Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Moaveni

Chapter 3
Introduction to
Engineering
Design

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Learning Objectives
1. Engineering Design Process
Explain the basic steps that engineers follow to design something
and to arrive at a solution to a problem

2. Additional Design Considerations

Describe what is meant by sustainability and its role in design;
also explain the roles of engineering economics and material in
engineering design

3. Teamwork
Explain what is meant by a design team and describe the
common traits of good teams; also explain how good teams
manage conflicts

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Learning Objectives
4. Project Scheduling and the Task Chart
Describe the process that engineering managers use to
ensure that a project is completed on time and within the
allocated budget

5. Engineering Standards and Codes

Describe why we need standards and codes and give
examples of standards and codes organizations in the United
States and abroad

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Engineering Design Process

Basic Steps
1. Recognizing the need for a product or a service
2. Defining and understanding the need
3. Research and preparation
4. Conceptualization
5. Synthesis
6. Evaluation
7. Optimization
8. Presentation

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Step 1: Recognizing the need for

a product or a service

The need for a product or service could come from

 You
 Company
 Client(s)

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Step 2: Problem definition and

understanding
 The most important step in any design
process
 Before you move on to the next step,
 Make sure you understand the problem

 Make sure that the problem is well defined

 Good problem solvers are those who first

fully understand what the problem is

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Step 3: Research and preparation

 Collect useful information as much as you can

 Search to determine if a product already

exists that closely meets the need
 Consider if you can adopt or modify existing
components
 Review and organize the information collected
in a suitable manner

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Step 4: Conceptualization
 Generate ideas or concepts that could offer
reasonable solutions to your problem
 Identify the components of the system
 Analyze the merit of the developed concepts

 Evaluate alternatives (see Table 3.1, p. 55)

 Create a milestone chart

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Step 5: Synthesis
 At this point you begin to consider details
 Perform calculations
 Run computer models
 Narrow down the type of materials to be used
 Size the components of the system
 Answer questions about how the product is
going to be fabricated
 Consult pertinent codes and standards for
compliance

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Step 6: Evaluation
 Analyze the problem in more detail
 Identify critical design parameters and consider
their influence in your final design
 Make sure that all calculations are performed
correctly
 For uncertainties, perform experimental
investigation
 Identify the best solution from alternatives

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Evaluating Alternatives
 When a design is narrowed down to a few
workable concepts, evaluation of these
concepts is needed before detail design is
pursued
 Each design would have its own evaluation
criteria

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Step 7: Optimization – minimization

or maximization
 Optimization is based on some particular
criterion such as cost, strength, size, weight,
reliability, noise, or performance
 Optimizing individual components of an
engineering system does not necessarily lead
to an optimized system

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Step 8: Presentation
 Communicate your solution to your client
(e.g., your boss, coworkers, customers)
 Prepare for an oral and/or a written report

 Engineers are often required to give oral and

progress reports on regular basis to various
groups

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Civil Engineering Design Process

 Civil engineering design process is slightly
different from other engineering disciplines
 Civil engineering is concerned with providing
public infrastructures and services such as
the design and construction of
• Buildings • Roads and highways
• Bridges • Dams
• Tunnels • Mass transit systems
• Airports • Water supply systems
• Sewage systems

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Civil Engineering Design Process

 Civil Engineers must follow specific
procedures, regulations, and standards that
are established by local, state, and federal
agencies
(e.g.) Design procedures for a bridge will be
different than for a building or a mass
transit system

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Design Process for Buildings

1. Recognizing the need for a building
(Step 1: recognizing the need for a product or a service)

2. Define the usage of the building

(Step 2: problem definition and understanding)

3. Project planning
(Step 3: research and preparation)

4. Schematic design phase

(Steps 4 & 8: conceptualization and presentation)

5. Design development phase

(Steps 5, 6, & 8: synthesis, evaluation, and presentation)

6. Construction documentation phase

(Steps 5 & 7: synthesis and optimization)

7. Construction administration phase

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Step 1: Recognizing the need for

a building
Examples of the need
 Build a new elementary school or expand an existing
one to accommodate more children
 Build a new medical clinic due to an increase in
medical needs and convenience to patients
 Replace or expand a factory to increase production due
to market demand
 Build, replace, or expand a bridge due to increase in
traffic volume

