Class 11 Biology: Morphology & Anatomy
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ishikamalik470Class 11 Biology: Morphology & Anatomy
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Powered by AIActinomorphic flowers can be divided into two identical halves through any vertical plane due to their radial symmetry, as seen in flowers like Chilli. Zygomorphic flowers have bilateral symmetry, meaning they can only be divided into two equal halves in one specific plane, as seen in Gulmohar .
Casparian strips are bands of cell wall material impregnated with suberin found in the endodermis of roots. They function as a barrier to regulate the passive flow of materials between the cortex and the vascular tissues, ensuring that water and solutes pass through the selectively permeable membranes of cells, thus maintaining selective nutrient flow and preventing harmful substances from reaching the vascular system .
Stem tendrils in climbers like Passiflora are slender, coiled structures originating from axillary buds. They provide physical support by attaching to nearby structures, enabling the plant to climb and access sunlight efficiently. This adaptation allows climbers to grow in dense vegetative habitats where competition for light and space is intense, improving ecological success and resource acquisition .
In cymose inflorescence, the main axis terminates in a flower, limiting its growth, and the flowers develop in a basipetal succession. In racemose inflorescence, the main axis continues to grow and flowers develop in an acropetal succession, with the oldest flowers at the base and the youngest at the top .
Phylloclades are modified stems that are green, flattened, and leaf-like structures capable of photosynthesis, with indefinite growth. They serve as adaptations in arid environments for water conservation, as seen in Opuntia. Cladodes, however, are limited in growth and usually arise from leaf axils; they are short, flat stems that also perform photosynthesis, like those found in Ruscus. Cladodes can have reduced leaves modified into spines .
Apical meristems are found at the tips of roots and shoots, where they facilitate primary growth by adding length to the plant. Intercalary meristems are located at the bases of leaves or internodes, characteristic of monocots like grasses, enabling growth in length due to ongoing cell division and elongation. Both contribute to the formation of the primary plant body and are primary meristems active early in plant development .
Radial vascular bundles are those in which the xylem and phloem are arranged on separate radii, with each forming distinct bundles. This arrangement enables separate pathways for water, nutrients, and food transport. Collateral vascular bundles have xylem and phloem on the same radius, with phloem located externally and xylem internally, allowing integrated transport functions. In open collateral bundles, a cambium layer exists between xylem and phloem, enabling secondary growth .
Guard cells are kidney-shaped and contain chloroplasts, unlike other epidermal cells, allowing them to undergo photosynthesis and generate energy needed for active transport processes. This energy facilitates the movement of ions, leading to osmotic changes that cause the guard cells to swell or shrink, thereby opening or closing the stomata and regulating gas exchange and transpiration .
In an exarch xylem system, the protoxylem is positioned towards the periphery of the axis, while the metaxylem is located inward, typically observed in roots. Conversely, in an endarch system, the metaxylem is towards the periphery, and the protoxylem is inward, as found in stems, allowing differentiation based on growth direction and function .
The roots of plants growing in swamps and marshes become negatively geotropic. They grow vertically upwards, enabling them to absorb oxygen from the air rather than the waterlogged soil, where oxygen is limited .