DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF CIVIL AND WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING
ACADEMIC PROGRAM OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
REGULAR (BSC.)
Chair of Construction Management

Module Name: (23), Procurement and Construction Law

Course Title: Construction Law

Individual Assignment
Title: Construction Industry and EBCS, ASTM, and ASHTO standards on rebar, HCB,
concrete and selected material quality

Name Id No

Lieulseged Gizachew………………………………NSR-1005-12

Submitted to: - Ins. Getnet G.

January: 2023

Debre Markos, Ethiopia

 Table of Contents
ACKNOWLEDGMENT................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 2
1.1.2 Objective of the project ...................................................................................................... 2
Chapter one ..................................................................................................................................... 3
1. Construction Industry .............................................................................................................. 3
1.3 The factors of construction industry...................................................................................... 4
1.4 The challenges of construction industry................................................................................ 4
Chapter two ..................................................................................................................................... 5
2. Loading-Rate Shift for Structural Steels ................................................................................. 5
According to ASTM .................................................................................................................... 5
2.1 Steel Properties...................................................................................................................... 6
2.2.1 Structural steel .................................................................................................................... 8
2.2.1 Scope .................................................................................................................................. 8
2.3 Material properties for hot rolled steels ................................................................................ 8
2.4 Material steel for cold formed steel....................................................................................... 8
2.5 Design value of material coefficients .................................................................................... 8
2.6 Concrete ................................................................................................................................ 9
2.6.1 CLASSIFICATION OF CONCRETE WORKS .............................................................. 10
2.6.2 DATA ON CONCRETE AND STEEL ........................................................................... 10
[Link] GENERAL .................................................................................................................... 10
[Link] GRADES OF CONCRETE........................................................................................... 10
[Link] CHARACTERISTIC COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE ...................... 11
[Link] DEFORMATION PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE ..................................................... 11
Chapter three ................................................................................................................................. 11
3. The meaning of selection of materials .................................................................................. 11
3.1 Criteria for material selection .............................................................................................. 11
3.2 What is required in selecting materials? ............................................................................. 12
3.3 The 3 factors in selecting materials ..................................................................................... 12
3.4 Classification and Selection of Materials: ........................................................................... 13
3.5 Factors Affecting the Selection of Construction Materials ............................................. 13
4. conclusion.............................................................................................................................. 18
Recommendation ....................................................................................................................... 19
5. Reference ................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The success and final outcome of this assignment required a lot of guidance and assistance from
many people and we extremely fortunate to have got this all along the completion of our
assignment work. Whatever we have done is only due to such guidance and assistance and we
would not forget to thank them. We respect and thank Mr Getenet.G for giving we an
opportunity to do this assignment work and providing us all support and guidance which made us
complete the assignment on time, We extremely grateful to he for providing such a nice support
and guidance.

We are really grateful because we managed to complete this assignment within the time given by
Mr Getenet.G.

1
1.1 Introduction
Construction industry is the biggest industry in the world. There are five major construction
sectors which include Industrial, Commercial, Institutional and Residential and Civil.

The construction sector comprises establishments primarily engaged in the construction of

buildings or engineering projects (e.g., highways and utility systems).

Let's get to know about four different kinds of constructions and see which is best of all.

1. Concrete Frame Construction.

2. Steel Frame Structures.

3. Wood Frame Construction.

4. Brick and Mortar Construction.

Many factors must be considered in materials selection, which are classified as structural,
economic/business, manufacturing, durability, environmental impact, and specialist properties
for unique applications.

Material selection is the act of choosing the material best suited to achieve the requirements of a
given application. Many different factors go into determining the selection requirements, such as
mechanical properties, chemical properties, physical properties, electrical properties and cost.

1.1.2 Objective of the project

The objective of this assignment is to resolve and manage disputes and also getting knowledge
about construction industry laws according to standard condition of contracts.

2
Chapter one

1. Construction Industry
Definition: The branch of manufacture and trade based on the building, maintaining, and
repairing structures. This includes drilling and solid mineral exploration. Definition Source:
Standard Industrial Classification.

