“RECYCLING HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE (HDPE) AND

POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE (PET) PLASTIC WASTE FOR THE

PRODUCTION OF PLYWOOD SUBSTITUTE”

By

MIGUEL JOSHUA BACUDIO

DENVER SHANN TOLETINO
AERON VOI ABUTIN
JOSEPH VENGAZO

(STEM 12)

An Investigatory Project
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in Research 2, General
Physics 1 at Saint James School of Subic, Inc., Subic, Zambales,
Philippines

October 2019
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APPROVAL SHEET
This investigatory project proposal entitled, ““PYROLYSIS OF PLASTIC
WASTE MATERIAL FOR PRODUCTION OF PLYWOOD SUBSTITUTE”, has been
prepared and submittedMiguel Joshua Bacudio, Denver Shann Tolentino, Aeron Voi
Abutin, and Joseph Vengazo, who is hereby recommended for evaluation and approval.

REYNALDO P. DE LEON DR. MILAGROS T. GUIAYA

General Physics I Teacher Research Teacher

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Evaluated and Approved by:

DR. ERIC A. MATRIANO

Dean/CBA-CC

Accepted as requirement in Practical Research2, Physics, and Biology of Science,

Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics 12.

October__,2019 SR. GRACE O. ABEJO, SFIC

Date of Evaluation Principal

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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This research becomes a reality with the kind of support and help of many

individuals. We would like to extend our sincere thanks to all of them.

First and foremost, praises and thanks to our God, for his unconditional guidance,

wisdom and blessing that showered upon us throughout our research work to complete

the research successfully.

It is a genuine pleasure to express our deep sense of thanks and gratitude to our

research supervisor, Dr. Milagros T. Guiaya, for giving us the opportunity to do research

and providing us a invaluable guidance throughout our research, for her extraordinary

cooperation and supervision. This research is the result of her painstaking and generous

attitude. Her dedication and keen interest above all her overwhelming attitude to help us

had been solely and mainly responsible for completing our work.

We are also thankful and grateful to Mr. Reynaldo P. De Leon, his dynamism;

vision, sincerity, and motivation have deeply inspired us. He gave us his most support

and encouragement for helping us in this research. This gives us the experience on how to

cooperate and engage ourselves in a serious project. We are very happy to express our

profound sense of gratitude to Sr. Grace O. Abejo, SFIC. Our dearest School Principal,

for giving this opportunity and her continuous support. We owe our outmost gratitude to

our family members for their encouragement and support throughout the days of our

research. We extend our sincere thanks to our friends, other people, other teaching faculty

and non-teaching staff members of Saint James School of Subic, INC.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
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PAGE
TITLE PAGE……………………..………………………………………..i

APPROVAL SHEET………………………………..……….…………….ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……………………………..…………..……iii

ABSTRACT………………………..……….………...……………………iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………...…………………….………..v

LIST OF TABLE……………………….…….…………………………….vi

LIST OF FIGURES………….……………………………………………..vii

CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Introduction………………… …………………………………..

Background of the Study…………………………….…………..

Statement of the Problem…………………………………….….

Formulation of Hypothesis……………………………………...

Null Hypothesis………………………………………………....

Alternative Hypothesis………………………….……………….

Significance of the Study……………………..………………….

Objectives……………………………………..…………………

Definition of Terms……………………………………………..

Conceptual Framework……………………………………..…...
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CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Method/Design………………………………………….

Data Gathering Technique…………………………………………

Data Analysis………………………………………………………

Description of Proposed Procedure………………………………..

Experimental Set-up……………………………………………….

Statistical Treatment……………………………………………….
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List of Tables
Table 1

Table 2
Table 3
Table 4
Table 5
Table 6
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List of Figures
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CHAPTER1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

This chapter includes the background of the study, statement of the problem,

formulation of the null and alternative hypothesis, significance of the study, scope and

limitation, objective, definition of terms, and conceptual framework.

Background of the Study

The researchers find out and produce different things through the help of our

different resources , which one day the researchers may be able to apply it in our daily

living and can be prove useful in time. Plywood is essential to everyone in different ways

especially in building structures, furniture and can be used for repair. Around the world

there are many products that are made from plywood such as tables, ceilings, cabinets,

and shelves. Through the use of plywood, life becomes more convenient because of the

things that are made by these materials.

Wood is a renewable resource that can be found in our world. Wood-based forest

products have played a significant role in our national economy. Man-made boards are

among the most efficient uses of wood. According to State Administration Forestry,

2008, plywood has been the leading product. Its production reached 33.62million in

2007. As we all know, plywood is mainly used for decoration, furniture manufacturing

and construction. Plywood is a material manufactured from thin layers of wood that are

glued together with adjacent layers having their wood grain rotated 90 degrees to another.
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Plastic has high plasticity, mechanical strength, good chemical stability, easy

coloring and easy to process. Plastic is widely used in our daily lives especially in the

form of disposable products like plastic bags. Based on an investigation plastic are so

durable which means it will take many years before it completely degrade and there is

also a possibility that some plastic will last forever. Plastic is derived from fossil fuels, a

limited resource; hence, the reuse of waste plastic material not only saves a mass of

energy but also it can protect our environment.

The researcher decided to choose this kind of project because as we observe our

environment we can see plastic anywhere. We try to find and search a way in which it

will help our environment plus it will turn in something more useful. This project of ours

which is the producing of plywood substitute from plastic waste material is important and

significant to us students because it will help us in many ways. Since the product has

many advantages, this will help students especially in their projects. Not only to the

students but it also will be significant to our school because it will help to lessen the

number of plastic waste inside our campus.