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Step 1: Recognizing the need for

a building
 Private sector
 The need is usually identified by the owners of a
business or real estate
 Public sector
 The need is usually identified by others
(e.g. a school principal, a city engineer, or a district
engineer)
 The need must be approved by the
corresponding oversight body
(e.g. school board, city council, or the department of
transportation)

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Step 2: Define the usage of

the building
 The client determines types of activities that would
take place in the building
(e.g.)
 New elementary school - Principal
 The number of students enrolled in the future
 The number of classrooms, computer labs, etc.
 The need for a library, cafeteria, etc.
 Medical clinic - staff
 The number of examination rooms, x-ray labs,
reception areas, record rooms, etc.

 The usage and activity data will help architects

determine the amount of area that would be required

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Step 3: Project planning

 The client selects potential sites for the new
building
 Factors influence site selection
 Cost and location
 Zoning
 Environmental impact
 Archaeology impact
 Traffic flow
 The client selects an architect firm or a
contractor to initiate the design phase

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Step 4: Schematic design phase

 The architect consults with the client to fully
understand the intended usage of the building and
to obtain an approximate budget for the project
 The architect prepares multiple schematic designs
for the building
 The client and the architect narrow down the options
to one or two designs
 Schematic design
 Layout of rooms and spaces
 Material type
 Framing system, etc.

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Step 5: Design development (DD) phase

 The architect continues to finalize layout of the
building

 The architect consults with a structural engineer to

determine the limits of column size and beam size

 The structural engineer then performs a

preliminary design for the building

 The mechanical engineer performs the preliminary

design for the HVAC system

 The electrical engineer performs the preliminary

electrical design

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Step 5: Design development (DD) phase

(continued)

 The interior designer performs a preliminary design

for the interior of the building

 The contractor provides a cost estimate for the

project

 The architect meets with the client to present the

preliminary design and seek feedback

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Step 6: Construction documentation

(CD) phase
 All the detail work is done in this phase

 Construction document includes

 Design specifications and drawings from the
architect, civil, structural, mechanical, and
electrical engineers, and the interior
designers
 Work of landscape architect may be
included

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Step 6: Construction documentation

(CD) phase
(continued)
 The civil engineer provides the site plan design
which includes:
 Grading of the ground from the perimeter of
building to sidewalk
 Grading of the parking area
 Drainage for surface runoff
 Demolition plan and the relocation of power-
lines as needed

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Step 6: Construction documentation

(CD) phase
(continued)
 The structural engineer provides all the design details
for structural components including:
 Foundation, beams and columns, interior and
exterior walls, and connections
 Roof and floor supports and supports for openings
such as windows, doors
 Canopies, etc.

 The structural engineer must bear in mind all the

design specifications required by the building codes as
established by local government

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Step 7: Construction administration phase

 The general contractor will have a superintendent
on site to manage the construction and its
progress and to coordinate all the subcontractors

 A project manager representing the architect

would meet with the site superintendent and the
client on a regular basis to review the construction
progress and to respond to any issues that require
further attention

 The structural engineer visits the construction site

periodically to observe the progress of the project

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Additional Design Considerations

 Sustainability in design
 Earth Charter
 Engineering economics
 Material selection
 Patent, Trademark, and copyright

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Sustainability in Design
Sustainability and Sustainable Engineering
 No universal definition
 The generally accepted definition
“Design and development that meets
the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs”

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Sustainability in Design
 Engineers contribute to both private and
public sectors of our society
 In private sector, they design and produce the
goods and services that we use in our daily
lives to allow us to enjoy a high standard of
living
 In public sector, they support local, state, and
federal missions such as meeting our
infrastructure needs, energy and food
security, and national defense

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Sustainability in Design
 Increasingly, because of worldwide socioeconomic
trends, environmental concerns, and earth’s finite
resources, more is expected of engineers

 Future engineers are expected to design and

provide goods and services that increase the
standard of living and advance health care, while
addressing serious environmental and
sustainability concerns

 In designing products and services, engineers

must consider the link among earth’s finite
resources, environmental, social, ethical,
technical, and economical factors
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Five Issues Must be Understood by

Engineers on Sustainability
1. The world’s current economic development is not
sustainable – the world population already uses
approximately 20% more of the world’s resources
than the planet can sustain
2. The effects of outpacing the earth’s carrying
capacity have now reached crisis proportions –
spiking energy costs, extreme weather events
causing huge losses, and prospect of rising sea
levels threatening coastal cities. Global population
increase outstrips the capacity of institutions to
address it

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Five Issues Must be Understood by

Engineers on Sustainability
(cont.)

