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SCTOL

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nidhi
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Senet Ya Lavon ncn} 1S Contant ins aenble st Scinnestnert Science of the Total Environment LSEVIER il Novi Severe haze events in the Indo-Gangetic Plain during post-monsoon: Synergetic effect of synoptic meteorology and crop residue burning emission Sonal Kumari, Nidhi Verma, Anita Lakhani, K/ Maharaj Kumari * nrwrrey Ch Fond of Scwnce Desh Henin sti ech A 5110 ae areHticaTs GEAPHICAL ABSTRACT Anas ily (NA 30) 5 crv fr 20 Ta + ay ray gates ane yg "ancora gs De «Sent eters sony lage sytuerpiste roe, sigh eter toey foe, ‘conlay aco fone ARTICLE INFO ausTRACT aaa ee er ed Roel Seer a ng periant has camesed « serine erdacsem in atemenpiacre wexchility and chenocated at quality. Te parse ately ‘Smet el ae any at meant urenigne thet cr canaet pe nhs 207 ceed oes ce feet inant hep ey caer he thea ach pa Mwy tarulate qeattie with acrentpreamac diameter <25 jan} comcenteanaees amd Air Quality foctex (MIR) a eww sere etki {fon al Dt) atta ceil Cr Ra (OEP alone ass aay Co mt ae ey vr 7 eran pea) en iy aed Pip er warty ders 1) scan werd fle ates 22 stato a ates ttre = 15 Pe a sigue na cemae e M coNee SI A, teme faa ewer (7-[A oy) Camper norma acts somethin Last Play (NWA) wre b> ae served share eno Spot wealle clams uf FoF este was yee ese and weal a ro. “Tonia showed i-pecsie syste aa low wis i WP Fama sagan confer enn as event. etm aetny ‘Adc atulpes chiara pela wad ue eas atl eat Agra Kn (0) casa ‘eum (CE salou side (50, i trae nes (ND,) sicwel Hees camer dirs rat aivag wet lower temperature. lw wind speed and logh elatiar rpelgy. Avera ni compote slic ier comedit(-RAE) C1 Py SEL aa NHL A onli atin Set of ncn hag han een, © (Seve RA pn oer + ean atx, eas nae gn Meet MLW thneoialinstean cn 1809 Easieaitemnteriinaeaen ‘tum Vere A edi eit 1 tosroduction ‘suse i the atcumiultion of dist smoke and other sols panies suspended in the am feading i reoced horizontal wisbty (es tan 10 km) and detrimental effects on aman heat (Can etal. 2115) Dum jest-tmnisoor eas, taze events ate served I the hide ‘Cangete Pin | 1G ening with crop res burns and fowtem, perce conditions (Savane al, 2012: Ravine etal, 2000). inte pas few decades 16M tas goer thigh raplt ecanoric grea Feifting in igh concentrations of olan inthe tipospbere. In a. Aticn, the topography of IGP kala laorabie forthe sceuiistion of pofistants(Baarinath et 32008), All these facrors lad mo freauemt ‘and persemt hay an fogey ay, (Cautatn 2084), Cae sock exe faze event wat observed In JCP daufng eae) Now af 2077. Dung le period, the ai qutlty was <0 poor that mez aldtines canceled ther Fgh to New eth schots were auctor many dys andthe situate ‘yon desctbed as agus chamber”, Astuny by Cttikonds al Goet (2013) has reported that exposate to PA, (paticatate mates with aereaynaiic diaheter £25 um) ahd PM (pimicaite tater with aemdramic damerer-¢ 10 jem) cause sary TORN 18000 presrane ‘eaths are 6 ellion astm eras per yar in Del, Therefore, der ‘tanuing sanrres flarmution mechanises and evolutian processes of ze pollution ate tmpartant for desgiing coat riessutes atid assessing ts heath and cimare impacts laze accurrence i elated to high readve humiiey (I): high pvt. enocsntation de rs