Fap = Faz cos 60° i = $F li) 5 Fao Resolving the forces vertically, we get 62.5 KN Fay sin 60° = 62.5 Fig. 10.32 rae we Se na KN (comp) Putting the value of Fy, in (i), we get Pap ; x 72.17 = 36.08 KN (Tensile) Fac Joint E 60° Resolving the forces vertically Fo E Frc sin 60° = 47.5 “ATS 4 58 47.5KN Feo = gin60° (comp.) Fig. 10.33 Resolving the force horizontally Fp = Fac 008 60° = 54.85 x 3 = = 27.42 KN (Tensile) Joint D ly Resolvin, vertically g the forces 7 Fig sin 60° = Fipp sin 60 : Foo= Fos ontally Resolvin hori g the forces : — Pryg cos 60° + Frye €08 60° + 27: 42 = s6.08 - Fyn cos 60° + Fpy £08 60" = 36.08 2 ip t0238 2 Fyy cos 60° = 8.66306 Structural Mechanics 8.66 8.66 FoB= dxeos60° ~ 2x08 Fry = Fpp = 8.66 KN (Tensile) = 8.66 KN (comp.) Joint B Resolving the forces horizontally Fy + 72.17 cos 60° = 8.66 cos 60° Fac = (8.66 — 72.17) cos 60° = - 63.51 xt =-31.75 KN (Tensile) = 31.75KN (comp) 70 KN 70 KN 40 KN Fig. 10.35 Fig. 10.36 ‘[Link]. Member Magnitude (in KN) Nature | 1. AB 72.17 ‘Compressive | 2. AD 36.08. Tensile 3. BD 8.66 Compressive | 4. DC 8.66 Tensile 5. DE 27.42 Tensile | 6. CF 54.85 Compressive 7. BC 31.75 Compressive | EXAMPLE 10.4. Determine the forces in the truss shown in Fig. 10.37 which carries @ horizontal load of 12 KN and vertical load of 18 KN. ‘ Solution:Analysis of Trusses DCA 307 Ind Dc "AC = tan 36.87° DC= Act 0 Calculation of reactions an 36.87° = 2 x tan 36.87° = 2.x 0.75 = 1.5m 0 12 KN 0 18 axG) 0 18x2+12x15 R, = px 4a 54 Fig, 10.38 | ee i Rg= — =185 Pree the value of R, in ,. we get. Ray + 18.5 = 18 Ray = 18-13.5=4.5KN Calculation of forces in the members Joint A Resolving the forces vertically Fp sin 36.87° = : le Fap= qpagey = 75 KN Comp) Fig. 10.39 Resolving the forces horizontally, we get 36.87° - 12 = cos 36.87° = 12+7.5x0.8=18KN (Tensile) ‘AD : Joint C F,= 0 7 Foo ee oe 18 KN (tensile) vn Fop= 18KN (Tensile) 18KN Joint B 0 18KN Frpg cos 36.87° = 1 Fig. 10.40 18 Fos= @s3687 ~225KN — (comp) Foe 36.87" 13.5 KN 18 KN Fig. 10.41 Fig. 10.42Structural Mechanics 308 ims ~ | Member Magnitude Nature Lo AD | 7.5 KN Compressive 2. AC 18.0 KN Tensile 3. pc 18.0 KN ‘Tensile 4. cB 18,0 KN Tensile | 5 BD 22.5 KN Compressive \ EXAMPLE 10.5. Determine the forces in all the members of a cantilever truss shown in Fig. 10.43. f > Solution: Joint C Resolving the forces vertically Fop sin 60° = 2000 2000 . Fop= Gngps = 2809-48N (Tensile) | 4 Agor wo Resolving the forces horizontally om Fig = Fep cos 60° = 2309.48 cos 60° 2000 N = 1154.7 N (Compressive) Fig. 10.43 Foo 60°, ic Frc 2000 N Fig. 14.44 Joint D Resolving the forces vertically Fypsin aie 2309.48 sin 60° Fp = 2309.48 N. (Compressive) Resolving the forces horizontally Fp = 2309.48 cos 60° + 2309.48 cos 60° Fp = (2309.48 + 2309.48) cos 60° = 4618.96 x ; _ 1. 10.46 = 2309.48N (Tensile) * [Link] oe Magnitude Nature 1. 0 : : aa 2308.4 N Compressive | 2 Be ses N Compressive | . 