3. An enormous amount of work will be required if

the world is to shift to sustainable development –
a complete overhaul of the world’s processes,
systems, and infrastructure will be needed

4. The engineering community should be leading the

way toward sustainable development but has not
yet assumed that responsibility
Civil engineers have few incentives to change
Most civil engineers deliver conventional
engineering designs that meet building codes and
protect the status quo

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Five Issues Must be Understood by

Engineers on Sustainability
(cont.)

5. People outside the engineering community are

capitalizing on new opportunity – for example,
accounting firms and architects
The architects bring their practices into
conformity with the U.S. Green Building
Council’s leadership in Energy and
Environmental Design (LEED) Green Building
Rating System

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The Earth Charter

An ethical guideline for building a sustainable,
just, and peaceful global society in the 21st
century
 Our energy needs, clean air and water
requirements, and food supply - We need to
work together
 International competition for the Earth’s finite
resources
 Global interdependence

 Shared responsibility for the wellbeing of the

entire human family

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Engineering Economics
Economic factors always play important roles
in engineering design decision making
 Products that are too expensive cannot be
sold at a price that consumers can afford
and still be profitable to the company
 Products must be designed to provide
services not only to make our lives better
but also to make profits for the
manufacturer

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Material Selection
The selection of material is an important design
decision

 Examples of properties to consider when

selecting materials
 Density
 Ultimate strength
 Flexibility
 Machinability
 Durability
 Thermal expansion
 Electrical & thermal conductivity
 Resistance to corrosion

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Material Properties
 Electrical Resistivity
 A measure of resistance of material to flow of
electricity
 Density
 Mass per unit volume
 A measure of how compact the material is for a
given volume
 Modulus of Elasticity (Young’s Modulus)
 A measure of how easily a material will stretch
when pulled or how well material will shorten when
pushed

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Material Properties
 Modulus of Rigidity (Shear Modulus)
 A measure of how easily a material can be
twisted or sheared
 Tensile Strength
 The maximum tensile load a material specimen
in the shape of a rectangular bar or cylinder
can carry without failure
 Compressive Strength
• The maximum compressive load a material
specimen in the shape of a rectangular bar,
cylinder, or cube can carry without failure

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Material Properties
 Modulus of Resilience
• A mechanical property that shows how
effective the material is in absorbing
mechanical energy without going through any
permanent damage
 Modulus of Toughness
• A mechanical property that indicates the ability
of the material to handle overloading before it
fractures
 Strength-to-Weight Ratio
• The ratio of strength of the material to its
specific weight

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Material Properties
 Thermal Expansion
• The change in the length of a material that would
occur if the temperature of the material were
changed
 Thermal Conductivity
How good a material is in transferring thermal
energy (heat) from a high temperature region to a
low temperature region within the material
 Heat Capacity
• The amount of thermal energy required to raise the
temperature of 1 kg mass of material by 1oC, or 1
lb mass of material by 1oF

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Material Properties
 Viscosity

• Fluid property that measures how easily a given

fluid can flow

 Vapor Pressure
• Under the same conditions, fluids with low vapor-
pressure values will not evaporate as quickly as
those with high values of vapor pressure

 Bulk Modulus of Compressibility

• A measurement of how compressible a fluid is

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Patent, Trademark, and Copyright

 Patent, trademark, service marks, and
copyrights provide a means to promote new
ideas and inventions
 Intellectual property is protected in many
countries

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Patent
 The right to exclude others from making,
using, offering for sale, or selling the
invention in U.S. or importing the invention
into U.S.
 Does not grant the inventor the right to
make, use, or sell the invention; it prevents
others from doing so

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Trademark
 A name, word, or symbol that a company
uses to distinguish its products from others
 Excludes others from using the same or
similar mark
 Does not prevent others from making the
same or similar products