heal emniscaas of eesionaltraegoe’ las wind speed and boundaty layer height favering stagmant conditions (tan ef 2018). Many ses an te haze events Te been under Taken i IGP (ets et al. 2008: Sibkina ee al. 2015, Sawtani et al. 2015; Thomas et aL 2018; Kanawatle etal. 2020: Nulrjee eal 2000; Ojta etal 2020; Ravinia ee al 2020) Thomas et ab. (2013) = Ported the severity of haze pofluian in tndia an fond an increase tn the surtibee aay dys at the rate of -25 days pet year over Cental India and 1.7 daysyyear dver the IGP duting Nov-feb moms tb 2047-2017 Astuy coneesning the 2016 Defi ha eve use applied ‘arhon trarershas indicated stat cop tesidue amg war pronarly re spree Fo he phar event (Salant al, 2019) Ranawade ee al (C320) sabes the sancw vest olverved it New Delhi durin, 12 Ne 2016 ast PM. concentrations. ers) optical depth (ACD) and syn pie meteorsogy. hon eal 19} found thee Large sale agi ‘tal rae Nortowest nd Gatyetic lan (NWACP) amtrin=s to severe haze pollution in New Delhi. with an tnerease i ick easton ‘concentrations by ~42% tring post-morsoan and winter sexs Crop residye burning amibutes 7-73 f te mezcimum observed PR. en, hhanceminitsi¢ Deli crn post monsagn cease (Ciswrth et al, 2018}, Maher eal (224) analyzed contibutons of difereartem ora) and secrua emissions to the 20 pext-mnotsour poutan ep ‘ode over Ded) ang a chemical transjort model. The radings ofthe shy incieate that actosls produced the jes bu rap fri atthe NW. GP-canriited more than M6 a he oa sie ‘surface concertration dung the shy period. To avpid the vere ie pollution condisians yo 16 dering pow ‘intsoon seasit. the zuvernvene of indis hes taken actions to reduce vehiculdremisioes. The plementation of a odd-even scheme fr ve: ‘colar traffic amin to reduce fsersions in Det was neat tn 2018 which showed ne simificant reducnon i emission eres (stems etal 2017), Despite thee mesanee fequeat haze evenke ate obsetved in IGP Which Hive bee linked to itagnant atmospheric ‘consis (Reramact-c at.2028), ‘No sty yet has meniiored the-concenttatans of priate mater (OM) over diferent regions OIG and the synoqric meteaxalogs over ‘the entte IGP durin haze event This study ae wo adress thi ap ‘by osalyang the PM. and PM, comeesrations over 2 stanons in 32 shies of 1G during 3 hase event otservest daring, 7-14 Naw 2017.A de tailed deseripton of chaps in symmprie Meteormioey dung the haze event. qNer the ACP also reported. Trace gases, aetizol sonic See ft atl deme (AN) 17 ‘composition, local mefearnlogy and backward erajneeory analysis at Agaacty in cratraliGP (CGT) awa discuised toeeptnn te era ‘ini thine and souree Mention 2 Methodology 2 Sty ares 1h the present study, the KGP was assed bara three region: Norther AGP (NIGH). Central ICP (CCP) and Basnenn SGP (EG). tn NIGP four cites (Amritsar, Ludhiana, Mund and Rone) sted 1 Vunjab asd ttanana were monitored (Fie 1). far OGP fanezhad. (Giteram, Noida Delhi znd Agra cles were montore th 3GP Vara aL Lucho 2nd Micaftarpr uate in Uttar ead aa Har were monitored. Decale’ infermation abot theveair quality imanltor- Ing ations tegen Table S} nthe preseat stay, Aga sued bn the CGP was coteiered a1 the principal menitat ite. In Agta ait qualky manitoring was conducts 2 2 ccburhan ste Dayathagh Eas ‘otal Insite (27.16°N. 78.08" F). Azra his 3 emai ciate ad Hs surrounded by the Thar