Since plywood is made of wood from the forest, the production of plastic

plywood for plywood substitute is a good choice. Plastic plywood will be produce using

plastic waste material that can be found anywhere. The advantage of plastic plywood

where in it is considered as more durable than common plywood plus it is eco-friendly

since the researcher will recycle the plastic and it will help lessen pollution in some area
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and aside from that plastic plywood is easily cleaned. Wood can be a breeding ground

for termites. Plastic plywood is a great alternative and natural termite deterrent

In year 2010, Beijing Forestry University and Springer-verlag Berdin Heidelberg

conducted a research on utilizing recycled plastic to make eco-friendly plywood. In their

study, they replaced traditional adhesive with compounds made with recycled plastic

shopping bags in order to make hot-melt plywood using various amount of plastic film,

different hot-pressing temperature and hot-pressing time. All three variables have effect

on the intensity and water-resistance of plywood. The result show that the bonding

strength of plywood does not increase with increasing amount of plastic film. This study

puts forward a new idea of making use of plastic waste, which may solve the problem of

formaldehyde emission without damaging the environment.

In this study, with the use of plastic waste material by recycling it we may be able

to turn it into plastic plywood which is something more productive rather than a waste

and a cause for pollution. This study is conducted through experimental design by using a

control group and experimental group.

Statement of the Problem

The extensive use of commercially made ply wood put a large weight in our

world’s ecosystem. A side from that, plastic waste has been an everyday issue in our

society. It causes problem in our environment and affects the daily lives of every person

in our community. Hence, this study aims to prove that plastic waste materials can be an
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alternate solution to control the continuing waste in our natural materials and also the

continuing damage in our nature.

This study will answer the following question:

1. Are plastic plywood made from plastic waste materials more durable and

effective termite deterrent than commercially made plywood?

2. Are plastic waste materials possible for the production of ply wood?

3. Does the production of plastic plywood from plastic waste materials easier than

that plywood that are commercially made?

Formulation of Hypothesis

Null Hypothesis. If the researchers use plastic waste materials, the researchers

will not produce plastic plywood that is more durable and tool compatibility than

commercially made plywood.

Alternative Hypothesis. If the researchers use plastic waste materials, the

researchers will produce plastic plywood that is more durable and tool compatibility than

commercially made plywood.

Significance of the Study

The findings of the study will be helpful in our society. This research aims to

know that plastic waste materials can still be used for useful materials such as plastic

plywood that can help in the prevention of continuing destruction of our ecosystem and

reduces the amount of treated virgin wood that would end up in landfalls. It also aims to
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Know the tool compatibility, stain resistant and durability compared to

commercially made plywood. Plastic plywood is made from recycled materials keeping

our forest and trees safe unlike wood plywood made from trees. Building and making

projects can take a more green approach with the use of plastic ply wood.

Environment. This study will be helpful in our environment since we will use

plastic waste materials that can be collected everywhere. It will help to lessen the

pollution in our environment and will be proved useful to lessen water pollution or air

pollution. Aside from that, instead of cutting trees to produce plywood, we can just use

plastic waste to make a substitute for it. The product is eco-friendly and will surely be an

asset to us.

Family. Through recycled plastic plywood, we could build almost anything

specially the things we need in our home like door replacement, furniture, ceilings and

other. We do not need to buy special tools when working with plastic plywood. Use your

saws, planes and routers on plastic plywood. The financial of the family could be

decrease through the help of plastic plywood.

Society. Using waste plastic could help reduce air pollution and extend the lives

of landfills. What’s more, replacing wood-based building materials with the new material

could also help reduce the need to cut down local forests.

School. Making school projects can take more green approach with the use of

recycled plastic material instead of traditional plywood. The expenses of the students on

making school projects like landscaping projects could be lessen by using plastic
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plywood. Plastic plywood can also be uses as for recreational uses like children's play

equipment.

Objectives

This study is an attempt to know if plastic waste materials can be used to produce

plywood’s substitute and to know its effectiveness against normal plywood. The study

had the following specific objectives:

1. To make a difference in our environment.

2. To know if plastic waste material can be used as a substitute in making

plywood.

3. To increase the amount of production of plywood by using plastic waste

materials.

4. To provide alternative resources for plywood that is made of trees.

5. To prove that plastic plywood from plastic waste materials can be an alternate

solution to control the continuing waste of our organic and natural materials as well as

waste of plastics and cutting of trees in the world.

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Definition of Terms

Adhesive. A substance used for sticking objects or materials together; glue.

Commercially. In a way that is concerned with buying, selling, and making a

profit.

Compatibility. A state in which two things are able to exist or occur together

without problems or conflict.

Compound. A thing that is composed of two or more separate elements; a

mixture.

Disposable. Intended to be used once, or until no longer useful, and then thrown

away.

Emission. The production and discharge of something, especially gas or

radiation.

Formaldehyde. A colorless pungent gas in solution made by oxidizing methanol.

Plywood. Type of strong thin wooden board consisting of two or more layers

glued and pressed together with the direction of the grain alternating, and usually

sold in sheets of four by eight feet.

Productive. Producing or able to produce large amounts of goods, crops, or other

commodities

Pyrolysis. Decomposition brought about by high temperatures.

Utilizing. Make practical and effective use of.

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Conceptual Framework

This figure presents the framework that includes a model to help the researchers

design their work.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

 Plastic
Plywood-
The main making process
objective of this
research is to
produce a  Plastic
plywood plywood
substitute using from
HDPE and PET plastic
waste material.  Comparison waste
between the materials
commercially  Easier
made plywood than that
and plastic plywood
plywood. that is
commercia
lly made.

Figure 2. Paradigm of the Research Process

 ST. JAMES SCHOOL OF SUBIC, INC.
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CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents the relevant literature and studies that the researcher

considered in strengthening the claim and importance of the present study.

Foreign Studies

The objective of this literature review is to gather and synthesize all the studies on

productivity levels and trends in the forest products sector from around the world.

However, the research has been limited to papers published in English. Therefore, the

result is that most but not all of the studies listed and summarized in this review are on

the Canadian and American forest products sectors, since those two countries are the

major forest products producing English speaking countries.

