Aircraft Propulsion (AN F312)

Lecture 4
Dr. Sayan Das
BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus Campus
Hyderabad Department of Mechanical Engineering
The Thrust Equation
𝑚ሶ 𝑓
𝐶𝑉 The thrust equation is:

Thrust, 𝑇 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎 1 + 𝑓 𝑢𝑒 − 𝑈 + 𝑝𝑒 − 𝑝𝑎 𝐴𝑒
𝑈, 𝑝𝑎 where 𝒇 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑓 /𝑚ሶ 𝑎

𝐴
𝑚ሶ 𝑎
𝑝𝑒 𝑝𝑎
𝐴𝑖 𝐴𝑒
𝑦
𝑢𝑒 , 𝑚ሶ 𝑒 , 𝑝𝑎
when 𝑚ሶ 𝑓 ≪ 𝑚ሶ 𝑎

Thrust, 𝑇 ≈ 𝑚ሶ 𝑎 𝑢𝑒 − 𝑈 + 𝑝𝑒 − 𝑝𝑎 𝐴𝑒
𝑥 𝑚ሶ 𝑠
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Propulsive Efficiency of an Aircraft
Propulsive efficiency (𝜼𝒑 ): Relative amount of K.E. of the air at the inlet, utilized in obtaining the power output

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡

𝑈𝑇
𝑜𝑟 𝜂𝑝 = If the exhaust nozzle is unchoked, 𝑝𝑎 =
1 2
𝑈𝑇 + 𝑚ሶ 𝑒 𝑢𝑒 − 𝑈
2 𝑝𝑒 and the fuel air ratio is neglected, we
can write:
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝜂𝑝 =
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐾. 𝐸. 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤
𝜂𝑝 = 2/(1 + 𝑢𝑒 /𝑈)
𝑈𝑇
𝑜𝑟 𝜂𝑝 =
1 1
𝑚ሶ 𝑒 𝑢𝑒2 − 𝑚ሶ 𝑎 𝑈 2
2 2
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A typical bypass Turbojet Engine

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A typical Turboprop Engine

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A bypass twin spool gas turbine Engine

Turbine

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A high bypass turbofan Engine

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Thrust and 𝜼𝒑 for bypass turbofan engine

Total Thrust, 𝑇 = 𝑇ℎ𝑜𝑡 + 𝑇𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑

= 𝑚ሶ ℎ 1 + 𝑓 𝑢𝑒ℎ − 𝑈 + 𝑝𝑒ℎ − 𝑝𝑎 𝐴𝑒ℎ + 𝑚ሶ 𝑐 𝑢𝑒𝑐 − 𝑈 + 𝑝𝑒𝑐 − 𝑝𝑎 𝐴𝑒𝑐

2𝑈 𝑢𝑒ℎ +𝛽𝑢𝑒𝑐 − 1+𝛽 𝑈

𝑚ሶ 𝑐
where , 𝛽 = =bypass ratio
𝑚ሶ ℎ

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Thrust and 𝜼𝒑 for bypass engine

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A propeller-based turboshaft Engine

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Aircraft Engines: Classification

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Other performance parameters

1. Propulsive Thrust

2. Propulsive Efficiency

3. Thermal Efficiency

4. Propeller Efficiency

5. Take off Thrust

6. Specific Fuel Consumption

7. Aircraft Range

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Thermal Efficiency
Power imparted to engine airflow
𝜂𝑡ℎ =
Rate of energy supplied in the fuel

1 2 1 1
𝑇𝑈 + 𝑚ሶ 𝑒 𝑢𝑒 − 𝑈 𝑚ሶ 𝑒 𝑢𝑒2 − 𝑚ሶ 𝑎 𝑈 2
𝜂𝑡ℎ = 2 or 𝜂𝑡ℎ =2 2 (𝑄𝑅 = calorific value of fuel)
𝑚ሶ 𝑓 𝑄𝑅 𝑚ሶ 𝑓 𝑄𝑅

𝑢𝑒2 − 𝑈 2
⇒ 𝜂𝑡ℎ = (For an unchoked nozzle and negligible f)
2𝑓𝑄𝑅

For two stream turbofan or propfan engines: For turboprop and turboshaft engines:

2 2 − 1 + 𝛽 𝑈2 Shaft Power 𝑆𝑃
𝑢𝑒ℎ + 𝛽𝑢𝑒𝑐
⇒ 𝜂𝑡ℎ = ⇒ 𝜂𝑡ℎ =
2𝑓𝑄𝑅 𝑚ሶ 𝑓 𝑄𝑅
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Propeller Efficiency (turboprop engines)
Thurst power generated by propeller 𝑈𝑇𝑝𝑟
𝜂𝑝𝑟 = =
Shaft power 𝑆𝑃

Equivalent Thrust Power (ETP) = 𝑆𝑃 × 𝜂𝑝𝑟 + 𝑇𝑒 𝑈 = 𝑇𝑝𝑟 + 𝑇𝑒 𝑈 = 𝑇𝑈

𝐸𝑇𝑃 𝑻𝑼
So 𝜂𝑝𝑟 = = , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 ESP = Equivalent Shaft Power
𝐸𝑆𝑃 𝑬𝑺𝑷

Overall Efficiency, 𝜼𝒐
𝑇𝑈
Overall Efficiency = 𝜂𝑜 = 𝜂𝑝 × 𝜂𝑡ℎ =
𝑚ሶ 𝑓 𝑄𝑅

2𝑈
For an unchoked nozzle and negligible f: 𝜂𝑜 = 𝜂𝑡ℎ ×
𝑈+𝑢𝑒

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Takeoff Thrust and TSFC
Takeoff thrust: Minimum thrust needed for the aircraft to take off under its own power at static condition.

𝑇𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑜𝑓𝑓 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎 1 + 𝑓 𝑢𝑒
1
For a constant thermal efficiency and flow rate: 𝑇𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑜𝑓𝑓 ∝
𝑢𝑒

Thrust specific fuel consumption (TSFC): Rate of consumption of fuel per unit thrust generated.

𝑚ሶ 𝑓 (For turbojet engines: TSFC usually varies between 0.075-0.11 kg/[Link])

𝑚ሶ 𝑓
For Turboprop engines, SFC: 𝑆𝑃

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Aircraft Range
Assume: Entire flight trajectory comprises of cruising at a certain altitude.
While cruising: Thrust 𝑇 = Drag 𝐷 and Lift 𝐿 = Weight 𝑚𝑔
𝑇 𝑚𝑔 𝐷
= = 1 ⇒ 𝑇 = 𝐷 = 𝑚𝑔
𝐷 𝐿 𝐿

𝑑𝑚
Now ∶ 𝑚ሶ 𝑓 = −
𝑑𝑡

𝑈 1 𝐿 𝑚1
On integration, total range, 𝑆 = ln (Breguet’s Equation)
𝑔 𝑇𝑆𝐹𝐶 𝐷 𝑚2

𝜂𝑜 𝑄𝑅 𝐿 𝑚1
In terms of overall efficiency, 𝑆 = ln
𝑔 𝐷 𝑚2

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Thank You

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus