Introduction to ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES (CCC-704) Dr. Prem Chandra Pandey (Commonwealth Fellow- Uol UK) Assistant Professor Department of Life Sciences School of Natural Sciences Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence (Deemed to be University) Email: [Link]@[Link], inIn every deliberation, we must consider our igapact on the next seven generations. ’ Sora aw Sits [roa ig Caled raneSurrounding of any objecting form. on ving nd Living tings. Living things ve in tht entonment Interston among them Environment: + ‘They constantly interact with it and adapt themselves to conditions| in their environment. = Bg. Plans, hydrops, dec & ig, Shark and fish, Penguin and seal, clephant and grasses + We cannot survive without a healthy environment, How we {interact with the environment is important. + Generally speaking Environment is considered s external ‘conditions or surroundings, especially those in which people live or body, mind and heart ‘Dr rer Pandey * Since everything is part of the environment of something else, the word 'environment’ is used to talk about many things. People in different fields of knowledge (like history, geography or biology or computer science) use the word environment differently.Paychology and Medicine: = a person's environment is the people, physical things, places, and various things that the person lives with. Biology and Ecology: + The environment is all of materials and _—_ living including sunlight, If those things are m environment.' - At first, -population growth and Aevelopment were considered positive, today our opinion has changed. With increased demand for resources, we see several environmental problems: Resource Depletion Pollution of water, land and air Loss of Biodiversity eee eeerelt Seco ree silat cree Over use of Land- conversion of one type of land categories to other types- like forest to Pee Nearly 8 billion people live on this planet. The increase in human population in the last 190 to 200 years can be attributed to two events in recent human history. 1. The Agricultural Revolution Y Transition from hunters to gatherers. Y Growing crops, raising animals, and live in villages. 2. The Industrial Revolution (1760-1849) Y Transition / shift from rural life with animal powered agriculture to urban lifestyle using fossil fuels.Continuing probler : + Pollution- Air, Land, Wa + Biodiversity loss extinction of * Deforestation -Loss of forests, Municipal solid waste (MSW) dis Plastic pollutions Overall degradation of environm Declining natural resources, Loss of biodiversity and productivity, Global warming, Climate Chang + Depletion of ozone layer, and i All these affecting national econo Strike a balance? Allow resources to renew? Use resources that renew themselves mone quickly? eau fivun the past? Do Nothing? ‘What we are learning from the present scenario? Let Nature take its course? Find ways to share effectively? What Do You Think We Should Dom What Do Envijonmental Scientists Taal) Wihat willl be the vole ef Science?Science is a process that seeks to understand the natural and social world through the collection and analysis of evidence. Fact Hypothesis Theory Law Simple Testable (via Broad explanations Identifies a observation experiment) _thathave been phenomenon of wemake explanations ot tested and nature with / without about the observations. confirmed through explaining it. world. Conditions is observation and pene experimentation. Environmental Scicnec why to study and what io the objective Beeaners altifuite Develop skills Active participation This is about Concem for the Ithelps to identify An opportunity to aur anviranmantand and solve regional? _serve mother earth, to environment willingness to global be involved in and its improve and protect @"wironmental resolving the components, it problems. environmental linked to problems. associated problems. Knowledge & Management Acquire basic understanding, experience, feeling about our surrounding, and associated components.Environmental Science: The systematic & Scientific study of our environment and our role in it. This branch of science includes the knowledge of pure science & to some'extent social science. itis an interdisciplinary academic field which combines physics, chemistry, biolog) medical science, life science, agriculture science, forestry, public administration, management. Interdisciplinary field & requires the siudy of interactions among physical, chemical and biological components. It provides an integrated, quantitative, and interdisciplinary approach