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Ethanoic Acid and Its Properties

This chemistry document covers several key topics: 1. It introduces organic compounds and their properties including carbon allotropes and isomerism. 2. It discusses the naming of hydrocarbons like alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes using prefixes and homologous series. 3. It describes the physical and chemical properties of organic compounds such as alcohols, including their combustion, oxidation, and substitution reactions.

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9 views10 pages

Ethanoic Acid and Its Properties

This chemistry document covers several key topics: 1. It introduces organic compounds and their properties including carbon allotropes and isomerism. 2. It discusses the naming of hydrocarbons like alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes using prefixes and homologous series. 3. It describes the physical and chemical properties of organic compounds such as alcohols, including their combustion, oxidation, and substitution reactions.

Uploaded by

xd Optimus
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Chemistry Notes

Unit 1 - Organic compounds

Key concept - System


Related concept - pattern model, form
Global context - Personal and cultural expression
Student will explore - Products, systems, and institutions

Criteria -
- A - Knowing and understanding
- B - Inquiring and designing

Ionic and covalent compounds


NaCl - Ionic - sodium transfers 1 electron, chlorine takes 1 electron -
attains octet
CH4 - Covalent - Carbon and 4 hydrogen share electrons so all - attains
octet

Commonalities between chair, gas cylinder, vinegar, and leafs -


- Carbon
- Hydrogen

Organic compounds will have these


Carbohydrates are carbon and hydrogen… how surprising

Allotropy is the property of an element to have different physical


structures

Different physical forms and structures

Allotropes of carbon
- Graphite

- Diamond

- Isomerism

- Fullerene
Carbon catenation is the formation of a very large number of compounds.

- Same molecular formula but different structural formula


- For example CH2–CH2–OH and CH2–OH–CH2

Organic compounds can be acyclic or cyclic


- Acyclic is when it is a closed chain compound
- Cyclic is when it is a open chain compound
- This can be further divided to saturated (single bond) or
unsaturated (double or triple bond compounds)
- Alkanes - single bond
- Alkenes - double / triple bond
- Alkynes - double / triple bond

Hydrocarbons
Sr Alkane CnH2n+2 Sr Alkene CnH2n Sr Alkyne CnH2n-2

1 CH4 4 hydrogen, 1 2 C2H4 2 carbon, 4 2 C2H2 2 carbon, 2


carbon hydrogen hydrogen

2 C2H6 6 hydrogen, 2 3 C3H6 3 carbon, 6 3 C3H4 3 carbon, 4


carbon hydrogen hydrogen

3 C3H8 8 hydrogen, 3 4 C4H8 4 carbon, 8 4 C4H6 4 carbon, 6


carbon hydrogen hydrogen

4 C4h10 10 hydrogen, 5 C5H10 5 carbon, 10 5 C5H8 5 carbon, 8


carbon hydrogen hydrogen

Prefix Prefix Prefix Prefix

1 Methane Methyl

2 Ethane Ethene Ethyne Ethyl

3 Propane Propene Propyne Propyl

4 Butane Butene Butyne Butyl

5 Pentane Pentene Pentyne Pentyl


6 Hexane Hexene Hexyne Hexyl

7 Heptane Heptene Heptyne Heptyl

8 Octane Octene Octyne Octyl

9 Nonane Nonene Nonyne Nonyl

10 Decane Decene Decyne Decyl

Homologous series
- A group of carbon compounds having similar chemical structures and
similar chemical properties
- Member differ by CH2
- Members differ by 14 units of mass
- Are alkynes, alkanes, and alkenes

Alkyl groups
- C(n)H(2n)+1
- Basically remove 1 hydrogen from all on the alkanes list
- Alkyls will have 1 element which has not attained octet
- Add kl as the suffix - Methyl

Functional group
- An atom or a group of atoms that decide properties a carbon compound
- Halo group (C[n]H[2n+1])
- Halogens (Group 17)
- Halo alkane or alkyl halide - Naming
- Iodo, fluoro, chloro, bromo
- Alcohol group (C[n]H[2n+1])
- OH is added
- Suffix is ol - Naming - Ethanol
- Carboxylic acid (C[n]H[2n+1]COOH)
- COOH is added to the chemical formula
- Suffix is oic - Ethanoic
- The carbon in COOH is also counted as one of the carbons
- Esters (C[n]H[])

Rules for nomenclature


- Find and name the longest continuous carbon chains
- Identify and name groups attached to this chain
- Number the chain consecutively, starting at the end nearest a
substituent group
- Designate the location of each substituent group by an appropriate
number and name
- Assemble the name, listing group in alphabetical order using the full
name

Acids have the highest priority in terms of naming

Physical properties of alcohols


- Alcohols have a higher boiling point when compared to other
hydrocarbons
- The solubility of alcohol depends on the hydroxyl group present
- Alcohols are acidic due to the polarity of the OH bond
- Alcohols also have a very low melting point, the melting point of
ethanol being -114.1 degrees celsius
- Most alcohols are colourless, ethanol, methanol being to examples of a
colourless alcohol

The boiling point increases down the homologous series


The melting point decreases down the homologous series
The solubility decreases down the homologous series

Chemical properties of alcohols


- Combustion, hydrocarbon + oxygen will give C02, H2O and heat energy
- Oxidation, addition of oxygen

Structural isomers of the alkanes


- Isomerism is the representation of the same molecular formula as
different structures
- Butane and butene have 2 isomers

Isomerism - Pentane

Physical properties of organic compound:


- Melting point - The temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid
- Boiling point - The temperature at which a liquid becomes a gas
- Density- Mass per unit volume

Melting and boiling point go down the homologous series

Physical properties of hydrocarbons


- Hydrocarbons are colourless and odourless
- They undergo a combustion reaction with oxygen giving carbon dioxide
and water.
- Greater number of carbon the greater the melting point of hydrocarbons

Combustion
- Carbon compounds burn in oxygen to form water carbon dioxide heat and
light
- Eg: C + O2 → CO2 + heat + light
- CH4 + 2O2 → H2O + CO2 + heat + light
Oxidation reaction
- Carbon compounds like alcohols are oxidised to carboxylic acid on
heating with oxidising agents like alkaline potassium permanganate
- KMnO4 or acidic potassium dichromate - k2cr2o7.

Substitution reaction
- Saturated hydrocarbons undergo substitution reactions with halogens to
form substitution products.
- Methane undergoes substitution reaction with chlorine in the presence
of sunlight to form substitution products.

Test for saturated or unsaturated


Chemical solution + bromine water, if the colour stays orange-red, it is
unsaturated, if it becomes a colourless solution, it is saturated

What is a saturated compound?


only single bonds between carbon atoms

What are unsaturated compounds?


The have on double and triple bonds

Ethanol
Is a colourless and odourless solution, which has a burning taste

Fermentation
Is the process where substances like glucose are broken down anaerobically,
produce an enzyme that converts glucose to ethanol and carbon dioxide gas.

Hydration
Ethene + steam -> ethanol

Cracking
- Breaking down of longer chain hydrocarbons into smaller hydrocarbons
- Propane and butane are small hydrocarbons, meaning they are easily
flammable, have a lower boiling point.
- Lower hydrocarbons are also easy to ignite, so can be used as fuel.
- Alkenes are used in the manufacture of plastics.
- Thermal or catalytic cracking
- Thermal is high pressure, and temperature fuse
- Catalytic is low pressure, and temperature
- [Link]

There are 2 types of cracking


- Catalytic cracking(through catalyst)
- Uses zeolite catalyst
- 500 degrees celsius
- Thermal cracking (through steam)
- Carried out at 750 degrees celsius and 70 atm
- Thermal cracking gives a mixture of products with many double
bonds
- Polymerisation

Cracking of petroleum
Breaking of larger hydrocarbons into smaller and more useful hydrocarbons

Why are higher alcohols not soluble in water


More steric hindrance due to large number of hydrocarbon chains, which
results in less solubility

Ethanoic acid properties


- It is a colourless liquid with a pungent smell and sour taste
- It is soluble in water
- A solution of 5% to 8% ethanoic acid in water is called vinegar

Esterification
- Ethanoic acid + ethanol conc H2SO4 → CH3COOC2H5
- Carboxylic acid + alcohol → CH3C
- Artificial flavourings, perfumes, organs, soaps, and cosmetics
- Has a fruity smell

General formula for esters R - C - O - R = O

Saponification
Is the process involving conversion of lipids, fats, and oils into soap and
alcohol by the action of aqueous alkali

CH3COO2H5 + NaOH → CH3COONa + C2H5OH


Ethylethanoate = Sodium ethanoate + Ethanol
Unit 2 - Fuels burnt out

Fractional distillation
Fractional distillation is the process of separation of miscible
liquids. The liquids have less than 25 degrees of difference in their
boiling points. We can collect different oils from crude oils,
dividing into fractions.