The construction sector comprises establishments primarily engaged in the construction of

buildings or engineering projects (e.g., highways and utility systems).

Ethiopia's construction industry and infrastructure development includes transport infrastructure,

road construction, railway and energy projects, real estate and industrial parks. Small and
medium construction companies operate in the informal market and local and foreign companies
operate in the formal market.

Context: The United Nations defines construction as comprising “economic activity directed to
the creation, renovation, repair or extension of fixed assets in the form of buildings, land
improvements of an engineering nature, and other such engineering constructions as roads,
bridges, dams and so forth

What are the types of construction industry?

There are five major construction sectors which include Industrial, Commercial, Institutional and
Residential and Civil.

What is the importance of construction industry?

Around 16 per cent of the nation's working population depends on construction for its livelihood.
The Indian construction industry employs over 30 million people and creates assets worth over ₹
200 billion. It contributes more than 5 per cent to the nation's GDP and 78 per cent to the gross
capital formation.

3
1.2 The 4 main types of construction

Let's get to know about four different kinds of constructions and see which is best of all.

1. Concrete Frame Construction.

2. Steel Frame Structures.

3. Wood Frame Construction.

4. Brick and Mortar Construction.

1.3 The factors of construction industry

And the topmost five influencing factors identified are Labors, material and equipment handling,
Time management, Environmental conditions and recourse availability. Key Words: Labors,
Resources, environmental conditions. The construction industry plays a socio-economic
development in our nation.

1.4 The challenges of construction industry

8 Top challenges and issues in the construction industry.

a. Cost overrun.

b. Delays.

c. Slow adaptation to emerging technologies.

d. Inadequate communication.

e. Labor shortage.

f. Poor planning, forecasting, and budgeting.

g. Lacking organization and haphazard document management.

h. Problems with cash flow

4
Chapter two

2. Loading-Rate Shift for Structural Steels

According to ASTM
CVN Temperature Shift

The Kic, Kic (t), and Kid test results presented in demonstrated the general effect of temperature
and loading rate on Kic. A similar effect of loading rate exists for CVN specimens tested in
three-point slow-bend and standard impact loading. The general effect of a slow loading rate
(compared with standard-impact loading rates for CVN specimens) is to shift the CVN curve to
the left and to lower the upper-shelf values. This behavior was shown schematically and for
actual CVN test results.

The shifts in the transition temperature for slow-bend and impact KI~ and CVN test results for
sixteen steels having yield strengths in the range 40-250 ksi are related to yield strength. Note the
linear relation between yield strength and the temperature shift.

The magnitude of the temperature shift caused by high-strain-rate testing should be measured, at
the same energy level, from the onset of the dynamic temperature transition to the onset of the
transition on the static curve . This onset of the dynamic temperature transition for the CVN tests
is defined arbitrarily by the intersection of tangent lines drawn from the lower shelf level and the
transition region. The loading-rate shift has been verified by Roberts [Link] the 15-ft-lb level.
Thus, the fact that the shift exists does not depend on the particular means used to measure it.
However, the onset of dynamic transition seems to be the best reference point from which to
measure strain-rate effects because this point is located in the energy-absorption region where a
change in the microscopic mode of fracture starts to occur at the initial crack front for both static
and dynamic testing. Also, because the onset of the static temperature transition occurs at a lower
temperature than that marking the onset of the dynamic temperature transition and because the
static upper energy-absorption shelf is usually of lower magnitude than that measured in the
dynamic test, the static and dynamic energy absorption curves usually intersect. Thus,
measurements of the temperature shift at temperatures above that defined by the onset of the
impact CVN temperature transition may underestimate the magnitude of the shift. Below this

5
reference temperature, the slopes with respect to the temperature axis of both the static and the
dynamic CVN energy become very small; consequently, it is difficult to measure the magnitude
of the shift between the two curves in the lower-shelf region.

2.1 Steel Properties

Subsequent to the failure, Sheet 55 was removed from the cell wall and was subjected to
chemical and mechanical tests. The tests confirmed that the steel satisfied the specified chemical
and physical requirements of ASTM A328 specifications for which it was purchased. The yield
strength from two longitudinal tests were 43.4 and 51.1ksi, and the tensile strengths were 92.1
and 92.0ksi. The transverse test resulted in a51.4-ksi yield strength and a 79.3-ksi tensile
strength. The percent elongations in 2 in. were 27.5 and 26.0% for the longitudinal tests and
27.5% for the transverse test. These physical properties exceeded the ASTM A328 requirements
of 70-ksi minimum tensile strength, 39-ksi minimum yield point, and 17% elongation in 8 in.
Charpy V-notch (CVN) fracture toughness was not required for the purchase of the steel.
However, CVN tests were conducted on the sheet that fractured and the results are presented.

CVN ft-lb data may be converted to impact stress-intensity factors K ~ a by using the
relationship:

K r a = X/5E(CVN, ft-lb)

where E is the modulus of elasticity, psi, and Kid is psi ~n ~m.

According to AASHTO

AASHTO Fracture Control Plan for steel bridges is discussed to show how, had the ASSHTO
Fracture Control Plan been in existence, this failure would not have occurred. In the Bryte Bend
Bridge, the combination of low material toughness and poor fabrication practices led to the
failure of this structure. Specifically, an out of-specification steel in the presence of a severe
Category E fatigue detail resulting from welding a lateral brace into the flange combined to
cause a brittle fracture. This case study points out that brittle fractures are caused by complex
inter relations between material fracture toughness, design, welded details, fabrication practices,
and service conditions. For steel bridges, the AASHTO Fracture Control Plan provides a
reasonable set of balanced controls on all of these factors and thus is a satisfactory plan to

6
prevent brittle fractures in steel bridges. However, it should be emphasized that a particular plan
developed for the prevention of fractures in one type of structure such as the AASHTO Fracture
Control Plan for steel bridges cannot be used indiscriminately to prevent fracture in other types
of structures. As discussed previously, differences in loading rate, design details, fatigue loading,
etc. are such that fracture control should be made as specific to a particular type of structure as
possible.

Fracture-toughness requirements often are developed to be used in conjunction with good design,
fabrication, and inspection procedures, without being specific as to how "good" procedures are
defined. In the 1970s AASHTO recognized the need for a more specific fracture control plan for
non redundant steel bridges and developed the "Guide Specifications for Fracture Critical Non-
Redundant Steel Bridge Members" . Specifically, this Guide requires additional controls on the
material notch toughness, welding, and inspection of fracture-critical bridge members compared
with redundant bridge members. Fracture-critical members (FCMs) or member components are
tension members or tension components of members whose failure would be expected to result
in collapse of the bridge. The Guide specifications are to be used in conjunction with all existing
AASHTO requirements and are based on numerous research studies designed to translate
research into engineering practice. The American Association of State Highway and
Transportation Officials (AASHTO) approach to fracture control has been to specify the
materials, design, fabrication (welding), construction, inspection, and maintenance in four
separate specifications as follows:

1. Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges.

2. Standard Specifications for Transportation Materials and Methods of Sampling an testing.

3. Standard Specifications for Welding of Structural Steel Highway Bridges.

4. Manual for Maintenance Inspection of Bridges.

The controls described in these specifications have worked very well, and the incidence of
bridge failures has been extremely low after the development of the AASHTO Fracture Control
Plan . When failures did occur, they usually were attributed to the fact that the various AASHTO
specifications were violated.

7
 2.2.1 Structural steel
According to EBCS

2.2.1 Scope
1 This course covers the design of structural fabricated from steel material conforming to
internationally accepted standard.

2. It may also be used for other structural steel, provided that adequate existing data to justify the
application of relevant design and fabrication rules.