to the study of| environmental systems. Environmental Studies: The branch of study concerned with environmental issues. It has a broader coverage than environment Science and includes the social aspects of the environment. It is a broad interdisciplinary field of study that includes the natural environment, built environment, and the sets of relationships between them. It Is the academic field which systematically studies human interaction with the environment. . The study of how the natural world works, how environment affects us. and how we affect our environment. Understanding the _ interactions between humans and the environment is the first step in understanding our environmental problems. Objective approach to environmental challenges and issues.In spite of the deteriorating status of the environment, study of environment did not receive adequate attention in our academic programs. Recognizing this, the Hon'ble Supreme Court directed the UGC to introduce a basic course on Environment at every level in college education. Accordingly, the matter was considered by UGC and it was decided that a six months compulsory core module course in Environmental Studies to be compulsorily implemented in all the University/ Colleges of India NEP (National Education Policy) also stressed on Environmental Studies, to make students aware about the problems related to Environment. Environmental studies deals _with every issues/aspects that affects an individual/ organism. It is essentially a multidisciplinary approach that brings about an appreciation of our natural world and human impacts on its integrity. Multidisciplinary — subject - Its components include biology, geology, chemistry, physics, engineering, sociology, health, "anthropology, economics, statistics, computers and philosophy. It is an applied science as its, seeks practical answers to making human civilization sustainable on the earth’s finite resources.+ The aim of this course is to provide to undergraduate students — the basic knowledge about Environment, = both natural and anthropogenic, indifferent spatio-temporal domains (local, regional, global) + Mote specifically, it discusses the mulidisciplinary mature of the Environmental Studies — renewable and non-renewable resources, — biodiversity and = ecosystems both in India and over the globe ~ Pollution of Environment + Ina second level, it provides knowledge about. — types of pollution, — the influence of environmental degradation on human health, society, and — need for sustainable development and the major concer of climate change and its implications, — why Lo study * Considering the present day environmental problems and issues challenging the society, study of Environmental Science / Studies has become very Epona for bringing an awareness for protecting our environment. + It is hoped that the course will inculcate environmental ethics in the students and, + They will not only practice it in their every day life but spread the message in the society.+ Ecologically, Environment is defined a as external surroundings, including living and non-living factors, in which a plant or animal lives and which tend to influence the organism, its population or ecological community, its survival, behaviour and overall development. + Environmental conditions crucial for the sustenance and survival of an organism. ENVIRONMENT } ABIOTIC oo Light, humidity, water, temperature, Atmospheric gases, altitude, latitude 000 t we Ba 000 oe BIOTIC Plants- flora and microorganisms, Animals-fauna,, human, parasitey ENERGY Solar energy, Geothermal energy, Water energy, Wind energy, Nuclear energy Biophysical Environment: Biotic and Abiotic factors combined together.ENVIRONMENT Dynamic Nature An Environment is never static; it undergoes a process of continuous change, which affects all biotic and abiotic components. Respond Organisms respond to changes in their biophysical environment by evolutionary adaptations in form and behaviour. Earth and Its Environment Physical Environment | Chemical ‘nvironmen!Components of Environment i | Lithosphere | Atmosphere Biosphere Hydrosphere~ are thresholds within which humanity can Survive) develop and thrive for generations to come. -a safe operating limit for survival Sustainability (Ocean Aciefication Climate change Deforestation and a other land use Total 9 Princtary boundaries stimates of how the different control variables for planetary boundaries have changed from 1950 to present ‘The green shaded polygon represents the safe operating space. Source: Steffen et al. 2018Sustainability