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Solution 2

The document contains solutions to problems involving phasor representations of sinusoidal functions. (a) Calculates the phasor of 9cos(ωt - π/3) as 9e-jπ/3 V. (b) Calculates the phasor of 12sin(ωt + π/4) as 12e-jπ/4 V. (c) Calculates the phasor of 5e-3xsin(ωt + π/6) as 5e-3xe-jπ/3 A.

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Nishita Karda
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31 views4 pages

Solution 2

The document contains solutions to problems involving phasor representations of sinusoidal functions. (a) Calculates the phasor of 9cos(ωt - π/3) as 9e-jπ/3 V. (b) Calculates the phasor of 12sin(ωt + π/4) as 12e-jπ/4 V. (c) Calculates the phasor of 5e-3xsin(ωt + π/6) as 5e-3xe-jπ/3 A.

Uploaded by

Nishita Karda
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Problem 2.

1 A transmission line of length l connects a load to a sinusoidal voltage


source with an oscillation frequency f . Assuming the velocity of wave propagation
on the line is c, for which of the following situations is it reasonable to ignore the
presence of the transmission line in the solution of the circuit:
(a) l = 20 cm, f = 20 kHz,
(b) l = 50 km, f = 60 Hz,
(c) l = 20 cm, f = 600 MHz,
(d) l = 1 mm, f = 100 GHz.
Solution: A transmission line is negligible when l/λ ≤ 0.01.
l lf (20 × 10−2 m) × (20 × 103 Hz)
(a) = = = 1.33 × 10−5 (negligible).
λ up 3 × 108 m/s
l lf (50 × 103 m) × (60 × 100 Hz)
(b) = = = 0.01 (borderline).
λ up 3 × 108 m/s
l lf (20 × 10−2 m) × (600 × 106 Hz)
(c) = = = 0.40 (nonnegligible).
λ up 3 × 108 m/s
l lf (1 × 10−3 m) × (100 × 109 Hz)
(d) = = = 0.33 (nonnegligible).
λ up 3 × 108 m/s
Problem 2.2 A two-wire copper transmission line is embedded in a dielectric
material with εr = 2.6 and σ = 2 × 10−6 S/m. Its wires are separated by 3 cm and
their radii are 1 mm each.
(a) Calculate the line parameters R′ , L′ , G′ , and C′ at 2 GHz.
(b) Compare your results with those based on CD Module 2.1. Include a printout
of the screen display.
Solution:
(a) Given:
f = 2 × 109 Hz,
d = 2 × 10−3 m,
D = 3 × 10−2 m,
σc = 5.8 × 107 S/m (copper),
εr = 2.6,
σ = 2 × 10−6 S/m,
µ = µc = µ0 .
From Table 2-1:
p
Rs = π f µc /σc
= [π × 2 × 109 × 4π × 10−7 /5.8 × 107 ]1/2
= 1.17 × 10−2 Ω,
2Rs 2 × 1.17 × 10−2
R′ = = = 3.71 Ω/m,
πd · 2π × 10−3 ¸
q
′ µ 2
L = ln (D/d) + (D/d) − 1
π
= 1.36 × 10−6 H/m,
πσ
G′ = p
ln[(D/d) + (D/d)2 − 1]
= 1.85 × 10−6 S/m,
G′ ε
C′ =
σ
1.85 × 10−6 × 8.85 × 10−12 × 2.6
=
2 × 10−6
−11
= 2.13 × 10 F/m.
#2.

Z L  Z 0 rL  jX L  Z 0
 
Z L  Z 0 rL  jX L  Z 0

rL  jX L  Z 0 (r  Z 0 )  jX L (rL  Z 0 ) 2  X L2
   L  1
rL  jX L  Z 0 (rL  Z 0 )  jX L (rL  Z 0 ) 2  X L2

When rL = 0.   1,
Problem 1.26 Find the phasors of the following time functions:
(a) υ (t) = 9 cos(ω t − π /3) (V)
(b) υ (t) = 12 sin(ω t + π /4) (V)
(c) i(x,t) = 5e−3x sin(ω t + π /6) (A)
(d) i(t) = −2 cos(ω t + 3π /4) (A)
(e) i(t) = 4 sin(ω t + π /3) + 3 cos(ω t − π /6) (A)
Solution:
(a) Ve = 9e− jπ /3 V.
(b) v(t) = 12 sin (ω t + π /4) = 12 cos (π /2 − (ω t + π /4)) = 12 cos (ω t − π /4) V,
V = 12e− jπ /4 V.
e
(c)

i(t) = 5e−3x sin (ω t + π /6) A = 5e−3x cos[π /2 − (ω t + π /6)] A


= 5e−3x cos (ω t − π /3) A,
Ie = 5e−3x e− jπ /3 A.