7 Te ile s ce | aut roe EXAMPLE 10.6.A truss is loaded as shown in Fig. 10447. Find ho vonancinane variow® Fi e variol members of the truss. ind the forces in thAnalysis of Trusses 309 Fig. 10.47 Solution: (@) Calculation of reactions Let R, and R, be the reaction at A and C respectively. iFy= 0 Ry+Ro= 1000 +500 +500 Ry +Ro= 2000N ~@ IMy= 0 Rg x 8= 500 x 2 +500 (4 + 2) + 1000 x 4 [-. Perdendicular drawn from vertex to base in an equilateral A bisects the base] 8R,= 1000 + 3000 + 4000 1000 N 8R,= 8000 _ Ry= S000 = 1000N Putting the value of R, in (i), we get 1000 +R, = 2000 ‘ c= 1000N (ii) Calculation of forces in the members Resolving the forces vertically =F,=0 Fag sin 60° = 1000 1000 AE~ 3in60° Resolving the forces horizontally, =F, = 0 Fag = Figg 008 60° =1154.7N (Tensile) 1 ni = 1154.7 x 3 = 577.35 N (Compressive) oe Resolving the forces vertically ZF, =o Fi 14-48 sin 60° = 1000 1000 Fep= in60° Resolving the forces horizonally, IF,= 0 Fon = Fen c08 60° Fe = 1154.7 (Tensile)310 (4) Structural Mechanics () 1 : Fra c Foq= 1164.7 x 5 = 577.85 N (Compressive) o Joint E Feo, 4000 N BF, = 0 Papp sin 60° + 500 = 1154.7 sin 60 Fpg = 11.64.7- 500 Fig. 10.50, = 654.7N (Compressive) 2F,=0 F pp = Figg cos 60° + 1154.7 cos 60° 1 (654.7 + 1154.7) cos 60° = 1809.4 x 2 904.7 N (Tensile) Joint B : on = ig. 10.51 EF,= 0 Fp sin 60° + 654.7 sin 60° = 1000 Fp x 0.866 = 1000 - 654.7 x 0.866 Fpp x 0.866 = 433.03 _ 433.03 2D 0,866 = 500 N (Compressive) 0 11547 1154.7 N . N : Fig. 10.52 i Fig. 10.53 SN [Link]. _ Member Magnitude in N Nature —_]] \ ae 1154.7 Compres : i 654.7 Compressive 5. ED 904.7 Tensile 4. DCE 115: 7, i | : a 154.7 Tensile . BG | 500,00 Compressive pe 577.35 Compressive | lo 577.35 Compressive | ae i Compressive |{4 Analysis of Trusses an 109 METHOD OF SECTION od is used wher i mis ee n forces in few members of a truss are to be determined. i) Calculate the reacti fl ® ea rae at supports by applying condition of equilibrium. @ ere eae rough Re members in which forces are to be determined. The t in such way that i i which forces are unknown, y that it should not cut more than three members in (ii) eas line divides the truss into two parts. Each part is treated as a free body in equilibrium under the action of external forces on that part and the forces in the mem- bers cut by section line. (iv) Using conditions of equilibrium (ie., F, = 0, EF, = 0 and EM = 0) the unknown forces in the members are determined. For taking moments the point should be so selected that the line of action of all other members except the member in which force is to deter- mined pass through that point. EXAMPLE 10.7. Find the forces in the members AB, AC and BC of the truss shown in Fig, 10.54. Solution: Let Rg and Rg be the racations at B and C respectively EF, 20 KN Ry+Ro= 20KN EMc= 0 Rg x5= 20% 55 eos30" 5 c 53 N38 Fig. 10.54 Rg x5= 20% Xx Rgxd= 5x3 25x3 Rye —5 7 15KN Putting the value of Rg in () we get. 15 +Ro= 20 G Ce . . By Consider the left portion of section 1-1as shown in Ye fig. 10.56 isi 2M, Fig. 10.55 Fry X AC = 15 «5 Fg x 5sin 60° = 1% Zo KN 5 Fra 5sin60° 15x2 : = Jy = 17.82 KN (compressive) 2M, = 0 Fyc X AD = 15 BD 15x BD. AD Fig. 10.56312 Structural Mechanics 15x ABcos60° 15c0s60° (BD = AB cos 60° and AD = AB sin 60°] ‘ABsin 60° sin 60° A 15x0. a eS ‘1 a 0.866 = 866KN (Tensile) AN ® Consider right hand portion of section 2-2 rN XM, = 0 1X Fo, x AB = 5x5 ! 