Interaction nore arusia ll Coal Natural Gas Metals NR eer} em on aera are gone, they are PoremomrrersNatural Resource Classifications inexhaustible Cannot exhausted completely. Sunlight Nonrenewable Not replaced within the human time scale Single-use Coal, oil, natural gas Renewable Will be replaced, but often ata slower rate than they are used. Soil, timber. Recyclable Nonrenewable Not replaced within the human time scale, Can be reused repeatedly Minerals, metals How does technology address Human needs and wants? Intormation ‘Communication Agriculture Meaical cee eee) t | Transportation Manufacturing nanotechnologyImpact of technology on Environment Positive Impact Waste treatment plants to reduce Electricity generation options Uses of bio-fuels @ecinve] Negative Impact Direct impact: Accidents, nuclear pollution, Indirect Impact Use of fossil fuel (pollution) Green house effects Acid rain Global Warming Earth and Its Environment Our environment on Earth includes interactions between the life forms, air, crust and water. We often refer to these different parts of the environment as many ‘spheres.’ — The Biosphere includes the life forms. — The Atmosphere includes the Air. = The Geosphere (sometimes called Lithosphere) includes the crust. — The Hydrosphere includes the water, All these ‘spheres’ interact together to produce the environment on Earth. One of the most spectacular of these environments is the marine environment.Earth and its Environment- four components + The place where Earth’s four components interact most intensively is a narrow zone called the life zone; * Conditions favorable for life are created by interactions between the Lithosphere, Hydrosphere and Atmosphere, and modified by the Riosphere 1. The Lithosphere (Geosphere) O Geosphere- Solid earth — continental and oceanic crust , and various layers of the Earth’s Interior. f/ irrosprere YN ert ors upper most sold mane) The distance to the center of the earth from the equator is 6,378 km Not to scale The asthenosphere (from Ancient Greek aoBevéc (asthenés) ‘without strength’) is the mechanically weak and ductile region of the upper mantle of Earth. ©1. The Lithosphere (Geosphere) Lithosphere + It is the solid carth, the upper 100 km ‘composed mainly of rock and regolith (a layer of loose, heterogeneous material covering solid rock; * it includes dust, soil, broken rock, and other related materials); wm — Rocks are subjected to continuous processes of physical, chemical and biological weathering; Ups ar — The resulting soil plays an important role ton for living as it produces food for human, animals and plants; Q Human activities affect the Lithosphere: soil pollution; pollutants include pesticides, fertilizers, industrial wastes, sewage and domestic waste: 2. The Hydrosphere — The totality of Earth’s water including oceans, lakes, streams, underground water, and all snow and ice — Hydrosphere covers 2/3 of earth’s surface. + Oceans account for 97% of water on Earth + From the remaining 3%, = about 2% is blocked in polar ice caps and glaciers and ~ only 1% is available as fesh water in 10 oF as groundwater. Cryosphere: The perennially frozen parts of the hydrosphere collectively. Arctic, Antarctic, Glaciers — The hydrosphere and the atmosphere store, purify, and continually + redistribute water3. The Atmosphere + Earth's atmosphere: layer of gases surrounding the planet Earth — retained by the Earth's gravity. — very thin layer, but protects life on Earth + by absorbing ltaviokt solr radiation and + reducing temperature extremes between day and night * Chemical Composition of —__Earth’s atmosphere: — contains roughly 78% Nitrogen, = 21% Oxygen, = 0.97% Argon, — 0.04% Carbon dioxide, and — trace amounts of other gases, in addition to water vapour. This mixture of gases is commonly known as The Atmosphere + Farth’s Atmosphere — = Dense part of atmosphere (97% of mass) lies within page eat eget continental crust). + The Earh’s Atmosphere has no abrupt cut-off. ~ It slowly becomes thinner and fades away into space. — There is no definite boundary between the atmosphere and outer space. — Exosphere- It is the outer boundary of the Earth system. + You may think that in the upper layers of the atmosphere there is no air. = This is not the case. Air is in fact present, althou of couse there is nt enough fora person to breathe say, the altitude of the Intemational Space Station 8Sfabout 400 kn above the art's suraceExosphere {601 to 10,000 km ‘round 3.850°F mo Thermosphere Ree,“ as toa72 mi 1% TBAPF to 990"F Casi Mesosphere ‘Thermosphere 80-700 km 22 Karman line- 100 km. SF 0-180 Mesosphere 50-80 km. Troposp! 