3. For high strength steel refers to internationally accepted standards.

2.3 Material properties for hot rolled steels

Nominal values

1. The nominal value of yield strength Fy and the ultimate tensile yield strength Fu for hot rolled
steel.

2. The nominal value may be adopted as characteristic values in calculation.

3. Similar value may be adopted for hot finished structural hollow sections.

4. For high strength steel refers to internationally accepted standards.

2.4 Material steel for cold formed steel

1. The nominal value of the yield strength and the ultimate tensile strength for cold formed steel
shall confirm with internationally accepted standards.

2. The average yield of cold finish structural hollow section.

2.5 Design value of material coefficients

The material coefficient to be adopted in calculation for steel covered by this code taken as
follows:

a. Modulus of elasticity.

b .Shear modulus.

8
 C. Poison’s ratio.

d. Coefficient of linear thermal expansion.

e. Unit mass.

2.6 Concrete
ACCORDING TO EBCS 2

(1) This Code of Practice applies to the design of buildings and civil engineering works in plain,
reinforced and pre stressed concrete made with normal weight aggregates.

(2) The Code has been published in two parts: Part 1: Design, Materials and Construction Part 2:
Design Aids.

(3) This Code is only concerned with the requirements for resistance, serviceability and
durability of concrete structures. Other requirements, such as those concerning thermal or sound
insulation, are not covered.

(4) Construction is covered to the extent that is necessary to indicate the quality of the
construction materials and products which should be used and the standard of workmanship on
site needed to comply with the assumptions of the design rules. Construction and workmanship
are covered in Chapters 8 and 9, and are to be considered as minimum requirements which may
have to be further developed for particular types of buildings or civil engineering works and
methods of construction.

(5) This Code does not cover the special requirements of seismic design. Provisions related to
such requirements are given in EBCS 8 "Design of Structures for Earthquake Resistance" which
complements, and is consistent with, EBCS 2

(6) Numerical values of the actions on buildings and civil engineering works to be taken into
account in the design are not given in this Code. They are provided in EBCS 1 "Basis of Design
and Actions on Structures" applicable to the various types of construction.

9
(7) The design aids in Part 2 have been prepared in accordance with the assumptions laid down
in Part 1, with the intention that they may be used as standard design aids and so avoid
duplication of efforts by individual design offices.

(8) It has been assumed in the drafting of this Code that the design of concrete structures is
entrusted to registered structural or civil engineers, appropriately qualified, for whose guidance it
has been prepared and that the execution of the work is, carried out under the direction of
appropriately qualified supervisors.

2.6.1 CLASSIFICATION OF CONCRETE WORKS

(1) Concrete works are classified as either Class l or II depending on the quality of workmanship
and the competence of the supervisors directing the ·works.

(2) Works carried out under the direction of appropriately qualified supervisors ensuring the
attainment of level of quality control envisaged in Chapter 9 are classified as Class I works.

(3) Works with a lower level of quality control are classified as Class II works. (4) Class n works
are permissible only for single story structures.

2.6.2 DATA ON CONCRETE AND STEEL

[Link] GENERAL
(l) The strength and other. data for the concrete are defmedon the b ~is <!f s ~dared tests.

[Link] GRADES OF CONCRETE

(1) Concrete is graded in terms of its characteristic compressive cube strength. The grade of
concrete to be used in design depends on the classification of the concrete work and the intended
use.

(2) the permissible grades of concrete for the two classes of concrete works.

(3) The numbers in the grade designation denote the specified characteristic compressive
strength in MPa.

10
[Link] CHARACTERISTIC COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
(1) For the purpose of this Code, compressive strength of concrete is determined from tests on
150 .mm cubes at the age of 28 days in accordance with Ethiopian Standards.

(2) The characteristic compressive strength is defined as that strength below which 5% of all
possible strength measurements may be expected to fall. In practice, the concrete may be
regarded as complying with the grade specified for the design if the results of the tests comply
with the acceptance criteria.

(3) Cylindrical or cubical specimens of other sizes may also be used with conversion factors
determined from a comprehensive series of tests. In the absence of such tests, the to obtain the
equivalent characteristic strength on the basis of 150 mm cubes.'