Canadian Studies Michael Sandoe and Morris Wayman (1977) studied the

evolution of both labour and capital productivity in the Canadian forest products

industries (lumber and pulp and paper) between 1965 and 1972. They found no upward

trend in capital productivity, but there were important changes from one year to another,

depending on the annual level of investment by firms. This was because capital

productivity tends to decrease after a rise in capital stock. As in the American case, the

Canadian forest product industries experienced labour productivity growth. The average
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annual growth rate was as high as 9 per cent in the plywood sector and as low as 2.8 per

cent in the pulp and paper sector. Economies of scale and substitution of labour for

capital explained the labour productivity growth. The average size of production

facilities rose and automated machines replaced unskilled labour in this period. Pierre

Mohnen, from the Université du Quèbec à Montréal (UQAM), Romain Jacques from the

Canadian Forest Service and Jean-Sebastien Gallant, former M.A. student in UQAM

(1996) analyzed the effect of R&D on the trend in total factor productivity (TFP) in the

pulp andpaper and wood products sectors in Canada. After calculating the rate of return

on R&D investments, which was relatively low compared to other manufacturing

industries, the authors concluded that R&D did not contribute significantly to TFP

growth in either the lumber or pulp and paper industries. In fact, they believed that the

TFP growth observed between 1963 and 1988 was the result of positive returns to scale

rather than of technological innovation. The authors concluded that fiscal incentives for

R&D investment to increase productivity in the forest products sector may therefore be

ineffective.

Canadian Studies Michael Sandoe and Morris Wayman (1977) studied the

evolution of both labour and capital productivity in the Canadian forest products

industries (lumber and pulp and paper) between 1965 and 1972. They found no upward

trend in capital productivity, but there were important changes from one year to another,

depending on the annual level of investment by firms. This was because capital

productivity tends to decrease after a rise in capital stock. As in the American case, the

Canadian forest product industries experienced labour productivity growth. The average
 ST. JAMES SCHOOL OF SUBIC, INC.
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SY 2019-2020

annual growth rate was as high as 9 per cent in the plywood sector and as low as 2.8 per

cent in the pulp and paper sector. Economies of scale and substitution of labour for

capital explained the labour productivity growth. The average size of production facilities

rose and automated machines replaced unskilled labour in this period. Pierre Mohnen,

from the Université du Quèbec à Montréal (UQAM), Romain Jacques from the Canadian

Forest Service and Jean-Sebastien Gallant, former M.A. student in UQAM (1996)

analyzed the effect of R&D on the trend in total factor productivity (TFP) in the pulp

andpaper and wood products sectors in Canada. After calculating the rate of return on

R&D investments, which was relatively low compared to other manufacturing industries,

the authors concluded that R&D did not contribute significantly to TFP growth in either

the lumber or pulp and paper industries. In fact, they believed that the TFP growth

observed between 1963 and 1988 was the result of positive returns to scale rather than of

technological innovation. The authors concluded that fiscal incentives for R&D

investment to increase productivity in the forest products sector may therefore be

ineffective.

American Studies H. F. Kaiser (1971) considered the evolution of labour

productivity in all forest products sectors in the United States. His study provided

estimates of the rate of change in output per unit of labour for the period of 1947 to 1967.

He found that labour productivity rose in all forest products sectors at an average annual

rate of 3.4 per cent. Saw milling, lumber and pulp and paper had the highest labour

productivity growth. The author explained that the rise in labour productivity in the saw

milling and lumber sectors (particularly in plywood mills) was due to the automation of
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the production process. At the same time, the total number of producers in the American

saw milling and lumber sectors dropped by half while output rose by 50 per cent.

Similarly, Kaiser explained that the trend in labour productivity in pulp and paper

industry was due to increased research and development which led to better automated

processing. In most forest products sectors, the average wage rates went up as the number

of skilled workers employed grew. ([Link])

In our study, we replaced traditional adhesives with compounds made with

recycled plastic shopping bags in order to make hot-melt plywood using various amounts

of plastic film, different hot-pressing temperatures and hot-pressing times. All three

variables have an effect on the intensity and water-resistance of plywood. The results

show that the bonding strength of plywood does not increase with increasing amounts of

plastic film. When the hot-pressing temperature is increased to 150°C, the bonding

strength does not necessarily increase any further. At a hot-pressing time of 6 min, the

bonding strength reaches a maximum, after which it will decrease. The optimum hot-

pressing parameters are as follows: 100 g·m−2 of recycled plastic, a hot-pressing

temperature of 150°C and a hot-pressing time of 6 min. This study puts forward a new

idea of making use of plastic waste, which, ultimately, may solve the problem of

formaldehyde emission without damaging the environment. It has enormous potential

market applications. Ting Cui, Kun-lin Song, Shuang-bao Zhang (2010, November 09)

Research on utilizing recycled plastic to make environment-friendly plywood.

([Link]
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The use of recycled and waste thermoplastics has been recently considered for

producing wood plastic composites (WPCs). They have great potential for WPCs

manufacturing according to results of some limited researches. This paper presents a

detailed review about some essential properties of waste and recycled plastics, important

for WPCs production, and of research published on the effect of recycled plastics on the

physical and mechanical properties of WPCs.

Saeed Kazemi (2013 June) Use of recycled plastics in wood plastic composites - A

review.([Link]

cs_in_wood_plastic_composites_-_A_review)

Local Studies

San Miguel Corp. (SMC) is building roads out of recycled plastics to help reduce

the impact of plastic waste on the environment.“This initiative is part of our push towards

greater sustainability. Two years ago, we announced our major water sustainability

project: to cut SMC water use by 50 percent by 2025. Recently, we reported that we beat

our 2020 intermediate deadline of 20 percent reduction, by two years. Last year, we

announced another initiative, and that is to address solid waste pollution. This project is

part of that goal,” SMC president and COO Ramon S. Ang said in a news release issued

[Link] will be working with leading materials science company, Dow Chemical,

for the project that will use hard-to-recycle plastics as an alternative raw material input to

asphalt for road building.“Developing roads using plastics that would have otherwise

ended up in landfills or our bodies of water is an environment-friendly method of

disposing of scrap plastics,” he said. “We can help our environment and at the same time
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improve the quality of our infrastructure projects. We are eager to begin this initiative,”

he added. Among the benefits of using recycled plastics for road surfacing are: improved

stability and durability of roads; increased skid resistance, which improves road safety;

longer lifespan of roads; lower asphalt costs, and less waste destined for landfills. Dow

has worked on projects that use plastics for modifying the properties of bitumen, used in

making asphalt, which has been tested in India, Indonesia, and Thailand. Initially, SMC

will test out the technology in small municipal roads, as well as sidewalks and parking

lots. If the technology proves effective and meets all safety and quality requirements, the

company may roll it out for larger infrastructure projects, Ang said. “While we are proud

to be the first-mover in this area, we are very hopeful that we won’t be the last or the only

ones. The research is there and available to everyone, and we’ll be glad to share our own

processes and experience. At the end of the day, this kind of innovation will benefit the

same environment we all share,” Ang added. (PR)

([Link]

According to Rudy A. Fernandez (2003) The country’s waste management

program stands to benefit considerably from a new technology developed by a Los

Baños, Laguna-based government research institute utilizing plastic waste as binder for

plywood and particle [Link] technology was developed by researchers of the

Department of Science and Technology-Forest Products Research and Development

Institute (DOST-FPRDI).Behind the breakthrough areresearchers Hilario Dolores,

Mildred Fidel, Vicente Mallari Jr., Alberto Nicolas, Nathaniel Ramos and Antonio

[Link] study was funded by the Philippine Council for Industry and Energy
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Research and Development (PCIERD), a sister-agency of FPRDI. The new technology

boosts efforts to manage waste, specifically plastic which is non-biodegradable. Metro

Manila alone, which is populated by about 10.5 million people, generates about 6,500

metric tons of garbage daily, 17 percent of which (about 1,020 metric tons) consist of

plastic. A giant food conglomerate alone churns out five to six tons per month of plastic

aluminum packaging laminates (PAPLs) and oriented polypropylene laminates (OPLs)

for the packaging materials of its food products and drinks and for candy wrappers. In the

FPRDI research, mixtures of low, medium and high-density polyethylene (LMHPE)

plastic waste, OPLs and waste PAPLs were used as binder in the production of laboratory

and commercial-sized three-ply plywood and one-layer particle boards. Fifty-four

laboratory lauan plywood panels measuring 30 x 30 centimeters were produced using

three pressing times (five, 10 and 15 minutes), two pressing temperatures (130 and 150

degrees Celsius), and three plastic spreads (100, 120 and 140 grams per square meter) as

variables. The plywood samples produced were subjected to delamination and cyclic boil

tests following PNS 196:2000 plywood standards. Results showed that all laboratory

plywood samples bonded with LMHPE, PAPL and OPL passed the delamination test for

type 2 or interior plywood. Commercial-sized plywood measuring 122 x 244 cm were

produced during sssssssssmill testing using recycled waste plastic film with 25 percent

virgin polyethylene plastic and 75 percent PE plastic waste. The mill testing was done in

five plywood mills."Because plastic-bonded particle boards absorb moisture and do so

more slowly than solid wood, they have better fungal resistance and dimensional stability

when exposed to moisture," the FPRDI researchers said,

([Link]
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The problem with plastics is that most of it is non-biodegradable. Unlike

natural materials like wood, paper, cloth, and leather, it doesn’t break down into

component molecules after a time. Some scientists say it may take 450 years — some

say never — to break down the plastics we have in the world today. Since plastic was

invented in the late 19th century and production took off in the 1950s, 9.2 million tons

of plastics have gone into production and 6.9 billion tons have become waste that grows

by millions of tons every year. Between 5.3 million and 14 million tons a year are

dumped mostly on coastal regions, thence into the sea. It stays there year after year, a lot

of it ending in the stomachs of sea animals who then die from internal injuries. One study

has identified the Philippines as the No. 3 source of plastic wastes in the world’s oceans,

next to China and Indonesia. We are among the world’s top users of such plastic products

as food wrappers, bags, and sachets for medicine, bottles, stirrers and straws for drinks.

In the worldwide search for solutions to the plastic problem, however, the Philippines has

come up with its own contributions. A factory in Las Pinas today recycles “soft plastics”

such as food wrappers into chairs which the Villar Social Institute for Poverty Alleviation

is donating to public schools. Eco-bricks, building blocks made from used plastic, are

now being produced by Green Antz Builders for housing. San Miguel Corporation is

now building roads out of recycled plastics. If the technology proves effective and meets

all safety and quality requirements, the company said it may roll it out for large

infrastructure products. Last week, researchers of the biology department of the

University of the Philippines Baguio were reported to have discovered four strains of
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bacteria capable of biodegrading Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) which is used to

produce plastic bags, bottles, and wrappers. The bacterial strains had been collected

from rock crevices in the Poon Bato spring in Botolan, Zambales. The researcherscalled

for continuing research into other polymer-degrading microorganisms. Similar researches

and studies are now being conducted in other countries on this worldwide problem of

plastic wastes. The Philippines may have gained some notoriety as the No. 3 source of

plastic pollution in the world’s oceans today, but it is good to know that we are making

our contribution to the search for solutions — through innovative ways to recycle

plastic waste into useful articles such as chairs and road paving materials. The research

at UP Baguio may also lead to ways to make plastics biodegradable like all other

materials in our world today, so it will one day it will cease be a problem and a danger

especially to life in the world’s oceans, ([Link]

helping-find-solutions-to-plastic-problem/).

These School Chairs Are Made From Candy Wrappers and Plastic Straws! Yes,

there is no wood in these chairs, but they are sturdy and can last up to two decades by

Kitty Elicay. Oct 2, [Link] shares that he was motivated to manufacture school

chairs because he wanted to reduce the gap in the number of chairs that are still needed

by various institutions in the Philippines. “We have a huge backlog of 1.7 million school

chairs in our country. One of our objectives is to reduce the gap,” Lemen says. “The

chairs can be used for a very long time, so we do not have to change them every year as

was practiced in the past.” The school chairs are made from all kinds of plastic waste like

sando bags, candy wrappers, junk food packaging, plastic straws, and sachets, laminated
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plastics with foil, sacks, and plastic bottles of any shape. These are then shredded and

properly cleaned to eliminate the dirt and oil. After shredding, the plastic waste is melted

and molded to form a school chair. Then it is assembled, sanded, and [Link] chair

costs Php1700, a little more than wooden chairs, which can go for around Php1500 each.

However, Winder offers a 20-year warranty with free replaceable parts. “Our chairs are

very sturdy. The material is also fire retardant, has low lead content and zero mercury

content.”

TEXT AMIERIELLE ANNE BULAN It was just last Thursday when

environmental experts warned that Metro Manila will “be covered almost knee-deep in

plastic waste in one year.” This is only one of the many reports proving that our garbage

crisis is aggravating—from the more than 160 millions of sachet collected every day to

the almost 400,000 garbage trucks filled every year. While recycling plastics through

ecobricks and clothes are a big help, we need to do more. In other countries, plastic

pollution is regarded as a national problem. Governments and big industries are pairing

up to make a move against pollution by creating long-term and sustainable projects, like

the recycled plastic roads in India, Indonesia, and the Netherlands,

([Link]

Relationship of the Previous Studies to the Present Study

Several changes will be done in previous studies; in some of their studies they use

plastic waste material in a completely different manner. Some use this product to make

or produce a chair. In that particular study it focuses on how to maximize the use of
 ST. JAMES SCHOOL OF SUBIC, INC.
AsinanPoblacion, Subic, Zambales
SY 2019-2020

plastic waste and will be proven effective to our society. And in relationship of the

previous study to our study, the researchers use the same manner but the researchers will

do it to produce a completely different product. The researchers think of their own

variable and what materials they will use. Our present study focuses on producing a

plywood substitute using plastic waste material. This study will also help our society just

like the previous studies and will ensure you that it will make our life easier.

CHAPTER3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This portion provides a presentation and description of the research methodology,

data gathering techniques, data analysis, and description of proposed procedure, sampling

technique, experimental set-up, and statistical treatment of the data.

Research Method/Design

This study used the experimental design, experimental design is a collection of

design which use manipulation and controlled testing to understand casual processes,

wherein researchers conducted an experiment to determine if plastic plywood the

researchers will make will effective. As a researcher, identifying first which method of

approach shall be use to gather data is very important. The researchers are free to choose
 ST. JAMES SCHOOL OF SUBIC, INC.
AsinanPoblacion, Subic, Zambales
SY 2019-2020

what method they should use for the research, but in this research, the researchers were

specifically told to use quantitative approach rather than a qualitative approach since an

experiment needs to be conducted in order to obtain results. An experimental set up will

be used by the researchers in order for the researchers to obtain a result. The researcher

utilized the quantitative type as their approach in designs and examines the production of

plastic plywood from plastic waste materials through experiment and relies on statistical

analysis of many causes to create valid and reliable claims.

Data Gathering Technique

This study will have its data collected through conducting experiment. The

researchers gathered their data by using experimental processes. Plastic waste materials

will be used for making a possible substitute for plywood. The researchers will conduct

various experiments to gather the needed data for this research and will do anything to

find the exact data. Through the result of experiment, the researchers will know how the

different types of plastic waste materials will affect the product.

Data Analysis

Data will be analyzed through the result of different batches of experimentation

while using high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET)

 ST. JAMES SCHOOL OF SUBIC, INC.
AsinanPoblacion, Subic, Zambales
SY 2019-2020

plastic. While using high-density polyethylene plastic to produce the product, the

researcher used 3 different batches of experimentation with different quantities to analyze

the data and to know the result. For the first batch of experiment, it contains 100 grams

of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) plastic, and allotted time of 15mins in

stove,20mins in turbo roaster with a temperature of 250 Celsius. In the second batch it

contains 100 grams of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) plastic, and allotted time of

30mins in stove, 30mins in turbo roaster with a temperature of 250 [Link] the third

batch it contains 70 grams of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) plastic, and allotted time

of 10mins in stove, 37mins in turbo roaster with a temperature of 200 Celsius. In the

same were done in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic, 2 batches were made to

analyze the data and to know the result. In the first batch, it contains 100g of polyethylene

terephthalate (PET) plastic, and allotted time of 15mins in stove, 20mins in turbo with a

temperature of 250 Celsius. And in the second batch, it contains 100g of polyethylene

terephthalate (PET) plastic, and allotted time of 15mins in stove, 250mins in turbo with a

temperature of 250 Celsius. The time in stove in both experiments were controlled.

Which then the product of each batch will be tested against the commercially made

plywood. It will be done to analyze the data needed in the result of the said experiment.
 ST. JAMES SCHOOL OF SUBIC, INC.
AsinanPoblacion, Subic, Zambales
SY 2019-2020

Research Locale

This experimental research will be conducted inside the locale of [Link] School

of Subic Inc. and the experimentation will be conducted at Subic, Zambales. The

experiment will be done in a closed environment.

Saint James School was established in 1945 as Subic High School by five

incorporators-- Francisco Arana, Ireneo Reyes, Cecilo Panaligan, Felipe Custodio and

Jose Molina. It was originally founded as a non-sectarian high school for lower middle-

class students in the Subic environs.

The corporation entered into an agreement with the St. James Catholic Church

through Fr. Juan Tugadi for the use of Saint James Hall -- a one-storey, three-room

building -- for classrooms. The second and third year students occupied this building. The
 ST. JAMES SCHOOL OF SUBIC, INC.
AsinanPoblacion, Subic, Zambales
SY 2019-2020

first and fourth year levels were added in 1947 and 1948, respectively. On February 13,

1948 the school was given government recognition. In 1950 the school's name was

changed to Subic Educational Institute. On May 3, 1951 the school officially became a

Catholic institution under the auspices of the Columbian missionaries who were

encharged by the bishop of Iba. It assumed its present name of Saint James High School.

The turn of the millennium marked rapid changes in the school: improvement of

the computer laboratory, a newly air-conditioned library, a science laboratory, restoration

of fourth-year floor with air-conditioned classrooms, renovation of the second-year

building, a new stage and flagpole, an evergreen garden, a new canteen, a state-of-the-art

conference room, an audiovisual home theater, and intercom connections among offices.

Many of these improvements were realized through the partnership of Msgr. Cris Cacho,

Fr. Audie Mozo, Jr., Sr. Rosa Mendoza, SFIC and the Saint James School Alumni

Association, together with the Faculty, Parents, Teachers and Friends Association

(PTFA).

Ever since the first batch of only 6 students who graduated in 1948, St. James has

produced successful graduates who are now in different fields of endeavor -- government,

business, industry, military, and media -- and who have contributed much to the country's

development.

The school emphasizes excellence in its core curriculum and multiple social

outreach programs. Senior students extend catechetical services to public elementary

schools in different barrios of Subic. Faculty and students assist in the Alay-Kapwa

Program. Reforestation projects were started in Nalamesa and Tamayok reservoirs.

 ST. JAMES SCHOOL OF SUBIC, INC.
AsinanPoblacion, Subic, Zambales
SY 2019-2020

Students give assistance to NAMFREL-PPCRV (Parish Pastoral Council for Responsible

Voting) during elections.

ST. JAMES SCHOOL OF SUBIC, INC.
AsinanPoblacion, Subic, Zambales
SY 2019-2020

(Figure 1. Location of St. James school)

MATERIALS:

 Oven

 Blender

 Wood

 Tray

 Plastic
wastes

 Extension
 ST. JAMES SCHOOL OF SUBIC, INC.
AsinanPoblacion, Subic, Zambales
SY 2019-2020

Adapted from Sir De leon STEM 12 Students.

(Figure 2 . Aerial Map of St. James School of Subic, INC.)

Description of Proposed Procedure

This experimental research procedure started with the making of the plastic
plywood by using plastic materials (HDPE, P.E.T).

1. Cut plastics into smaller pieces

2. Using blender, blend the smaller pieces of plastic for 15 mins.

 ST. JAMES SCHOOL OF SUBIC, INC.
AsinanPoblacion, Subic, Zambales
SY 2019-2020

3. Then, use stove to bind the plastics for 30mins.

4. After binding the plastic, place it in a turbo roaster.

 ST. JAMES SCHOOL OF SUBIC, INC.
AsinanPoblacion, Subic, Zambales
SY 2019-2020

5. Place it in a moulder and let it cool.

Experimental Set-up

Data Acquisition Protocol

The obtained data collection should have an accurate variety of each said given

ingredients. Researchers set up 3 batches of plastic plywood with specific mass of plastic

waste material and with different types of plastic to be able to know the difference to one

another. The main data collection is to note which is more durable and better between the

variety of products.

Data Preprocessing
 ST. JAMES SCHOOL OF SUBIC, INC.
AsinanPoblacion, Subic, Zambales
SY 2019-2020

Researchers controlled the data in measuring the time in oven of both ingredients

and by using different types of plastic to be able to determine the difference to one

another. They used table and graph to differentiate each other and to represent and

generalized the data. The researchers tested the effectiveness of different types of plastic

by conducting an experiment to know which is more durable among the products.

 Statistical test

1 Water resistance test( water absorption test)

-Water Absorption determines how much moisture a specific type of tile is likely to
absorb on an ongoing basis. If the tile has a low water absorption, the durability and
strength are increased.

SPCIMEN RANK

PLASTIC

PLYWOOD

COMMERCIALL

Y MADE

PLYWOOD

Apparatus: Weight Balance, Tray/Basin

Procedure:

1. Obtain the specimen weight.

 ST. JAMES SCHOOL OF SUBIC, INC.
AsinanPoblacion, Subic, Zambales
SY 2019-2020

2. Immerse completely dried specimen for __hours.

3. Remove the specimen and wipe out any traces of water with damp cloth and
weigh the specimen after it has been removed from water

FORMULA: WATER ABSORPTION PERCENTAGE = [(M2-M1)/M1]×100

2. Durability Test

Impact Strength - Impact strength test is done to measure the capacity of specimen
produced to bear crushing loads of different masses.

Trial 1

Specimen Loads RATING

L1(400 g) L2(600 g) L3(1.4 kg) Mean

PLASTIC 40 40 30 36.67
PLYWOOD

COMMERCIALLY 40 30 20 30
MADE
PLYWOOD

PROCEDURE:

1. Each specimen would be placed on the floor.

2. A load would be dropped on the specimen.

3. This would be done on each of the specimen with increasing weight.

The weight, height and rating scale is shown below.

 ST. JAMES SCHOOL OF SUBIC, INC.
AsinanPoblacion, Subic, Zambales
SY 2019-2020

Height = 100 cm

Load 1 = 400 g

Load 2 = 600g

Load 3 = 1.4 kg

Rating Scale:

50 – No cracks, no damage, no scratch

40 – with scratch; few cracks

30 – Dented, visible crack

20 – Pierced, punctured

10 – Extensive damage; crushed

FORMULA: [(L1+L2+L3)/3 ]
 ST. JAMES SCHOOL OF SUBIC, INC.
AsinanPoblacion, Subic, Zambales
SY 2019-2020

CHAPTER 4
PRESENTATION AND FINDINGS

Result and Discussion

In this chapter we will discuss the interpretation of the data that was used in the

experiment. It will show the different ingredients by batch that was used in the said

experiment. It was arranged in tabular form and will be interpreted with a graph.

TABLE 1: HIGH DENSITY POLYTHYLENE(HDPE) PLASTIC AND

OTHER VARIABLE IN PRODUCING PLASTIC PLYWOOD

1st Batch:

Name of Variable Measurements

HDPE PLASTIC 100g

TIME IN BLENDER 15mins

TIME IN STOVE 15mins

TIME IN TURBO ROASTER 20 mins

TEMPERATURE IN TURBO 250 C / 482 F

This show the composition of plastic plywood using high density polyethylene

(HDPE) plastic with 20mins time in turbo roaster and 15mins in stove.
 ST. JAMES SCHOOL OF SUBIC, INC.
AsinanPoblacion, Subic, Zambales
SY 2019-2020

Figure 1:

HIGH DENSITY POLYTHYLENE(HDPE) PLASTIC

AND OTHER VARIABLE IN PRODUCING
PLASTIC PLYWOOD
1200
Seconds( 20mins)
250 C TEMPERATURE

BATCH 1

900 seconds( 15mins)

100GRAMS 900 seconds(15mins)

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

TEMPERATURE IN TURBO ROASTER TIME IN TURBO ROASTER

TIME IN STOVE TIME IN BLENDER
HDPE

Based on the result in the experiment of using HDPE plastics in 1 st batch

the texture is much more like plywood which it is durable and smooth

TABLE 2: HIGH DENSITY POLYTHYLENE (HDPE) PLASTIC AND

OTHER VARIABLE IN PRODUCING PLASTIC PLYWOOD

2nd Batch:

Name of Variable Measurements

HDPE PLASTIC 100g

 ST. JAMES SCHOOL OF SUBIC, INC.
AsinanPoblacion, Subic, Zambales
SY 2019-2020

TIME IN BLENDER 15mins

TIME IN STOVE 30mins

TIME IN TURBO ROASTER 30mins

TEMPERATURE IN TURBO ROASTER 250 C / 482 F

This show the composition of plastic plywood using high density polyethylene

(HDPE) plastic with 30mins time in turbo roaster and 30mins in stove.

Figure 2:

HIGH DENSITY POLYTHYLENE(HDPE) PLASTIC

AND OTHER VARIABLE IN PRODUCING
PLASTIC PLYWOOD
1800
Seconds( 30mins)
250 C TEMPERATURE

BATCH 1

1800
seconds( 30mins)

100GRAMS 900 seconds(15mins)

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000

TEMPERATURE IN TURBO ROASTER TIME IN TURBO ROASTER

TIME IN STOVE TIME IN BLENDER
HDPE

Based on the result in the experiment of using HDPE plastics in 2nd batch

the texture is rough because not all the HDPE plastics are blended. The unblended

HDPE plastics are difficult to melt.

 ST. JAMES SCHOOL OF SUBIC, INC.
AsinanPoblacion, Subic, Zambales
SY 2019-2020

TABLE 3: HIGH DENSITY POLYTHYLENE (HDPE) PLASTIC AND

OTHER VARIABLE IN PRODUCING PLASTIC PLYWOOD

3rd Batch:

Name of Variable Measurements

HDPE PLASTIC 70g

TIME IN BLENDER 15mins

TIME IN STOVE 15mins

TIME IN TURBO ROASTER 37mins

TEMPERATURE IN TURBO ROASTER 200 C / 392 F

This show the composition of plastic plywood using high density polyethylene

(HDPE) plastic with 37mins time in turbo roaster and 15mins in stove.

Figure 3:

Based on the result and experiment using HDPE plastic the texture is

smooth, it takes time to melt since the temperature is lower and the amount of

HDPE plastic is not enough to occupy the moulder space.

 ST. JAMES SCHOOL OF SUBIC, INC.
AsinanPoblacion, Subic, Zambales
SY 2019-2020

HIGH DENSITY POLYTHYLENE(HDPE) PLASTIC

AND OTHER VARIABLE IN PRODUCING
PLASTIC PLYWOOD
2220
Seconds( 37mins)
200 C TEMPERATURE

BATCH 1

900 seconds( 15mins)

900 seconds(15mins)
70GRAMS
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Series6 TEMPERATURE IN TURBO ROASTER

TIME IN TURBO ROASTER TIME IN STOVE
TIME IN BLENDER HDPE

TABLE 4: POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE (PET) PLASTIC AND

OTHER VARIABLE IN PRODUCING PLASTIC PLYWOOD

1ST Batch:

Name of Variable Measurements

PET PLASTIC 100g

TIME IN BLENDER 15mins

TIME IN STOVE 15mins

TIME IN TURBO ROASTER -----

TEMPERATURE IN TURBO ROASTER ------

This show the composition of plastic plywood using polyethylene terephthalate

(PET) plastic using 15mins time in stove.

 ST. JAMES SCHOOL OF SUBIC, INC.
AsinanPoblacion, Subic, Zambales
SY 2019-2020

Figure 4:

POLYTHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE (PET) PLASTIC

AND OTHER VARIABLE IN PRODUCING PLAS-
TIC PLYWOOD

BATCH 1

900 seconds( 15mins)

100GRAMS 900 seconds(15mins)

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

Series6 TEMPERATURE IN TURBO ROASTER

TIME IN TURBO ROASTER TIME IN STOVE
TIME IN BLENDER PET

Based on the result and experiment using polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic

in the 1st batch the texture is very rough, we can easily indicate that the product is

not well-melted. Hence, we did not use the turbo roaster.

 ST. JAMES SCHOOL OF SUBIC, INC.
AsinanPoblacion, Subic, Zambales
SY 2019-2020

TABLE 5: POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE (PET) PLASTIC AND

OTHER VARIABLE IN PRODUCING PLASTIC PLYWOOD

2nd Batch:

Name of Variable Measurements

PET PLASTIC 100g

TIME IN BLENDER 15mins

TIME IN STOVE 20mins

TIME IN OVEN -----

TEMPERATURE IN OVEN ------

This show the composition of plastic plywood using polyethylene

terephthalate (PET) plastic with 20mins time in stove.

Figure 5:
 ST. JAMES SCHOOL OF SUBIC, INC.
AsinanPoblacion, Subic, Zambales
SY 2019-2020

POLYTHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE(PET) PLASTIC

AND OTHER VARIABLE IN PRODUCING PLAS-
TIC PLYWOOD

BATCH 1

900 seconds( 15mins)

100GRAMS 900 seconds(15mins)

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

Series6 TEMPERATURE IN TURBO ROASTER

TIME IN TURBO ROASTER TIME IN STOVE
TIME IN BLENDER PET

Based on the result and experiment using polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic

in the 2nd batch the texture is very rough, the same in the 1st batch the product is not

melted so, we cannot put it in a turbo roaster.

 ST. JAMES SCHOOL OF SUBIC, INC.
AsinanPoblacion, Subic, Zambales
SY 2019-2020

CHAPTERV
Conclusion

After performing the said experiment and getting the result, the researchers

therefore conclude the following:

Recommendations

Upon the experimentation and the making of this investigatory project, we have

our recommendations for future research for it to improve:

 ST. JAMES SCHOOL OF SUBIC, INC.
AsinanPoblacion, Subic, Zambales
SY 2019-2020

References

American Studies H. F. Kaiser (1971)

In most forest products sectors, the average wage rates went up as the number of skilled

workers employed grew. ([Link])

Ting Cui, Kun-lin Song, Shuang-bao Zhang (2010, November 09)

Research on utilizing recycled plastic to make environment-friendly plywood.

([Link]

Saeed Kazemi (2013 June)

Use of recycled plastics in wood plastic composites - A review.

([Link]

d_plastic_composites_-_A_review)
 ST. JAMES SCHOOL OF SUBIC, INC.
AsinanPoblacion, Subic, Zambales
SY 2019-2020

San Miguel Corp. (SMC) , (2019 March)

The research is there and available to everyone, and we’ll be glad to share our own

processes and experience. At the end of the day, this kind of innovation will benefit the

same environment we all share,” ([Link]

Rudy A. Fernandez (2003)

The mill testing was done in five plywood mills."Because plastic-bonded particle boards

absorb moisture and do so more slowly than solid wood, they have better fungal

resistance and dimensional stability when exposed to moisture," the FPRDI researchers

said, ([Link]

binder).

Manila Bulletin (2019 April)

The research at UP Baguio may also lead to ways to make plastics biodegradable like all

other materials in our world today, so it will one day it will cease be a problem and a

danger especially to life in the world’s oceans, ([Link]

are-helping-find-solutions-to-plastic-problem/

Amierielle Anne Bulan (2019 March)

While recycling plastics through ecobricks and clothes are a big help, we need to do more. In

other countries, plastic pollution is regarded as a national problem. Governments and big

industries are pairing up to make a move against pollution by creating long-term and sustainable

projects, like the recycled plastic roads in India, Indonesia, and the Netherlands,

[Link]
ST. JAMES SCHOOL OF SUBIC, INC.
AsinanPoblacion, Subic, Zambales
SY 2019-2020

APPENDICES
 ST. JAMES SCHOOL OF SUBIC, INC.
AsinanPoblacion, Subic, Zambales
SY 2019-2020

Appendix A
REQUEST LETTER

November5, 2019

SR. GRACE O. ABEJO, SFIC

Principal
Saint James School of Subic, Inc.
Subic, Zambales

Through: REYNALDO P. DE LEON

General Physics I Teacher

Sir/Sister:

Respectfully requesting from your good office a permission to conduct a study

entitled, “PYROLYSIS OF PLASTIC WASTE MATERIAL AS SUBSTITUTE FOR
PLYWOOD”as partial fulfillment of the requirement in Practical Research 2 (STEM 12)
at Saint James School of Subic, Subic, Zambales.

The undersigned will use the Laboratory facility in experimenting and collecting
data.
 ST. JAMES SCHOOL OF SUBIC, INC.
AsinanPoblacion, Subic, Zambales
SY 2019-2020

Rest assured that the place will be cared and only be utilized for the purpose of
the study.

Your favorable response is highly appreciated.

Truly yours,

The Researchers

Noted:

REYNALDO P. DE LEON
General Physics I Teacher

DR. MILAGROS T. GUIAYA

Research Teacher

CURRICULUM VITAE
 ST. JAMES SCHOOL OF SUBIC, INC.
AsinanPoblacion, Subic, Zambales
SY 2019-2020

CURRICULUM VITAE

DENVER SHANN TOLENTINO

Pamatawan, Subic Zambales

Denver.tolentino1888@[Link]

09770197657

Male 17 years old Nov. 18, 2001

Single 172cm. 61kg.
 ST. JAMES SCHOOL OF SUBIC, INC.
AsinanPoblacion, Subic, Zambales
SY 2019-2020

Educational Background:

Senior High School: St. James School of Subic, INC

Junior High School: St. James School of Subic, INC

Elementary: Pamatawan Intigrated School

Training and Special Skills: Good at computer

Seminars Attended: Skill Enhancement Seminar on Barangay

Affiliations: Young Evangelist Club

Community Services: Tree Planting Activity

CURRICULUM VITAE

MIGUEL JOSHUA BACUDIO

Mangahan, Subic Zambales

uwabacudio@[Link]

09567844963

Male 18 years old Aug. 26, 2001

Single 169cm. 56kg.
 ST. JAMES SCHOOL OF SUBIC, INC.
AsinanPoblacion, Subic, Zambales
SY 2019-2020

Educational Background:

Senior High School: St. James School of Subic, INC

Junior High School: St. James School of Subic, INC

Elementary: Christ the King Catholic School

Training and Special Skills: Communication skills

Seminars Attended: Anti-bullying seminar

Affiliations: St. James Basketball team

Community Services: None

CURRICULUM VITAE

AERON VOI ABUTIN

Wawandue, Subic, Zambales

Aeronvoi3@[Link]

09983869738

Male 17 years old July 4, 2001

 ST. JAMES SCHOOL OF SUBIC, INC.
AsinanPoblacion, Subic, Zambales
SY 2019-2020

Single 168cm. 44kg.

Educational Background:

Senior High School: St. James School of Subic, INC

Junior High School: St. James School of Subic, INC

Elementary: Subic Central Elementary School

Training and Special Skills: Critical thinking skill

Seminars Attended: Anti-Bullying Seminar

Affiliations: Young Evangelist Club

Community Services: None

CURRICULUM VITAE

JOSEPH VENGAZO

Cawag, Subic, Zambales

jhosephvengazo@[Link]

09476193146
 ST. JAMES SCHOOL OF SUBIC, INC.
AsinanPoblacion, Subic, Zambales
SY 2019-2020

Male 18 years old Sept. 1, 2001

Single 177cm 60kg.

Educational Background:

Senior High School: Saint James School of Subic, Inc.

Junior High School: St. James School of Subic, INC

Elementary: Cawag Elementary School

Training and Special Skills: Good at computer and technology

Seminars Attended: Anti- Bullying Seminar

Affiliations: None

Community Services: None