010 10 mi 62" to 00°F MOB VN, von 9st -0- 18 Km at EquatorTroposphere (18 km) Aiptang 20°F to . Troposphere MAES vm The lowest layer of the atmosphere. It is the densest region of the Earth's atmosphere, extending from the 's surface to the Tropopause. The Troposphere is characterized by temperatures that decrease with increasing altitude. At the top of this region, temperatures are close to 55. ‘The weather, major wind systems, and cloud — formations " occur mostly in the Troposphere Stratosphere (10/18-50 km) Stratosphere The Stratosphere is the second major layer of — Larth’s atmosphere, just above the Troposphere, ‘and below the Mesosphere. It is stratified in temperature, with warmer layers higher up and cooler layers farther down. + This is in contrast to the troposphere near the Earth's surface, which is cooler higher up and warmer farther down.Mesosphere (50-90 km) The region of the Earth's atmosphere lying above _the| stratosphere and below _the| thermosphere, from a height of| about 50 km to about 80/90 km above the Earth's surface. In the mesosphere temperatures| decrease with increasing altitude| due to the decreasing absorption| of ultraviolet radiation from the| Sun. At the top of this region| temperatures are around -95°C. Most of the meteors that enter Earth's atmosphere burn up while| passing through the mesosphere. TTHERMOSPHERE-IONOSPHERE (70/90-350/400 kim) ‘The Thermosphere is the fourth layer of the Eatth’s atmosphere, ee eee ‘and it can heat up to 1500°C of higher ‘when the sun is active, ‘Thermosphere includes the lonosphere, extending from a height of 70/90 kan to 350/400 kan, is useful for radio ‘transmission because radio waves, which ‘normally propagate in straight lines, are tefleeted off the ionized was particles, thereby being transmitted long distances across the Ears curved surface Stratosphere ‘The outer layer ofthe Thermosphere is nest mee calle the Exoxphete extending fiom 550 arplane Kilometers to thousands of Kilometers into Troposphere oe ote orm shore that satellites obit the Each 62" to ‘messages to TV programs and also in Ox awe keeping an eye on the Earth's weather. performing functions fom telephone+ From the broadest bio-physiological point of view, the Biosphere 1s, — the global ecological system integrating all Living beings and their relationships. — including their interaction with the elements| of Non-living lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. + Ina broader sense, Biospheres = are closed systems. It is only open for (solar and cosmic radiation and heat from the interior of the| ), — self-regulating systems containing Ecosystems; An Ecosystem: * a community of living organisms (plants, animals and microbes), in conjunction with the nonliving components of their environment (things like air, water and mineral soil), interacting as a self regulating system.Wetland = Grassland Mountain Urban Built up Horticulture,‘Natural and Man-made (Built) Braet ascotes of streams and riversis called the Riparian Zone,BIOSPHERE —Marine Coastal Ecosystem-Kerala Great Barrier Reef, Australia- Heron Island|Some of the famous Corals across the WORLD. 11, Great Barrier Reef — Australia 2. Coral / Tubbataha reef | Philippi 3. Rainbow Reef - Fiji }4. New Caledonia Barrier Reef dca |S. Raja Ampat - Indonesia 16. Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park, Philippines | 17. Palancar Reef ~ Cozumel, Mexico }2. Wakatobi Islands — Indonesia }9. Belize Barrier Reef - Belize 10. Apo Reef - Philippines 111. Bonaire Reef ~ Dutch Caribbean 12. The Grand Central Station and Chimn 13. Red Sea Coral Reef — Red Sea 14, Andmaan & Nicobar ~ 1. Agatti sland 2. Nell sland [cae [Great Barrier Reef ~ AustraliaMUMBAISeveral ways in which the environment affects people. The environment in a big city is quite different from the environment in the village in natural setting. Same way environment in a Forest is quite different from the environment in an Agriculture field or wetland. In the natural environment, far away from cities; in villages the air is much purer and devoid of pollutants. ‘As compared to plains, hills and mountains have much purer air. Unfortunately, we have polluted the world so much, that there are very few areas where nature exists in its pure state. putes Direct services: + Tho environment provides = resources and raw materials such as water, timber and minerals dhatave equised inputs for the production of goods and services; and Indirectly, the major services provided by ecosystems including + Food sources, + Forest & Non timber forest products, + Climate moderation & Carbon sequestration, + Biogeochemical Cyele- ic. recycling of 02 and CO2 ~~ Natrienteyeling Rain water, water purification, Coastal flood risks+ The environment affects people’s growth and development in various aspects like the economy where, if the economy is good, people will be able to sustain themselves and prosper and healthy. It also gives the people food security so that they are satisfied and well nourished; Life has to be adapted to the conditions of its environment. — Temperature, = light, — humidity, — soil nutrients + all of them influence all the organisms, within any environment. This means what is the human impact on the Environment * After 18% century (industrial revolution) expansion started and full utilization of resources. * During the past six decades — due to industrialization and expansion of urban regions, humans have impacted the environment adversely including biophysical environments, biodiversity and other natural resources resulting} in overall degradation of our environment, including air, water’ and land environment. + (@ Pollution- air, water, land * (ii) Biodiversity Loss ~ Forest loss, Unsustainable utilization of natural resources, Urbanization, Industrialization, Invasive species * (iii) Land use- Land cover changes- Urbanization, Loss of forests, Agricultural lands, Industrialization, Highways, Hydro-electrie dams + (iv) Climate Change -Greenhouse zases, Ozone depletion, Global warming, °° () Disasters: Landslides, Flash’esds}etc.| Pollution | air | Water | | Soil | | Ocean Biodiversity Unsustainable use | Extinct eS [Extinction | | OS teanures Land Use Land Kcstertraraes { Land converted to Cover chanass Lother land use types Deforestation --——=*| Forest loss ||__ Habitat L destruction Climate change ————=|_Sealevel_| | Melting of rise glaciers submergence [ Global warming & BD loss Environment provides Goods and Services The natural environment is a source for a wide range of resources that can be bes pees for economic benefit; for example NWFPs and medicinal plants are collected from forests; Role and relevance of protecting forests- Environmental and economic benefits For the sustenance of human beings and wildlife on this planet we have to protect and conserve the environment. If the health of environment is deteriorated it will affect all living beings. Wild plants and animals still constitute a substantial part of the diet of human beings. — % of the world’s population is directly dependent on wild plants and animals for its medicinal needs. Agriculture still depends on traditional crop varieties and wild relatives for genetic improvements in yield and better traits.- Forests + Forests, renewable natural resource, are getting depleted at a faster rate due to human pressure and increasing use and misuse of resources: + Forests sustain human and other animel life on planet earth — + Home to 70% of world’s animals and plants ~_more than 13 million distinct species, + Forests protect the hill slopes from soil erosion and ensure perennial water supply to the rivers and streams which in tum promote agriculture and other developmental activities. Forests play a major role in regulating the ecosystem; moderating climate. - Forests + Forests are Source of water, streams — = intercept rainfall, — absorb excessive rainfall that is gradually released later, — Tree roots enhance + sol porosity, + reduce compaction, + facilitate infiltration + Forests influence local and global climates- ~ Mitigate Environmental problems (greenhouse effect, degradation) challenging human society; = Absorb atmospheric CO2 (carbon sequestration) and = replenish 2 in the air; + Trees act as wind-break, reduce the force of desiccation.Ha are integrally linked with all living things on our planet, Earth. — However, recent events show that our day-today existence severely impacts the Biosphere that we share with all other organisms. — The study of Environment promotes the development of problem- solving skills. There are alternatives to the way we live today. By studying about the Environment, we can learn, > why we need to change, > what we need to change, and » how we can change. So that, we can all live harmoniously in an environmen ial sustainable way improving the quality of our lives and of the planet. It is extremely important ges that each individual realize ccmation hiis/het responsibility for a preserving the } environment, to make ita ed XJ part of daily life, create the same attitude in their families, and spread it to \, the community — Environmental Ethics“The basic aim of environmental education is: — To succeed in making individuals and communities understand the complex nature of the natural and the built environments resulting from the interaction of their biological, physical, social, economic and cultural aspects, * To acquire, — the knowledge, — values, — attitudes and — practical skills + to participate in a responsible and effective way in anticipating and solving social problems, + And in the management of the quality of environment”. 1. CITES - Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora 2. IUCN - International Union for Conservation of Nature 1. IUCN-SSC- (Species survival commission) 3. WWF - World Wildlife Fund 4, UN -—United Nations 5. UNEP -— United Nations Environment Programme 6. GreenpeaceDisaasea cate Uttar Pradesh State Symbols: State Flower-Palash ese Es Cie cease) State Tree -Sita Ashok1. State Animal —- Swamp Deer Barasingha Native to the Indian subcontinent. The barasingha (Rucervus duvaucelii syn. Cervus duvaucelii), = also called swamp deer. Currently found in isolated localities in northern and central India and southwestern Nepal. Itis extinct in Pakistan and Bangladesh, The swamp deer differs frommath Ui Indian deer species in thatthe antlers earry more than three = Because of this distinctive character itis designated barasingha, meaning "twelve-tined.* — Mature stags have 10 to 14 tines, and some have been known to have up to 20. 2. State Fish- Chitala chitala (Clown knifefish Scientific classification Animalia Chordata Actinopterygii Osteoglossiformes Notopteridae Chitala species: C. chitala inomial name: ‘hitala chitala F. Hamilton, 1822State Fish- Chitala chitala (Clown knifefish : * Chitala chitala or clown knifefish + A fish of the genus Chitala found in India, Indonesia and other countries in Southeast Asia. * Main foods are smaller fishes and fish pellets (in aquarium). + They have been introduced to some areas of the United States. + As an aquarium fish, they are Popa ett in the United States and have likely been released from aquarium environments. — South Florida anglers have been known to catch the fish when attempting to bass fish. * They are also considered delicacies in other countries oat due to their immense size. 3. UP State Bird- Sarus Crane (Grus Antigone) + The Sarus Crane is a large non-migratory bird, + [tis found in wetlands and grasslands in the Indian Subcontinent, Southeast Asia and Australia. * The tallest of flying birds, standing at a height of up to 1.8 m, they are conspicuous and iconic species of open wetlands. + weighing up to 8 kg. * it is a symbol of prosperity, good luck, and longevity. The state government of Uttar Pradesh has taken several measures to protect the sarus crane, including creating protected areas and promoting ecotourism. + It is an important State Symbols of ‘Uttar Pradesh.+ The Sarus Crane is easily distinguished| from other Cranes in the region, Q the overall grey colour and Q the contrasting red - head and upper neck. Sarus Crane numbers have declined greatly in the country duc to poaching and It has been estimated that the current population is a tenth or less (perhaps 2.5%) of the numbers that existed in 1850s. 4, State Flower- Palash (Buteu monosperma) Common names include Palash, Dhak, Palah, Flame of the Forest, Bastard Teak, Parrot Tree, Keshu (Punjabi) and Kesudo (Gujurati). * Butea monosperma is a species of Butea native to tropical and sub-tropical parts of the Indian Subcontinent, It is found in the dry deciduous " forests of northern and central A deciduous tree that is known for its bright ier ‘orange-red flowers that bloom in the spring Spread- Southeast Asia, across |“ India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand. Palasi is an important tree species, and it has been designated as the state tree of Uttar Pradesh to raise awareness about its consérvation and protection. De PreMarathi: Asspecies of Butea native to tropical and sub-tropical parts of the Indian ‘Subcontinent and Southeast Asia. = across india, Butea gem (Punjabi: &9, Sanskrit: FR, Hindi: ETT, Bengali: 9M, Myanmar, Thailand, = L20s, Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia, and western Indonesia, It ica medium cized dry ceacon-deridiinns tree, growing to 15 m tall Its a slow growing tree, young trees have a growth rate of a few feet per year. ‘The leaves are pinnate, with an 8-16 cm retiole and three leaflets, each leaflet 10-20 cm long. The flowers are 2,5 cm long, bright orange-red, and produced in racemes up to 15 ‘em long. The fruit is # pod 15-20 em long anid 4-5 cin broad. ‘These flowers are not only beautiful but also have several traditional and. medicinal uses. The flowers are used to make dyes, and the gum produced by the tree is used in traditional medicine to treat several ailments. 