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Service Mark
 A name, word, or symbol that a company
uses to distinguish its services from others
 Excludes others from using the same or
similar mark
 Does not prevent others from providing the
same or similar services

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Copyright
 A form of protection provided by the laws of the
U.S. to the authors of “original works of
authorship”
 Covers literary, dramatic, musical, artistic, and
other types of intellectual works
 Covers both published and unpublished work

 Protects form of expression, not the content or

the subject matter

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Copyright
 For a work created after January 1, 1978,
copyright laws protect the work for
 the author’s life plus 70 years
 the last surviving author’s life plus 70 years in
the case of multiple authors
 Currently, no international copyright laws for
worldwide protection

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Teamwork
Design team
A group of individuals with complementary
expertise, problem solving skills, and talent
who are working together to solve a problem
or achieve a common goal

 Employers are looking for individuals who not

only have a good grasp of engineering
fundamentals, but can also work well with
others in a team environment

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Common Traits of Good Teams

1. The project that is assigned to a team must have
clear and realistic goals. These goals must be
understood and accepted by all members of the
team
2. The team should be made up of individuals with
complementary expertise, problem solving skills,
background, and talent
3. The team must have a good leader
4. The team leadership and the environment in which
discussions take place should promote openness, respect,
and honesty
5. The team goals and needs should come before individual
goals and needs

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Secondary Roles of Good Team Members

 The Organizer
Experienced and confident; trusted by members of the
team and serves as a coordinator for the entire project
 The Creator
Good at coming up with new ideas, sharing them with
other team members, and letting the team develop the
ideas further
 The Gatherer
Enthusiastic and good at obtaining things, looking for
possibilities, and developing contacts
 The Motivator
Energetic, confident, and outgoing; good at finding ways
around obstacles

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Secondary Roles of Good Team Members

 The Evaluator
Intelligent and capable of understanding the complete
scope of the project; good at judging outcomes correctly
 The Team Worker
Tries to get everyone to come together, does not like
friction or problems among team members
 The Solver
Reliable and decisive and can turn concepts into practical
solution
 The Finisher
Can be counted on to finish his or her assigned task on
time; detail oriented and may worry about the team’s
progress toward finishing the assignment

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Other Factors
Influencing Team Performance
 The way a company is organized
 How projects are assigned
 What resources are available to a team to
perform their tasks
 Corporate culture: whether openness, honesty,
and respect are promoted

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Conflict Resolution
When a group of people work together,
conflicts sometimes arise
 Miscommunication
 Personality differences
 The way events and actions are
interpreted by a member of a team

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Conflict Resolution
 Managing conflicts is an important part of a team
dynamic
 In managing conflicts, it is important to recognize
there are three types of people:
 Accommodating

 Compromising

 Collaborative

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Conflict Resolution – Type of People

 Accommodating team members
 Avoid conflicts
 Highly cooperative
 Allow assertive individuals to dominate
 Could lead to poor team decision
 Compromising team members
 Demonstrate a moderate level of assertiveness
and cooperation
 By compromising, the team may have
sacrificed the best solution for the sake of
group unity
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Conflict Resolution
 Collaborative approach
 High level of assertiveness and cooperation by
the team
 No finger pointing
 A conflict = a problem to be solved by the
team
 Team proposes solutions
 Means of evaluation
 Combine solutions to reach an ideal solution

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Engineering Standards and Codes

Developed over the years by various organizations
• Product safety
• Reliability in services
• Uniformity in parts and components
Standards allow for easy ways to communicate the size
of a product
For example, if we had global standards for shirts and
shoes, then cross reference tables would not be
necessary

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Examples of Standards and Codes

Organizations in the United States
 ANSI American National Standard Institute
 ASTM American Society for Testing and
Materials
 NFPA National Fire Protection Association
 UL Underwriters Laboratories
 EPA Environmental Protection Agency
 ASHRAE American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning
Engineers

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Other Codes and Standards

 Conformité Europeenné

 ISO International Organization for Standardization

 BSI British Standard Institute

 CSBTS China State Bureau of Quality & Technical

Supervision
 DIN German Deutsches Institute für Normung

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