2 2% . i _ BAe SKN 25 Fos, = 5x05 710KN (Comp.) Fig. 10.57 [Link]. Member Magnitude of force | Nature L AB 17.32 KN Compressive 2. BC 8.66 KN Tensile | 3. AC 10.66 KN Compressive EXAMPLE 10.8. Cantilever truss is loaded as shown in the Fig. 10.58. Find the force in member AB. Fig. 10.58 Solution: Take a section (1) - (1) passing through sides AB and BD as shown in fig: 10.58. . od Consider right hand portion of section 1-1 ee Fypx4= 5x345x9 Fy,x4= 60 60 Fig. 10.59 Fap= “ =15KN (Tensile) 5KN 5KN EXAMPLE 10.9. Determine the forces in the m a 2m 2m AE, BE and BC of the loaded truss shown in iene a 10.60. ; ao Solution: Take a section 1-1 and consider the right hand portion of section 1-1 IM, 7 c Fig. 10.60Analysis of Trusses 313 Fapx 3= 5x245x4 Fag x3= 30 Fag = 10 KN (Tensile) XMc= 0 Fog * CF —Fypx EC+5x2=0 Fyg* CE sin Z CEF-10x3+10=0 Fog * 3 x sin 33.69 - 20 = 0 20 Fee= === BE~ 3sin33.69 = 12.01 KN (Compressive) IM, = 0 Fyo x 3+5x2= 0 -10 Fyc= —3 =~ 3.33 KN = 3.33 KN (Compressive) Foc © Fig. 10.62 [Link]. Member | __ Magnitude of force ‘Nature , oo. Fyre | 10 KN Tensile {2 Fee | 12.01 KN Comp. [3 Fpc | 3.33 KN Comp. EXAMPLE 10.10. Find the forces in the members AE, EC and CD of the loaded truss shown in Fig. 10.63 F Tl Oc rea 20 KN Fig. 10.63 Solution: Let Ry and Rg be the reaction at A and B respectively Ry +Rp= 20KN 0 Ry x 6= 20%4 Ry= @ 213.83 KN Putting the value of Rg in @, we get 13.33 +Rp— 20 n . Ry = 6.67KN Ra . Pe tan 2 BAC= 2 =1= tangs" 20KN @ Fig. 10.64Structural Mechanics 314 ZEAC = 45° tan ZFBD = © =15=tan56.31° ‘ ZFBD = 56.31° ‘Take section 1-1 and consider the left hand portion of the section 1-1 iM, = 0 Fae 7! Fop x 2= 13.33 x2 Fop= 1333KN (Tensile) Keo -s =M,= 0 t os Fopx2= 20x2 tase Kn 20 KN Fog = 20KN (Tensile) rig. 18s TMg= 0 Fag x sin 45° = 13.33 x2 “Me = Be ve = 18.85 KN (Compressive) sin EXAMPLE 10.11. Determine the force in the members marked 1,2,3,4 of the loaded cantilever truss as shown in Fig. 10.66. Solution: Take section 1-1 and consider right hand Mo = 0 (Fig. 10.68) w Fyp* AF + > x AF= Wx ingor. Fap *L sin 60° + > x L sin 60° = WL Ww Fp x 0.866 + > 0.866 = Ww Fup f, ‘AD In AAFB (Fig. 10.68) AF AB AF Fig. 10.66 W088 _0.567 0.866 0.866 0.65 W. (Tensile) sin 60° AB sin 60° = sin 60° Portion of 1-1. (Fig. 10.68) Fig. 10.67 @Analysis of Trusses [] 315 FB ap = °8 60° FB = AB cos 60° = L x EM, = 0 (Fig. 10.68) Fy x AF + Wx BF = 0 Frc x L sin 60° + W x Fig.10.68 = Ww Fyq x 0.866 = - > -w : Fyo= 7qgg 77057 = 0.57 W (Compressive) InAAHB BH. an ap = 8 60 BH = Lsin60° = Lxsin 60° Ww - x AF +> x AF Fag * BH = Fay AF +> x A in 60° +e x Dein 60° Fag x L sin 60° = 0.65 Wx L sin 60° + “> x L sin 60 Ww Fac 0.65 W+ > = 0.65 W+0.5 W 1.15 W (Compressive) Consider right hand portion of section 2-2 =F,= 0 Fig. 10.69 F,, sin 60° = 1.15 Wsin 60° AP” Rag = 1.15 WKN (Tensile) EXAMPLE 10.12. Find the forces in the members DE, DC and AC respectively in the roof truss as shown in the Fig. 10.70. 