5. State Tree- Ashok Tree (Saraca asvka Ashok Tree (Saraca asoka) Saraca asoca is a plant belonging to subfamily of the legume family. It 1s an important tree in the cultural traditions of the Indian Subcontinent and adjacent areas.5. State Tree- Ashok Tree (Saraca asoka): + The Ashoka is a rain-forest tree. It is also an endangered tree. Its original distibution was in the central areas of the Deccan plateau, a> ‘well as the middle section of the Westem Ghats in the western coastal zone of the Indian Subcontinent. = The Ashoka is prized for its beautiful foliage and fragrant flowers. = Itis.a small, erect evergreen tree, with deep green leaves growing in dense clusters. Its flowering season is around February to April. The Ashoka flowers come in heavy, lush bunches. ‘They are bright orange-yellow in colcr, turning RED before wilting. As a wild tree, the Ashoka is a vulnerable species. It is becoming rarer in its natural habitat, but isolated wild Ashoka trees are still to be found in the foothills of central and eastern Himalayas, in scattered locations of the northem plains of India as well as on the west coast of the Subcontinent near Mumb » The Industrial Revolution marked the transition to coal electricity, and factory production. + What unintended consequences and resource depletion took place?Tragedy of the Commons > Pamphlet published by an economist in 1833 describing a major cause of resource depletion: Greed; individuals pursuing personal wealth at the expense of the society as a whole. Commons are resources that are shared and not owned. age pacces a law assigning each farmer a fenced section of the pasture. Which is more likely to experience resource depletion?> Two small villages both consist of sheep farmers who raise and sell sheep to a nearby city. + The first village has an unregulated, shared pasture for grazing, Which is more The first village due to Vikely to people overgrazing experience cane (tragedy) the shared depletion? pasture (commons). » Overexploitation of natural resources, pollution, and climate change are all modern examples of the tragedy of the commons. yarpzo2e BetrayThe Progressive Era > The Progressive Era began at the turn of the 20% century. * Greater emphasis ‘on conserving resources and protecting land. sya7/2024 eae The Progressive Era > During the progressive era, the Antiquities Act was passed, allowing the federal government (US) to protect cultural and natural resources. aaron De re PanesModern Environmentalism The modern environmental movement, starting in the 1960s, ushered in a wave of public awareness and legislation... Reducing air and water pollution Preserving ecosystems and biodiversity Promoting sustainability Thie movement was triggered by a series of environmental disasters that occurred inthe previous decades. > In 1946, nuclear bomb testing in the Marshall Islands exposed native islanders and Navy sailors to radioactive fallout. * This material was carcinogenic, meaning it increased the risk of cancer.> In 1948, air pollution from a zinc and steel oon dense smog that sickened thousands in Donora, Pennsylvani * Air pollution is the introduction of particles and gases into the atn that are harmful to living organisms. j syar/2o24 Pr Pedy > In 1962, Rachel Carson Ti published Silent Spring, documenting the impacts that pesticides like DDT were. having on wildlife. + DDT is persistent, meaning it is not biodegradable and will not serine at break down naturally. Pia Baie > Many species of birds, including the bald eagle, nearly went extinct. + Extinction is the complete loss of a species from the Earth. aaron— Po mg or. Poul Rich > In 1968, The Population Bomb is ie published, blaming many T e . coromens! rovers on PODUMAtiOn human overpopulation and predicting a global famine. Bomb * A famine is an extreme shortage of While you are reading these on words five people, mostly children, have died of starvation —and forty more babies have been born. =. syar/202e De ren Fmd a the coauthor of "How To Be A Survivor” Beet antenna ee emcee canna ee sea BA a yarpzo2e> In 1978, the city of Love Canal, New York was abandoned and demolished due to a leaking hazardous waste dump buried underneath it Environmental Rules and Laws Acts- INDIA Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act Restricts pollution ofthe mosphere © Provide for the prevention, we een °°" regulate the level 0 Amended in 1987 Water (Prevention ‘And Control Of Wildlife (Protection) Pollution) Cess Act Act ocussingonthe Ie conservation of wildlife species and their habitats in India, (1993-amended) Forest egulate the collection (Prevention and (Conservation) of forest produceby _control of Act forest dwellers and Pollution) act vides th some activities Restricts polution of for th Jdeciared as offences the water- surface Bnd imprisonmentand ——water- rivers fines (lays down the framework forthe prevention and control ‘of water pollution), foarte aaron The Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, noise in any area Environmental Protection Act Restricts overall pollution (Umbrella Act )The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (EPA) ‘The umbrella legislation for environmental protection in India. It empowers the union government to initiate various steps for envirormental protection and improvement Solid Waste E-Waste Management (Management) Rules, 2016; Rules, 2016; Plastic Waste The Coastal Zone (Management) Regulation Notification, 2019 (CRZ Notification); told The Environmental Impact eae Assessment Notification, aces tae 2006 ei Nteston Managemen provides that an environmental es inmpact assessment must be carried out when seeking an ental EC) ae ees National Policy on Resettlement & Rehabilitation, 2007 ayrpaeae De res Environmental Rules and Laws Acts- INDIA The Public Liability Insurance Act and Rules 1991 and Amendment, 1992 The National Environmental Tribunal Act, 1995, Amendment, 2010 ‘The National Environment Appellate Authority Act, 1997 The Biomedical Waste (Management and Hardling) Rules, 1998 ‘The Environment (Siting for Industrial Projects) Rules, 1999 ‘The Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 The Batteries (Management and Handling) Rules, 2001 ‘The Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) (Amendment) Rules, 2010 The Air (prevention and control of pollution) Act, 1981 Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Fores: Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 (FRA) The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 ‘The Ozone-Depleting Substances (Regulation And Control) Rules, 2000 © Coastal Regulation Zone Notification, 2018 The Energy Conservation Act, 2001 The Biological Diversity Act, 2002 The National Green Tribunal Act, 2010 ‘The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1072 Sore: atwnecobeyeenriomens esbon nd (©. The Wildlife (Protection) Amendment Bill, 2021 arr err rneriF i 1 > The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was established in 1970 to enforce federal environmental laws. syar/2o24 Field Visit plan Block these 5 dates Saturday - Uf each week Jan/ Feb ~ March, Inform me before planning your vacation yarpzo2e DetenPdeIndia is a party to various International environmental treaties cation of the United Nations Conference on Human Environment or Stockholm (1972): first international effort to place environmental issues at the forefront of global concerns. ‘The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (1975), (CITES) The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (1987), The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Waste and. their Disposal (1989), ‘The Convention on Biological Diversity (1992) (CBD) , and ‘The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (1992). vires tr dey Global Environmentalism ee eee UM an ck oe err race Ra ket la Boece Sree at imate Change Sater ra Sec] Peat

» Human-centered philosophy y29 y Nature-centered philosophy > Human interests and well: Preserving ecosystems comes being come first first > Eg Advocated to build the > Eg Advocated to leave the dam valley untouched syar/2o24 Dern dey foe ag ened eee Prony lues play bigger role __ Instrumental Values play bigger roleEnvironmental Worldviews raed CP Stewardship ree as cerned eee ens Cree Pie rary To eee Perec rea eas Ove PT Cee IE Cece Cees Ree as) co Cro Cee eu Ere) a | aaronPeron enue ied PCa Ce uc ETE ‘The stewardship Worldview assumes + we have an ethical responsibility as humans tobe + caring and + responsible managers, or stewards, of| the Earth, ayarp08 Environmental protection is often seen in conflict with + individual freedom and + economic growth. The proponents of environmental protection suggest: * the environment is a global resource that} must be protected for future generations, even at the expense of +, economic growth and beret? individual freedoms.