Cheryl KSSM Form 4 Biology Chapter 7
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Respiration
KSSM Form 4 Chapter Seven vers2020
CHAPTER 7 RESPIRATION
1. Differences between breathing and respiration
Breathing Respiration
Physical process
Exchange of gases between respiratory
surfaces of an organism and its surrounding
2. Metabolism includes (a) anabolism [e.g. photosynthesis]
synthesize complex molecules from simple molecules
anabolism absorbs energy
(b) catabolism [e.g. respiration]
breakdown complex molecules into simple molecules
catabolism releases energy
3. Energy is required for
4. Cellular respiration is a series of biochemical reactions which breakdown nutrient molecules to
release energy
Main substrate of cellular respiration is
In animals, glucose is obtained through of carbohydrate
In plants, glucose is obtained from
in glucose is used to synthesize ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
Two types of cellular respiration: aerobic respiration & anaerobic respiration / fermentation
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KSSM Form 4 Chapter Seven vers2020
AEROBIC RESPIRATION
1. Aerobic respiration involves the oxidation of glucose in the presence of oxygen to produce
carbon dioxide, water and energy.
2. Aerobic respiration is divided into two stages:
Glycolysis
One glucose molecule is broken down into
two pyruvate molecules
Involves respiratory enzymes
Does not require oxygen
Occurs in cytoplasm
Oxidation of Pyruvate
Pyruvate is oxidised into carbon dioxide,
water & energy
Involves respiratory enzymes
Requires oxygen
Occurs in mitochondrion (2898kJ/ 38 ATP)
3. The synthesis of ATP
An ATP molecule is synthesised when an inorganic phosphate group is added to a molecule
of ADP (adenosine diphosphate)
The synthesis process (anabolism) requires energy, as chemical bonds are
Energy is provided by the oxidation of glucose
4. The hydrolysis of ATP
Each ATP molecules consists of three phosphate groups
Phosphate bonds can be to release energy to power daily activities
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KSSM Form 4 Chapter Seven vers2020
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION / FERMENTATION
1. Anaerobic respiration / fermentation is the partial breakdown of glucose when there is limited
/ no oxygen.
2. Glucose is broken down into pyruvate in the cytoplasm of organism during fermentation. After
glycolysis, pyruvate will undergo either alcohol fermentation or lactic acid fermentation.
alcohol fermentation – carried out by
lactic acid fermentation – carried out by
** Yeast, Lactobacillus & plant can undergo both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. They only carry out
anaerobic respiration when there is lack of oxygen.
ALCOHOL FERMENTATION
Glucose is partially broken down into ethanol, carbon dioxide and energy during absence of /
limited oxygen.
Alcohol Fermentation by Yeast
Alcohol fermentation in yeast is catalysed by zymase.
produced during fermentation is used in wine and beer making.
In bread making, yeast is used as it produces which causes the
dough to rise. Alcohol during baking and gives the aroma of bread.
Alcohol Fermentation by Plants
Although paddy can grow in dry conditions, it is often planted in paddy fields where the ground
is intentionally flooded, as most weeds that might compete with paddy are not able to grow
well in flooded ground.
Plant roots do not get enough oxygen for aerobic respiration because of low solubility of gases
in water + large population of aerobic bacteria which use up most oxygen available in water.
Hence, paddy plants growing in waterlogged areas carry out alcohol fermentation and produce
ethanol which is normally to most plant.
Paddy plants are able to adapt in waterlogged condition as their root cells produce large amount
of which breakdown ethanol into non-toxic carbon dioxide.
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KSSM Form 4 Chapter Seven vers2020
LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION
Glucose is partially broken down into lactic acid and energy during absence of / limited oxygen.
Lactic Acid Fermentation by Lactobacillus
Milk contains milk sugar (lactose) and milk protein (casein)
Yoghurt is sour as Lactobacillus bacteria converts lactose into lactic acid during fermentation
Yoghurt is harder because lactic acid
Lactic Acid Fermentation by Animal Muscle
The rate of breathing & heartbeat increases rapidly during vigorous exercise. However, the
rate at which oxygen are used by muscles exceeds the amount of oxygen supplied by blood.
The energy released by aerobic respiration is not sufficient for vigorous exercise. Hence,
muscle cells undergo anaerobic respiration to supply enough ATP.
An is incurred as the partial breakdown of glucose occurs in the absence of
oxygen and produces lactic acid.
As glucose is not completely broken down, the
energy released is lesser than aerobic respiration.
Accumulation of lactic acid causes muscle
cramp. Breathing rate remains high right after
exercise as the ‘extra’ oxygen is used to oxidise
the lactic acid. This condition is also known as
repayment of oxygen debt
A portion of the lactic acid is in
the liver, while the remaining is converted into
glycogen (stored in liver & muscle cells)
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KSSM Form 4 Chapter Seven vers2020
COMPARISON BETWEEN AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
Similarities
Both occurs in all living organisms
Both involve breakdown of glucose into pyruvate
Energy is released / ATP is synthesized in both processes
Both processes are catalyzed by enzymes
Both processes begin with glycolysis
Both processes begin at cytoplasm
Aerobic Respiration Differences Anaerobic Respiration
oxygen is present availability of oxygen
complete oxidation of glucose oxidation of glucose
CO2, H2O & ATP products
release large amount of energy
amount of energy
(2898kJ / 38 ATP)
place where the
cytoplasm & mitochondrion
process takes place
Tricky Essay Questions
Explain why the athlete has a high breathing rate after the exercise has finished. [8 marks]
Explain the effect of exercise on the student’s breathing. [8 mark]
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KSSM Form 4 Chapter Seven vers2020
Experiment – to investigate the aerobic respiration of organisms
Observations
Interpretation of Results
Experiment – to investigate the products of anaerobic respiration in yeast
Observations
Interpretation of Results
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