(4) the characteristic cylinder compressive strength j j , are given for the different grades of
concrete.

[Link] DEFORMATION PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE

The values of the material properties required for the calculation of I I\$ tantaneous and time
dependent deformations of concrete depend not only upon the grades of concrete but also upon
the properties ,of the aggregates and other parameters related to the mix design and the
environment. For this reason, where an accurate calculation is considered necessary, the values
shall be established from known data appropriate to the particular materials and conditions of
use. For many calculations an approximate estimate will usually be sufficient.

Chapter three

3. The meaning of selection of materials

Material selection is the act of choosing the material best suited to achieve the requirements of a
given application. Many different factors go into determining the selection requirements, such as
mechanical properties, chemical properties, physical properties, electrical properties and cost.

3.1 Criteria for material selection

Here is a list of the categories of the requirements to consider when selecting a material for a
component or a joint between components:

11
 a. Performance requirements.

b. Reliability requirements.

c. Size, shape, and mass requirements.

d. Cost requirements.

e. Manufacturing requirements.

f. Industry standards.

g. Government regulation.

3.2 What is required in selecting materials?

Many factors must be considered in materials selection, which are classified as structural,
economic/business, manufacturing, durability, environmental impact, and specialist properties
for unique applications.

3.3 The 3 factors in selecting materials

The Importance of Choosing the Right Materials

1 .Function – what we need this product to do.

2. Durability – the product should stand the test of time.

3. Aesthetics – the fine balance between appearance, durability and cost.

Consistency of performance – the product should record a low failure rate in testing.

Factors Affecting the Selection of Construction Material

 Strength.
 Life of Material.
 Cost of Material.
 Handling and Storage.
 Local Availability.
 Climate.
 Skills Required and its Availability.
 Sustainability.
12
What are the four 4 basic steps in material selection process?

The materials selection process for a component or joint between components involves these
steps:

a. Identify the design requirements.

b. Identify the materials selection criteria.

c. Identify candidate materials.

d. Evaluate candidate materials.

e. Select materials.

3.4 Classification and Selection of Materials:

The engineering materials are often primarily selected based on their mechanical, physical,
chemical and manufacturing properties. The secondary points to be considered are the cost and
availability, appearance, service life and recyclability.

Many factors must be considered in materials selection, which are classified as structural,
economic/business, manufacturing, durability, environmental impact, and specialist properties
for unique applications.

3.5 Factors Affecting the Selection of Construction Materials

1. Strength

Strength is the most important parameter in selecting construction materials. It demonstrates the
ability of the materials to withstand stresses such as compression, tension, and shear.

For instance, there are several steel grades with various yield strengths from which contractors
can choose. If the building does not have to bear large loads, low steel grade can be used, which
in this case, can reduce the cost. Nonetheless, the availability of steel in the market will play a
significant role here.

a. No alt text provided for this image.

13
 b. Compression and Tension Stresses.

2. Durability

The durability of materials is important to construct a structure with a long life span without
considerable maintenance cost. So, certain materials may be more expensive than others, but low
maintenance costs in the future will offset such high costs.

3. Cost

The cost of construction materials will, in most cases, lead to the final decision regarding
material selection.

Construction material costs comprise a large portion of the total cost, which is why it plays a
critical role. Ultimately, it controls the entire cost of the project.

4. Locally Available Materials

The availability of materials locally affects both the cost and the construction schedule. If
materials are available far away from the construction site, the cost of transportation will be high,
and it could also delay the work if they are not ordered in advance.

However, if materials are available locally, transportation costs will be low, and the construction
process will continue seamlessly.

5. Handling and Storage

Handling and storage of materials is another factor that must be considered because it affects
construction time, requirements for labor and equipment for handling, and cost.

No alt text provided for this image

Storage of Construction Materials

14
 6. Climate

Climate is another important factor that must be considered while choosing materials. Parameters
such as average temperature range throughout the year, rain, snow, and weather, amount of
sunlight, required ventilation, and wind are the areas of concern.