Desert on two: third os penntery. Thesam. tag sitet connected to the man city thitegl ane maj road on Wwhict bean 10" vehicles passin day. the vicinity of the say site _pricultutl prattices and vegetation predocnates The industrial ana urban ates taint km ut thesnody sie. The mae tncistil ac tiniest Ferrous anid nn ferrous metal casting bbe processing. tanneries lie exidition and. pulverisation, engineering works iemicat und beck ite: Apart Nhe Hal soarces the Mtr ll t= tineay and New Dei are stated in ie tOW direc ofthe ke while Firezahod plas tedisiies are situsted in the east dltection (Wars af, 2020) 22 Mensaremests: ‘Thi how ean eonmmatrations of wenn, anlyeer: Made 8, ‘hesmg Fister Slew fae MAC USA),aogen exes (ND, anaiyaer ‘Movel 42, Thermo Fishes Sennfic inc MA. USA) and carbon mona. fd (CO analynr: Mode T300, Fekete Advanced Politi stm tatin [Link]) i tajahih fication Inemie, Agra wee receded using continaoeslyepetating ace sasantlyzzes dog |~30 Naw 2017. ero aod span calibration of anaiyrrs was dos on wey basting. ‘ew ai semerator, hak as catrator (Model 700. Teledyne Aa ‘anced Feliioninsrumentazon, CA, USA) and NIST (Nao nse of Stanitans and Technology) certiedstanshnts f Cand NO (nitric ‘mode 49 pm connentraion) Meteorol paramotersviz temper sue CT). relatwe huniey (Rl), sla aaton (SR) and wind speed (WS) wee recede at vie samnling site using Atumatc Went Sea. ‘Hoo fats Logeer (Mode! WREX71, Enviutectastrumments Pe Ld {nia 2 one-hour inueval (Humari et a_ 201%: Verma er al_2018), ‘The hort meat ta for $0, nd PM, for Agra wer obtained roe {inet air quiity monitoring statin sepulied by Central Polatinn ‘Contal Band (CPCB), ‘Some representative Ms samples wre cect af tayalbagh, ‘Agrausing Fie Partcuate Sines ( del APM SSA, Entrogech tear Inents PU Lad ta) operat at 3 eottane ow oF 166 Le” FOF 224 pre-e $2 rn quate er ers (Palen Tagua), Warer-solatesome(F C1 NO, SOE Na? ty (Go) were analyanl by on cnamareppy (Mal 1 1100, Thermo Finer Seientic Ine. MA: USA) (lodratle system) conmolled by Chrometeon saftware The dexaled roche i diseased in Veer etal (20i73, ERA ineriny reanalysis date Vere ws fo determine planetary ‘Noaneary ayes CPR) helt and vertical varinion Cyulies at dierent aleudes ia at 210, 400, 600, 890, 1000, 1200, 1400. 1600. 1800, 42000 py above the nace leet} af ommpeearne teas hurity ad Wwind speed over Aste. The Cutypean Centre foi Mese-Ranige ‘Wenn Forecasts (ECM) ERA esi reanaiyts provides OBS ‘tum Vere A edi eit each ttn ei be pre i atmospheric parameters covering the time pera rn 179 tu present ‘with one-hour temporal resolution, —31 kin spatial resolution [0.35" 0.25") and 137 vertical pressure levels with 3 tap-leved at ‘Othe (Deeet aL 2011 The hourly mean data of PMs an PM foe Amatsar Letham, Mandi ota. Fartabad, Conagzam, Noida they, Vrs, Lacknor ad Mucftarpr Were a quled fom national ub qualty haniaring ‘atl opera by CRC. ‘ir Quali tex (AQ) 2 wumerial iekex ued in aia the quay fle vl grey tha sages detect ai ea, ty. An ANG value below 100 lehicates rut the alr quality in r=zon satisiciay. ln the puezent stay. AON glues wee deriva fiom 24 b mean Mis concersraton following the USEPA sacar formula for ‘Ags aid eth (USA 2003), ‘lly mean visty aad estve un dara Wen tie one shorn he Weather Undergroind Webs (ps jwvew wun. comtistery) ral stes{ Arts Linas, Mond