100 KN Fig. 10.70 Solution: EFy=0 : Ra+Rpy= 50 +100 + 100 + 100 +50 = 400 KN wali)‘Structural Mechanics 100 KN —6m Fig. 10.71 =M,=0 Ry x6= 50x 6+ 100 x (3 + 1.5) + 100 x 3+ 100 x 1.5 = 300 + 450 + 300 + 150 = 1200 kN 1200 A= —g = 200 KN Putting the value of R, in (i), we get 200+Ry= 400 Ry= 200KN Take a section @-@ and consider right portion of @- IMo= as shown in fig. 10.72. E 100 x 1.5450 «3 YOOKN 4, 0-7 150 + 150 = 300 300 Fog = Tg = 200 KN (Tensile) In AAEC EC 7G = 19030" 1 Fig. 10.72 EC= ACtan30°=3% 75 = Jgm : In AEHC CH Gp = sin 60° CH= Ssingor = BB 22 my =15 Mp =0 Fac x DG +50 x 1.5 = 200x 1.5 Fac * 1.5 tan 30° +75 = 300 1 Fycx 15x WB 225, 3 Fac = —[5~ = 259.8KN (Tensile) Fpyc x Ad = 100 x 1.5 Foc x 3 sin 30° = 150Analysis of Trusses em 2x 1.5 = 150 150 Dc = 5 = 100 KN (Compressive) LE 10.13. Fi ‘ MPLE * Find the forces in the members AC, BC and BD of the truss shown in Fig. 10.73. Solution: Take section 1-1 and consider right portion of 1-1 IMc=0 Fpypx CD = 8x15 Ppp x3= 8x15 8x15 a, Fyp= —g =4KN(Tensile) A loc EM,=0 1 FycX 8= 8x45 3m 8x4.5 Fyc= —g = 12 KN (Tensile) Bye oP E In BCD pam tm ON tan 45° Fig. 10.73 Fac c Fea 3 o FD = 358in45°= jp = 212m SS E Fao D ™Mp ae ° 8KN Fog x FD +8 x 1.5= Fac 8 - Fp x 2.12 + 12 = 12%8 ae ao Fog * 2-12 36-12=24 ig. 10.7 . Fos= 11.32 KN (Compressive) Alternate ZF y=0 Fog sin 45° = Fop= pa ~ 82 = 1152 KN Compressive) EXAMPLE 10.14. Find the forces in the members CD, CF and GF of a truss loaded as shown in Fig. 10-75. E 8KN Fig. 10.75Structural Mechanics 318 jum of right portion of the truss (fig. 10.77) Solution: Take setion 1 Land consider the equilibr ‘Taking moment about Fey «2 ban 30 ® Foy = = 13.86 KN (Tensile) ° @ Fig. 10.76. (a) ‘Taking moment about C, i.e. Pop 4 sin 30° = 8x4 Fi Ce a 1 Pope 4x 5 = 8x4 8x4 Fop= —3~ = 16 KN (comp) For 7 jy 10.10_GRAPHICAL METHOD Fig. 10.76. (b)SUMMARY 1. A frame is a structure made up of several members connected to each other. 2. A perfect frame is a frame in which number of members is just sufficient to keep it in equilibrium under any external force acting at its joints. For a perfect frame, n=2J-3 where n = number of members J = Number of joints . An imperfect frame is one which does not satisfy the equation n = 2 J— 3. |. The frame in which number of members (n) is less than (2 J — 3), is called a deficient frame. . The frame in which number of members (n) is more than (2 -J— 3) is known as redundant frame. . In roller supports, the reactions are always normal to base of the roller. . In hinged supports, reactions at supports depend upon the type of loading. 8. Analysis of a frame consists of the following: (i) Determination of reactions at supports. (ii) Determination of forces in the members of the frame. 9. The forces in the members are determined by the following methods: (i) Method of joints (method of resolution) (ii) Method of section (method of moments) (iii) Graphical method. oe xno©) Analysis of Trusses [-) 327 10. Method of joints is suitable when forces j ML Mato tees ee es in all the members are to be determined. < : orces in few members are to be determined. 12, Graphical method is used when number of members in a truss is more. 18. The following steps are followed in graphical method: (i) Drawing a space diagram : (ii) Drawing a vector diagram (iii) Preparing a force table. 14, Bows notations are used to name various members of a truss in graphical method. 15. A force in a member is compressive if the arrow head points towards the joint and is tensile if arrow head points away from the joint. OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS Fill in the blanks : 1, The frame which satisfies equation n = 2.J— 3 is known as ... frame. ‘The frame in which number of members is less than 2J — 3 is known as The frame in which number of members is more than (2J - 3) is known as ... 