1st fraction - gas <40


2nd fraction - petrol 20 - 70
3rd fraction - naphtha 70 - 160
4th fraction - kerosene 160 - 250
5th fraction - diesel 250 - 350
6th fraction - residue 300 - 370
7th fraction - bitumen >370

[Link]
alEducation

Global warming
[Link]
hic

Enthalpy of combustion
- Is how much heat is produced when one mol of the substance is
burnt in the presence of oxygen.
- The symbol of enthalpy is ΔHC
- Energy flows from system to surrounding environment
- Combustion reaction are always exothermic

Video on the molar heat / enthalpy of combustion


[Link]

Unit 3 - How fast is reaction

Rate of reaction
Rate of reaction is the measure of how fast a reaction happens. It is
measured using time unit-1.

Factors that affect rate of reaction


1. Concentration
2. Surface area
3. Temperature
4. Catalyst

Collision theory
Collision theory is the theory that successful collisions in molecules
are increased by increment in concentration, surface area,
temperature, or the addition of a catalyst. This makes the rate of
reaction higher.

Le Chatelier's principle
If the dynamic equilibrium is shifted by changing conditions, the
position of equilibrium changes shifts to counteract the change and
re-establish equilibrium.

Haber’s process
In the Haber process, “the atmospheric nitrogen (N2) is converted to
ammonia (NH3) by reacting it with hydrogen (H2)”.

Endo and exothermic reactions


In endothermic reactions molecules absorb heat energy, and exothermic
reactions are the exact opposite, emitting heat energy.

Unit 4 - Electrochemistry

Half cell reaction and its balancing


(Al+3 + 3e- → Al) * 4 = 4Al+3 + 12e- → 4Al
(2O2 → O2 + 4e-) * 3 = 6O2 → 3O2 + 12e-

4Al+3 + 6O2 → 3O2 + 4Al

Anode is positive, and reduction happens there


Cathode is negative, and oxidation happens there

The oxidation state needs to be balanced, just like the chemical


formula. That can be done through the use of lowest common multiple

In the above example, the lowest common multiple of the oxidation


states was 12.
3Cu+2 + 2Al → 2Al+3 + 3Cu

Common questions

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Functional groups are specific atoms or groups of atoms that imparts characteristic properties to organic compounds. For example, the hydroxyl group (-OH) in alcohols like ethanol contributes to higher boiling points and solubility in water due to hydrogen bonding. The carboxyl group (-COOH) in carboxylic acids like ethanoic acid gives them acidic properties and the ability to form esters during reactions .

Structural isomers are compounds that share the same molecular formula but differ in the arrangement of atoms. An example with alkanes is butane, which can exist as two structural isomers: n-butane and isobutane, differing in the branching of the carbon chain .

Fractional distillation separates crude oil into components based on boiling point differences. Fractions like petrol, kerosene, and diesel are used as fuels, while others are raw materials for chemical synthesis. The widespread use of these fractions implicates them in environmental pollution and resource depletion issues .

Hydrocarbons are generally colorless and odorless due to the simple structural composition and lack of extensive conjugation. Upon combustion, hydrocarbons produce carbon dioxide and water, which can contribute to greenhouse gas emissions, thus exacerbating environmental issues like global warming .

Ethanol reacts with acetic acid in the presence of an acid catalyst like concentrated H2SO4 to form ethyl acetate and water, a process called esterification. Ethyl acetate, with its fruity smell, is used in artificial flavorings, perfumes, and as a solvent in products like nail polish remover .

Catalysts in the cracking process lower the activation energy, making it easier to break long-chain hydrocarbons into smaller, useful ones under milder conditions. Catalytic cracking uses a zeolite catalyst at about 500°C, whereas thermal cracking operates at about 750°C with 70 atm, resulting in mixtures rich in alkenes due to high-energy conditions .

The solubility of alcohols decreases down the homologous series. This decrease in solubility can be attributed to the increase in the hydrophobic alkyl chain length, which reduces the polar effect of the hydroxyl group, thus decreasing the overall solubility in water .

According to collision theory, increasing reactant concentration, surface area, temperature, or using a catalyst leads to more frequent and energetic collisions, thereby accelerating the reaction rate. This principle is applied in industrial processes to optimize conditions for desired reaction speeds .

In organic nomenclature, priority is given to functional groups with higher precedence, such as acids over others. The longest carbon chain is identified, substituents are numbered in a way to assign the lowest possible numbers, and the complete name is assembled with groups listed alphabetically .

Allotropy refers to the property of an element to exist in different physical forms. For instance, carbon exhibits allotropy through forms like graphite, diamond, and fullerene, each having distinct physical structures and properties .

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