Roa Farsi ‘Garugzam, Words, ara, eth Varuna, eSnany ant Mizar) Ine wintifation of synoptic weather syne fhe (3 di: log hase event popotestal [Link] wind ata 2 700 Pa were eo sores. fs the atmospheric arcsaion tests fom the exopereneil Jett raster heal enclaton in the Ler topohere et Japa featuee the 700 bea propotental hittin (Gang etal 2010), The mettorooal dita wote test Fon the NCEP-NCAR reanalysts (25° 25). The synoptic weather oytems on diferent ‘ays were explained bythe rete apd by Ss eta. 2017} “the wets! prafleof ptt verily (pind Ave rane [MALOYSME sts 34_asm cp) were ken Eom MERKA (Movet-tr2 + anal for esearch and Aplctian) version 3.20 data ‘surat ste (1-25» 2S" wl sytem at Phe ikea 221 Satie analysis ‘The:jndependeat samples feat was appli po diferent: the en concentrations of pollstaran durin haze event wih te stay pe ‘id aS ennfience fterval using SPSS 160 saltware_f-Tet ke atype ‘of statistial test tht seed to compte the wears of reo Independent samples. If the two sample means are diftesent from-each other (p= 005), te the ppulaton emcans re declared tbs seatisatly {Sdtérent. Melire: perforate statistical analy: the wile dit set was cocked Jee normalky ane bomagenety (Kim 2015). 222 Rackwurdaajetoryamnisis “Tet backwand air tas tajectores generated 23 10m 2 (shove ‘ground leet), SOD mt 298 ani 1000 me a at Azra were clustered wsing, Geogssphica! inormabun System (GIS) based Trajstat State to de ‘esmine the predominaittranspan pathway durin the sty period. CCDAS archive derived frum tte NCEP ghbaf dara assimation system (OS! = 15°) were sted for extracting metzoroliical Input tes for te endl 227, Poteal source conaritutan fenction orential Souree Contritution Functian (PSCE) analysis was ‘attiod out (o find the possible pita () a0 Band 11 Nov (AAS, 2009). 4 decrease in dally meyn temperature (lowest dally mean termpératire observed was 258 4 4 °C) aiid ‘wind. speed (lowest daily mem wind speed steered 20 = (14 as) wile an crease in day mean Hl (highest dally mean Rl ‘biservest 792 + 195) was served daring the zn event (able SI) “The highest coscentrations of CO and Oy clades with he lowest ‘value of PBL Reughe on 11 New (daly mean PRL 368.1 481m) [Fig 8d) which favored the sccummutatin of pollstanss by restricting their wertiea dsperant Rextbetian in sar eadanom testy (eae? daily mean SR1121 4. 1105 W in-*) wasaiso observed during the haze cveat howere; a sudden increase in solar radiation as obaerved (on 11 Now (207 13 W m=} wich was associated with am ingens (50, conceamatinn Wve 1 photochemical Hamat oO, 342 Aero tami competion ‘During thw hize event, major fae Jt PMs Were SOG (425 3 Siva "LNO, 248+ Boye"). (274 + 62 em) ahd NI (8.1 + 19 yq.m_°) conérbucng weary 841 ofthe teal salute fons (Fig 7), Eales stalies have also reported high coneestratans ef SOF NO, Cl and NIJ during the haze ever (Ram et al. 2012. Huang et, 2014) an crease of about 42,54 35,22, 18,17, 12 and 1.5 times the nee faze pend mean valve was obverved in thezn fentrations of NOs. 50% CE. NGF Mg? Cie anid x”. reper tively the jpcreace Is the caasentrti of >; ana SOE dlcrg the hhuze event was much lijther tha NI. As these species [NO and 30%} repre=nt major amonic specie tenes, arosot> bexrme mor ‘soe dig the hase event, In ito, the ratio of ain equinalent ‘and citien equivalent was preater than ane