2. . frame. 3. 4, The member which is subjected to tension is called.. 5. 6. cA . frame. ‘The member which is subjected to compression is known as... Ina frame, each joint is said a ‘The reaction on a roller support is, 8, Method of .. 9, Graphical method is, to the roller base. is mostly used when the forces in few members are to be determined. .. accurate than analytical method. Answers 1. perfect 2. deficient 3. redundant 4. tie 5. strut 6. node 7. normal 8. section 9. less THEORETICAL QUESTIONS 1. What do you mean by deficient frame and redundant frame? 2. Define the following: (@) Perfect frame (b) Imperfect frame (c) Deficient frame (d) Redundant frame 3. What are the assumptions made in finding out the forces in numbers of a frame? 4, Name the analytical method which are used for finding out the forces in the members of a truss. 5. Write the steps involved in finding out the forces in member of a truss by method of joints NUMERICALS 1. Asimply supported truss of 4 m span is loaded as shown in Fig. 10,101, Find the forces in the members of truss.328 1 Structural Mechanics [1 20 KN 40 KN SKN Cc . ae Ne Le : 4m. Fig. 10.101 Fig. 10.102 (yg = 2.5 KN (comp). Fag = 4.33 KN (comp); Fag = 2.16 KN (Tensile)) 2, Find the forces in all the member of a truss shown in Fig. 10.102 (Fyp = 2887 (comp,); Fac = 14.44 KN (tensile); Fro = 5.77 (tensile); Fpg = 17.82 (comp,); 88 (tensile); Fog = 20.21 KN (tensile) Fg = 40.41 KN (comp)) For 3. Find the forces in the members of a truss shown in Fig 10.103 Ags 60° NB 1000 N Fig. 10.103 Fig. 10.104 (Fag = 10 KN (comp); Fap = 24 KN (Tensile); Fac = 30 KN (comp); Fyp = 24 KN (Tensile) Fy¢ = 24 KN (Tensile)) 4, Find the force in all the members of the truss shown in Fig. 10.104 [Fg¢ = 1154.7 KN (Tensile); F'4g = 577.3 N (comp); | Fc = 1154.7 N (comp); Fp = 1154.6 N (Tensile)] 5. Determine the forces in the various members of the truss shown in Fig. 10.105 4900 N A B Cc 3m D 3m Fig. 10.105 oe aKN 6 ae (Egg = 12000 N (comp); Fye= 6000 JZ N (Tensile); F,y.= 4000 N (Comp); Fyg = 8000 N (Com? Fp = 8000 N (Comp); Fpg = 12000 n (comp) Fp = 4000 N (Comp); Fgp= 6000/3 N (rensile)) 6. Find the forces in oll the members of the truss shown in Fig, 10.106, “ (Fen = 6 KN (comp); Fag = 2 a ’s Fyo = 2/2 KN(Tensile); Feo _ Fpp = 2 KN (comp); Fxg = 2 KN (Tensile); Fy, = 4 JZ KN (Tensile) Fxg™ 2 2 KN (com? 0) aAnalysis of Trusses [”) 329 1, Find the force in all the members of a truss shown in Fig, 10.107 i ; 30 KN Fig. 10.108 (Fg = 62.32 KN (comp); Fgp = 35.98 KN Fc = 2.32 kN (Tensile); Fup = 35.98 (Tensile); Fg = 55.98 (Tensile)) Fig. 10.107 8, Find the forces in the member of a truss shown in Fig. 10.108. (Fyp = 1.67 KN (comp); Figg 1 KN (comp); Fyc .33 KN (Tensile); .33 KN (Tensile); Fep Fy, = 0.83 KN (Tensile); Fpp = 2.5 KN (comp.)) 9. Find the forces in the members DC, AC and AB of the truss shown in Fig. 10.109. 6KN 1KN 2KN 4m { em | Fig. 10.110 Fig. 10.109 Fc = 0.5 KN (comp); Fy, = 1.01 KN (Tensile) 10. Find the forces in the member ED, CD and BC of the truss shown in Fig. 10.110 (Fgp = 9.75 KN (comp)] ep = 7.79 KN (comp) 12.84 KN (Tensile) oo00g