HW2-5 .

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HW2 Solution (ECE 128A)

1. A 2-wire d.c. distributor AB, 900 metres long is fed at A at 400 V and loads of 50 A, 100 A and 150 A
are tapped off from C, D and E which are at a distance of 200 m, 500 m and 800 m from point A
respectively. The distributor is also loaded uniformly at the rate of 0.5 A/m. If the resistance of
distributor per metre (go and return) is 0.0001 Ω, calculate voltage (i) at point B and (ii) at point D.
Hint:

Ans: This problem can be solved in two stages. First, the drop at any point due to concentrated loading is
found. To this is added the voltage drop due to uniform loading.
Drops due to concentrated loads. Fig. above shows only the concentrated loads
tapped off from the various points. The currents in the various sections are :
?𝑐 = 300? ; ? 𝑐? = 250? ; ? ?? = 150?
Drop in section ?? = ? ?? 𝑅?𝑐 = 300 × (200 × 0.0001) = 6 𝑉
Drop in section ?? = 250 × (300 × 0.0001) = 7.5 𝑉
Drop in section ?? = 150 × (300 × 0.0001) = 4.5 𝑉
Total drop over ?? = 6 + 7.5 + 4.5 = 18𝑉
Drops due to uniform loading

???2 0.5 × 0.0001 × (900) 2

Drop over ?? = = = 20.25𝑉
2 2
?2
???? ???? ?? = ? ? (? ? − )
2
Here, ? = 900?; ? = 500?
5002
∴ ???? ???? ?? = 0.5 × 0.0001 (900 × 500 − ) = 16.25 𝑉
2
(i) Voltage at point B = 𝑉? — ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????. ??? ??????? ????????
= 400 — (18 + 20.25) = 361.75 𝑉
(ii) Voltage at point D = 𝑉? — ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????. ??? ??????? ????????
= 400 — (6 + 7.5 + 16.25) = 370.25 𝑉

2. Two conductors of a d.c. distributor cable AB 1000 m long have a total resis- tance of 0·1 Ω. The
ends A and B are fed at 240 V. The cable is uniformly loaded at 0·5 A per metre length and has
concentrated loads of 120 A, 60 A, 100 A and 40 A at points distant 200 m, 400 m, 700 m and 900 m
respectively from the end A. Calculate (i) the point of minimum potential (ii) currents supplied
from ends A and B (iii) the value of minimum potential.
Soln:
𝑅?? = (0.0001)(200) = 0.02 𝑅?? = (0.0001)(200) = 0.02
𝑅?? = (0.0001)(200) = 0.02 𝑅?? = (0.0001)(100) = 0.01
𝑅?? = (0.0001)(300) = 0.03

𝑉?? = 0 = 𝑉 ?? + 𝑉 ?? + 𝑉 ?? + 𝑉 ?? + 𝑉 ??

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 Current at an arbitrary point at a distance of X from A:
AC CD DE EF FB
?? − 0.5? ?? − 120 − 0.5? ?? − 180 − 0.5? ?? − 280 − 0.5? ?? − 320 − 0.5?

Finding ?? :
200 200 200

0 = ∫ (? ? − 0.5?)??? + ∫ (? ? − 120 − 0.5?)??? + ∫ (? ? − 180 − 0.5?)???

0 0 0
200 200

+ ∫ (? ? − 280 − 0.5?)??? + ∫ (? ? − 320 − 0.5?)???

0 0
1000

??, ∫ (? ? − 0.5?)?? − 120(200) − 180(300) − 280(200) − 320(100) = 0

0

0.5(1000)2
??, ?? (1000) − = 166𝐾
2
??, ?? (1000) = 416𝐾
??, ?? = 416?

Summation of all concentrated and distributed loading:

500 + 320 = 820
820 − ?? = 404 = ? ? ?? = 404?

C D E F B

Voltage drop can be found out from the area under the curve
1 1 1
( (416 + 316)(200) + (196 + 96)(200) + (36)(72)) (0.0001)
2 2 2
= 10.36 𝑉
=> 240 − 10.36 = 229.64 𝑉 Value of minimum potential

3. A d.c. 2-wire distributor AB is 500m long and is fed at both ends at 240 V. The distributor is loaded
as shown in Fig 13.33. The resistance of the distributor (go and return) is 0·001 Ω per metre.
Calculate (i) the point of minimum voltage and (ii) the value of this voltage.
Soln:
Find IA:
Find IB:

A C D E B
LHS Current (A) 150 150 50 -10 -210
RHS Current (A) 150 50 -10 -10 -210

Draw current and voltage profiles.

Area under the current profile gives the voltage difference.