Whiehr aD supports the ache ature of gems 241 Verte nl of iemoralt params “The variation of temperatueecelitive humidity und boeimoral wind of iferearaltkades were analyzed using ERJ interim dts (Fig). The foraatieg andl ewateti of xe peilution ate eset relied to the they ‘nulinverdon ayer 2 iseabifies the attnspésee ly inbibiting he wer ‘ical movement of and taveetng for the actmuition of pelutanes (1, etal, 2018). lithe present study, temperanuie Inversion was observed ot he hess pf 1550 mfom3 Nov 106 Now thea ons Nov (beta $300 m) ane fromm 1Ot0 11 Mov (below HOO m heist) WS Was cone teeny Low (les than 25 rm-§ ') below 800 while RU heres 10 35.0 (below 150 rv} during the Iizve event. The variation of PBL esse showed thatthere was a sirht reduction i the pesk value of PIL ejght from 5 Nav (highest PUL-observcd- 18224 m) te 6 Nov (highest PAL otsserret- 17205 mi) however it agin merexsed on 9 [Nov (Ighiest PL observed 1876.2 tn) which tavured vertca iletion Of aif The hortzontal dspersion of plants near 1000 hia was weak (iiing 6-9 Noy due to law WS (25 1n 5"). After Now, there was 2 {lf In peak POL Nels and the tiaimiurn value was observed en 14 Nov (Pil. ciserved- 1636.1 m) which comrespands to bigh pollutants ‘conceptions After 13 Nov, there wasa ise in peak PUL which favored ew djretsio of pata. 344 Re of aires ant PF anats ‘The roe of wind direction pofutaits coneeatistionswas ans lyzed using 72 hout backward sir mass trajectaries at 100 m ant, 5300 magna 1000 mag) (Fig 8) nS Now, airruesses came mL the eastem dliectian wiile during 7-12 Wav air masses were pre dominantly from the ott west directa a all altudes Dering 7-12 Non. 25 tre horspats were observed over NWACP however, ‘maxima te: korspats were observed Guriog 4-5 Now (111) {fig $4). On 13 Nav, trajectories were localised and filfowedt 3 Joop like pattern, tcalines traectoties surest that the sity site ‘was intlvenced by iat souices rather tan Une lang-cange ans ort During {4-15 Nov eajectories came from south easter Tgjon C10) and’ 508 m gh wile at 1000 nog wajestarics arrest roe Wwowern imgion. The pattern of tackwatd trajectories daring the haze event confirina that the high cobeentratans of pollutants vere dust lng: sange traospoct of polluants homonen Burning of crop readues observed it RW GP. addition, stagnant Weather ‘sultans fava for ese in pollatants eancentratiens during the hnazeevere. (Baring the haze evert, the pote] segs conerbutin tn Bish cencentfstansof ©, CD aul Mz, were Werf ang WISE aaaly 1s (fi 5). Feith Vales of WSC (> 05), wet observed in te NW AGP wich suggests a potential seutee of , was emession it ‘tum Vere A edi eit Ai hi anti 0 ah See ft atl deme (AN) 17 ‘och yaa 800 Te ane tear Mov her ae (e870 Soue cai Sa ees Nf 9h ai Od Se, preaiteoie of 0, (COL VOCé) frown oper burrine ef crap eerie Sin. laity, WPSCF maps ot C3 and PNG, also showed! high values (>09) ‘over NWAIGP. i action, high values for CO wese also Observed ear ‘the sry ste saggestng Jocaleed nutes fC). 