The climate and properties of building materials are related to each other. So, the selected
materials should be according to the climate of the area where the structure will be built.

7. Required Skills and Availability

When construction materials are selected, the decision-maker should know the extent of skills
required to use that material. If skilled labor is needed, then it increases the cost of construction.
Additionally, if skilled labor is unavailable, which is mostly the case in remote areas, it delays
the construction work.

8. Sustainability

The need for sustainable development is continuously increasing due to the demand for reducing
carbon emissions .Applicable codes and standards are continuously setting stricter specifications
regarding carbon release. This leads decision-makers to lean toward sustainable materials like fly
ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag, and silica fume, which are used to reduce cement
utilization and reduce carbon dioxide emission.

9. Recycling

The ability of materials to be recycled at the end of their lifespan play an important role when
they are selected. For instance, designers and developers should go for bolted steel connection
types rather than weld connection steels.

The former may require greater effort and accuracy to execute, but it is completely recyclable.
However, the latter is hardly recyclable without releasing further carbon into the atmosphere.

10. The Function of the Building

The function of the building can govern the choice of construction materials because it directly
affects the occupants. The selected material defines the space which is being constructed.

15
If the type of structure is load bearing, you should select high-quality masonry bricks since they
are the primary load carrying element.

11. Aesthetic Appearance

The type of material controls the appearance of the building. A specific appearance may be
appealing to someone but not attractive to others.

So, the owner's demand plays a significant role here as they may have decided what type of
appearance the building should have. For example, the type of material influences the floor's
appearance, so the material should be selected to achieve the required appearance.

Various materials are available for floors, such as granite, marble, vitrified tile, ceramic tiles,
wood, and Kota stone. The cost of the material may limit the options as the most appealing floor
material may be the most expensive one.

12. Maintenance

Maintenance sometimes governs material selection because not only will good quality material
need low cost to maintain, but it keeps the aesthetic appearance of the building.

13. Specifications

Specifications are also an important material selection criterion. Material specifications and
quality are established for a given project based on required strength, aesthetic appearance,
durability, etc.

For instance, specifications may ask for a cement type to fight chloride and carbonation attacks if
a structure is constructed in tidal zones. In this case, additives and supplementary cementations
materials may be necessary.

14. Guarantee

Check and properly understand a product description, its technical specifications, terms and
conditions of guarantee to ensure the right material selection. Sometimes what is understood by
the material selector or presented by a salesperson can be misleading.

16
15. Support and Service After Sales

Services and support after sales are important factors and should be considered while choosing
materials. So, check whether the seller provides support and services such as normal or annual
repairs, spares, etc.

The Four Basic Steps in the Selection of Construction Materials

1 .Determine design requirements

2. Identify material selection criteria

3. Specify candidate materials

4. Assess candidate materials and select the best option Most Common Construction
Materials

a. Concrete

b. Steel

c. Wood

d. Stone

5. Brick/Masonry

Importance of Selecting the Right Construction Materials Projects. The selection of correct
construction material offers several benefits, for instance, meeting project standards and
specifications, low maintenance cost, optimizing construction cost, smooth execution of the
project, etc. When embarking on your next projects, it is expedient that you ensure of the use of
the right construction materials both in terms of quality and quantity.

17
 4. conclusion
It helped me to have a broader perspective about the construction industry, especially about
material selection because I didn't have that much knowledge about it.

And finally construction law is essential for all construction [Link] is resolvation method b/n
employer and other workers like consultant, engineer, contractor and other institution.

18
 Recommendation
According to my opinion, working using these conditions of contract, ie MOUWD, PPA, FIDIC,
has made my work easier. It also helps me to have some knowledge about construction laws. But
when I work from the internet, they don't have the author and the written doctrine. It made my
work a little difficult. to have a broader perspective about the construction industry, especially
about material selection because I didn't have that much knowledge about it.

19
 5. Reference
a. EBCS

b. AASHITO

c. ASITM

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]
construction/item/overview-of-construction-industry

20