ΔV = ∫ ? ?𝑅 = ∫ ?? ?? = ? ∫ ? ??
𝑉?? = (150 × 100 + 50 × 150)? = 22.5 𝑉

4. A 2-wire d.c. ring distributor is 300 m long and is fed at 240 V at point A. At
point B, 150 m from A, a load of 120 A is taken and at C, 100 m in the opposite direction, a load of
80 A is taken. If the resistance per 100 m of single conductor is 0·03 Ω, find:
(i) current in each section of distributor
(ii) voltage at points B and C
Hint:

Ans: Resistance per 100 m of distributor

= 2 × 0.03 = 0.06 Ω
Resistance of section ??, 𝑅?? = 0.06 × 150/100 = 0.09 Ω
Resistance of section ??, 𝑅?? = 0.06 × 50/100 = 0.03 Ω
Resistance of section ??, 𝑅 ?? = 0.06 × 100/100 = 0.06 Ω
(i) Let us suppose that a current ?? flows in section AB of the distributor. Then currents in sections BC and
CA will be (?? − 120) and (?? − 200) respectively as shown in Fig. (i).
According to Kirchhoff's voltage law, the voltage drop in the closed loop ABCA is zero i.e.
??? 𝑅?? + ? ?? 𝑅?? + ? ?? 𝑅?? = 0
?? 0.09 ? ? + 0.03 (?? − 120) + 0.06 (? ? − 200) = 0
?? 0.18? ? = 15.6
∴? ? = 15.6/0.18 = 86.67 ?
The actual distribution of currents is as shown in Fig. (ii) from where it is seen that B is the point of minimum
potential.
Current in section ??, ? ?? = ?? = ??. ?? 𝑨 ???? ? ?? ?
Current in section ??, ??? = ?? — 120 = 86.67 — 120 = − 33.33 ?
= ??. ?? 𝑨 ???? ? ?? ?
Current in section ??, ??? = ?? — 200 = 86.67 — 200 = −113.33 ?
= ???. ?? 𝑨 ???? ? ?? ?
(ii) 𝑉oltage at point ?, 𝑉 ? = 𝑉? — ??? 𝑅?? = 240 — 86.67 × 0.09 = ???. ? 𝑽
Voltage at point ?, 𝑉 ? = 𝑉 ? + ? ?? 𝑅??
= 232.2 + 33.33 × 0.03 = ???. ? 𝑽
5. A 3-phase, 400V distributor AB is loaded as shown in Fig.14.8. The 3-phase
load at point C takes 5A per phase at a p.f. of 0·8 lagging. At point B, a 3-phase, 400 V induction
motor is connected which has an output of 10 H.P. with an efficiency of 90% and p.f. 0·85 lagging.
If voltage at point B is to be maintained at 400 V, what should be the voltage at point A? The
resistance and reactance of the line are 1Ω and 0·5Ω per phase per kilometre respectively.
Soln:

Ans: It is convenient to consider one phase only. Fig.14.8 shows the single line diagram of the distributor.
Impedance of section
the ??,
??, ?⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ??
distributor
?, ?𝑉
?? per==phase (1 ++ ?per
(1 ? 00 ·kilometre· 5)
5) ×× 600/1000
400/1000 = (1 + ?==0(0 · 64𝛺.
(0· ·5) 2) 𝛺
++ ?? 00 ·· 3) 𝛺
Phase voltage at point ? = 400/ √3 = 231 𝑉
Let the voltage 𝑉? at point B be taken as the reference vector.
Then, 𝑉? = 231 + ? 0
?. 𝑃.× 746
Line current at ? =
√3 × ???? ??????? × ?. ?.× ??????????
10 × 746
= = 14.08?
√3 × 400 × 0.85 × 0.9
∴ Current/phase at ?, ? 2 = 14.08 ?
Load current at ?, ? ⃗⃗⃗ 2 = 14.08(0.85 − ? 0.527) = 12 − ? 7.4
Load current at ?, ? ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 1 = 5(0.8 - ? 0.6) = 4 − ? 3
Current in section ??, ? ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ?? = ?⃗⃗ 1 + ?⃗⃗⃗ 2 = (4 − ? 3) + (12 − ? 7.4)
= 16 − ? 10.4
Current in section ??, ? ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ?? = ?⃗⃗⃗ 2 = 12 − ? 7.4
Voltage drop in ??, 𝑉 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ?? = ?⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ?? ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗? ?? = (12 − ? 7.4) (0.4 + ? 0.2)
= 6.28 − ? 0.56
Voltage drop in ??, 𝑉 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ?? = ?⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ?? ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗??? = (16 − ? 10.4) (0.6 + ? 0.3)
= 12.72 − ? 1.44
Voltage at A per phase, ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ? = 𝑉⃗⃗⃗⃗ ? + 𝑉
𝑉 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ?? + 𝑉 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ??
= (231 + ? 0) + (6.28 − ? 0.56) + (12.72 − ? 1.44)
= 250 − ? 2
Magnitude ??𝑉? /phase = √(250) 2 + (2) 2
= 250𝑉
∴ Line voltage at ? = √3 × 250 = ??? 𝑽

6. A 3-phase ring main ABCD fed at A at 11 kV supplies balanced loads of 50 A at 0.8 p.f. lagging
at B, 120 A at unity p.f. at C and 70 A at 0·866 lagging at D, the load currents being referred to
the supply voltage at A. The impedances of the various sections are:
Section AB = (1 + j 0·6) Ω; Section BC = (1·2 + j 0·9) Ω
Section CD = (0·8 + j 0·5) Ω; Section DA = (3 + j 2) Ω
Calculate the currents in various sections and station bus-bar voltages at B, C and D.
Hint:

Ans: Fig. above shows one phase of the ring main. The problem will be solved by Kirchhoff's
laws. Let current in section AB be (? + ? ?).
∴ Current in section ??, ?⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ?? = (? + ??) − 50(0.8 − ? 0.6) = (? − 40) + ?(? + 30)
Current in section ??, ? ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ?? = [(? − 40) + ?(? + 30)] − [120 + ? 0]
= (? − 160) + ? (? + 30)
Current in section ??, ? ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ?? = [(? − 160) + ?(? + 30)] − [70 (0.866 − ? 0.5)]
= (? − 220.6) + ? (? + 65)
Drop in section ?? = ? ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ?? ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗? ?? = (? + ??) (1 + ?0.6)
= (? − 0.6?) + ? (0.6? + ?)
Drop in section ?? = ? ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ?? ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗? ??
= [(? − 40) + ? (? + 30)] [(1.2 + ? 0.9)]
= (1.2? − 0.9 ? − 75) + ?(0.9? + 1.2 ?)
Drop in section ?? = ? ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ?? ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗? ??
= [(? − 160) + ? (? + 30)] [(0.8 + ? 0.5)]
= (0.8? − 0.5? − 143) + ? (0.5? + 0.8? − 56)
Drop in section ?? = ? ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ?? ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗? ??
= [(? − 220.6) + ? (? + 65)] [(3 + ? 2)]
= (3? − 2? − 791.8) + ? (2? + 3? − 246.2)
Applying Kirchhoff's voltage law to mesh ABCDA, we have,
Drop in AB + Drop in BC + Drop in CD + Drop in DA = 0
?? [(? − 0.6?) + ? (0.6? + ?)] + [(1.2? − 0.9? − 75) + ? (0.9? + 1.2?)]
+ [(0.8? − 0.5? − 143) + ? (0.5? + 0.8? − 56)]
+ [(3? − 2? − 791.8) + ? (2? + 3? − 246.2)] = 0
?? (6? − 4? − 1009.8) + ? (4? + 6? − 302.2) = 0
As the real (or active) and imaginary (or reactive) parts have to be separately zero,
∴ 6? − 4? − 1009.8 = 0
and 4? + 6? − 302.2 = 0
Solving for x and y, we have,
? = 139.7 ? ; ? = − 42.8 ?
Current in section ?? = (???. ? − 𝒋 ??. ?) 𝑨
Current in section ?? = (? − 40) + ? (? + 30)
= (139.7 − 40) + ? (− 42.8 + 30) = (??. ? − 𝒋 ??. ?) 𝑨
Current in section ?? = (? − 160) + ? (? + 30)
= (139.7 − 160) + ? (− 42.8 + 30)
= (−??. ? − 𝒋 ??. ?) 𝑨
Current in section ?? = (? − 220.6) + ? (? + 65)
= (139.7 − 220.6) + ? (− 42.8 + 65)
= (−??. ? + 𝒋 ??. ?) 𝑨
Voltage at supply end ?, 𝑉 ? = 11000/ √3 = 6351 𝑉/ phase

∴ Voltage at station
?, 𝑉 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
= 𝑉⃗⃗⃗⃗ ? − ?⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ?? ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗? ??
?
= (6351 + ? 0) − (139.7 − ? 42.8) (1 + ? 0.6)
= (????. ?? − 𝒋 ??. ??) volts/phase
?, 𝑉 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ? = ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑉? − ?⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ?? ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗? ??
Voltage at station
= (6185.62 − ? 41.02) − (99.7 − ? 12.8) (1.2 + ? 0.9)
= (????. ?? − 𝒋 ???. ??) volts/phase
? 𝑉 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ? = ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑉? − ?⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ?? ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗? ??
Voltage at station
= (6054.46 − ?115.39) − (−20.3 − ?12.8) × (0.8 + ? 0.5)