(d)

i(t) = −2 cos(ω t + 3π /4),


Ie = −2e j3π /4 = 2e− jπ e j3π /4 = 2e− jπ /4 A.

(e)

i(t) = 4 sin(ω t + π /3) + 3 cos(ω t − π /6)


= 4 cos[π /2 − (ω t + π /3)] + 3 cos(ω t − π /6)
= 4 cos(−ω t + π /6) + 3 cos(ω t − π /6)
= 4 cos(ω t − π /6) + 3 cos(ω t − π /6) = 7 cos(ω t − π /6),
Ie = 7e− jπ /6 A.

Common questions

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Phasors for sinusoidal functions are derived by converting the time expressions into exponential form, using Euler's formula. For example, υ(t) = 9cos(ωt − π/3) translates to phasor eV = 9e−jπ/3. Similarly, for υ(t) = 12sin(ωt + π/4), it's converted to eV = 12e−jπ/4. This involves converting sine to cosine form and accounting for phase shifts .

The wave propagation velocity (c) affects circuit analysis decisions by determining the wavelength (λ = c/f). A lower c at a constant f results in a shorter λ, increasing l/λ and making it more likely that the transmission line needs to be considered. When l/λ is greater than 0.01, transmission line effects become significant in circuit analysis .

The skin effect significantly influences resistance at high frequencies by concentrating current near the conductor surface, thus increasing effective resistance. It is determined using Rs = √(πfµc/σc), where Rs represents the resistivity influenced by frequency and material permeability, contributing to R' expressed as R' = 2Rs/πd .

At high frequencies, the skin effect intensifies, causing current to localize near the conductor surface, which increases the effective resistance (Rs). This results in a higher R', calculated as R'=2Rs/πd. The increased frequency leads to a smaller skin depth, enhancing Rs, which makes the transmission line's resistance more significant at high frequencies .

A transmission line can be considered negligible when the ratio l/λ is less than or equal to 0.01. This criterion applies as follows: (a) For l = 20 cm and f = 20 kHz, the line is negligible with l/λ = 1.33×10−5, (b) For l = 50 km and f = 60 Hz, it is borderline with l/λ = 0.01, (c) For l = 20 cm and f = 600 MHz, it is non-negligible with l/λ = 0.40, and (d) For l = 1 mm and f = 100 GHz, it is also non-negligible with l/λ = 0.33 .

The primary line parameters are calculated using given physical dimensions and material properties. At 2 GHz: R' is calculated as 3.71 Ω/m using R' = 2Rs/πd, where Rs is derived from the skin effect formula. L' is 1.36×10−6 H/m, calculated using L' = µ/π ln[(D/d)+(√((D/d)^2)−1)]. G' is 1.85×10−6 S/m using G' = πσ ln[(D/d)+(√((D/d)^2)−1)], and C' is 2.13 × 10−11 F/m using C' = G'ε/σ .

The dielectric constant εr influences the capacitance per unit length C' by increasing the ability of the material to store charge, while the conductivity σ affects the conductance per unit length G' by governing the rate at which current can pass through the dielectric. This is expressed in formulas where C' is directly proportional to εr and G' is proportional to σ .

Increasing the separation D between wires in a two-wire copper transmission line increases the loop area, thus increasing the inductance per unit length L'. It can be calculated using L' = µ/π ln[(D/d) + √((D/d)^2 − 1)], where L' increases logarithmically with greater D .

Transforming a sinusoidal expression into a phasor simplifies AC circuit analysis by converting time-dependent sinusoids into complex numbers that represent magnitude and phase. This change allows for algebraic manipulation instead of differential equations, streamlining calculations such as impedance analysis and circuit response prediction. For example, converting υ(t) = 9cos(ωt − π/3) into the phasor eV = 9e−jπ/3 aids in circuit analysis by enabling direct calculation of voltage and current relationships .

To transition from sinusoidal to cosinusoidal representations, the formula sin(ωt + φ) = cos(π/2 - (ωt + φ)) is used. This aids in phasor calculation by standardizing terms so that phasors can be derived directly as complex exponentials. For example, v(t) = 12sin(ωt + π/4) is converted to cosine form as part of deriving the phasor 12e−jπ/4 .

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