4. Canctesions a he pesca sever hae Se observes ning 7-14 Now 2417 in he fndo-Cangc Hain was vestigated These severe haze veers exe ss tently rng pt motion seta he € isn of ean fm je ning ap resem NW CP. ficient:formaton of secontary aerasos ant stablesynnptic conditions, ‘wath re one af mae synapie condoms trees and pracy 7 hstants aertnulate resulting ia resonal ai pollution, ff the stable aut ‘rool Conds ts ang enol PM incerta res and asa comequence. salar radiation rectuces, This inhibits floctaation in the Sarfice remperane, resting (nthe semperatre ress. Mean Gehl ur high i, beter arin meted with the Seren agicor pase pay imprtat ole Thi teats athe pid tai po seneay aero epecay sis aed athe frp PM. potas Pathe, She accumula af arrose ‘fines with the development of law peesuare system ize event ‘bared in Now 2017 alo conc withthe carte of tables (ont mezomlogalenedtions sd cron reside burr vies Io ‘NWR. Thsthe tae events nerve I cam be eared a ‘rete fies roth inteactons beter antes emis fn amagptene proceses (Rest authorship contribution statement Sonal Kumnad caus compan, aatysts and munusci wey ‘Muni Verma dita compilation 2nd mane wt ‘ata Lahhat — review, eign thal ier of araeicrip 3X. Mahara) Kermani — planning of mimicript with Sonal Rema, ‘inal approval. fonding acpuisinon. ‘Decaratian of competing interest ‘Thi authors dice na conte of terest, Adwowledzement “Tie aithory are thai to the Dlinernt, Oayabgh eatin notin, asa and the Hed Department Chemay, the necesaty fe The authors actully ace Me Onan supp fo chs ork which was provides! SRO-CBP nade ATCTM pect. Appendix A Sopptementary dats ‘Supplementary ta te thivarscie canbe feond antine attire, 10 10g cote 2028573, References aay CVS. Rha, AR Pea, 2 eof en tiene vide knobs oe Alba Ses lag ee Oa Stumm A ei eit vl rng Teast gona RI ae ee soma mg ‘rt es ental cere 2 Sitecrem enter oes meena ‘Wg sas Patt A, Catt act CS ala SE Ratha A was Sey pea a eran tint Een sayeth. nan Se lcm i rt esate sete heme oc ee vo SSR ht mete Seto e nme se ant, ‘tL ey iii ALP ail: AL oe porter he ceo prance sian a aon nF ‘rvwaneesttemce ema 4) ONT then tne aaa Al Ae F-PPtoage = Ne ‘hdeaonda MA. fbr ©, ta? F701 tw eh areal 2 rgd pce das evra ee x Caer Crna Sem i Si Pa Si feat wigs wanes ns sn we 2a ha Iga anu s8 1a ange A304 Oa ay at ite orien ant maby {See a ang Mae» a pec Reig Oe ‘ag Sy cle Chae i Cone Sa (ong te at 5, Tay. and eg KB Lac WI "tie LA 291 tution wets eal vay of ea Wit ctesu ecu igh frau ti er ann igs seat Aoetates 119 07) (LE wong ae XC omg COA. 2 Tenge a "ids fa ail gi theca FAL 9 ig yp, Mitte abit (Gassoenais HL mas Sem ne epic Sct Cay a Pp tte (a neh lar CH ia Mies rs, Mae, iy. Det “Aira atc) Eason 7 SOE fae AHO fe pes ea em eign Ta Sane ACT Tie (odustonent dig fos arresting et a eat se Shgaieatns asset oe She Aa at cervaon Lowe ly salle ne mouaret fx pay Yo Chenango " ee of halen AN) 17 og em 3 a Wag We LA mg Ta Fe ‘Det ier anatase as ft ea ree ‘Cinna pi i ay a Ppa A, us a tn at mei ite Su = saber a a ees een ns an ee cn ene gia ce ete rte Sine ah ein fa inert sa me pia oe Helly 8 (3) ss sua oat en ly Sal A ene un nd man (Gu Sar Aa A a An Yh Aig A A, (i 3 Gt en ae ee aun Snare te me mH ‘te tS AM, ae A Neng 2012 Cats al ey Soe e rt ie “stom ipo cen . ee Wa nastiioendtary arent tte Attn Kee Ft ope a dip oe "tsi eset WHEY Tt ‘i “Sinatra 3 0 Mas igen Seisyrromnnene ncaa cononran rs nara Se dat dc in i ai "Santor yang say ede ye 0 iit fore Sees vend sit ttn A ie 821 ii ie ne each has ire anon eee mo temee hear oe inlA ato tA a at es ‘gs isan i a en sepa i Cone Ata 9): 2 Pa ty Serie ia teu tnjag sone eso ‘Toe 2

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