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Class 11 Atomic Structure Assignment

1) The document provides data about fundamental particles like protons, neutrons, and electrons from Table 1. It then asks questions about calculating the mass of a hydrogen atom and which particle would not be deflected by an electric field. 2) Another table is completed about relative charge and mass of protons, neutrons, and electrons. An element with two more protons and neutrons than another element is identified. Electronic configurations of sulfur and sulfide are filled in. 3) Isotopes are defined. Reasons why isotopes have the same chemical properties and why chromium is in the d block are explained. Another atom is identified based on its protons and neutrons. 4) A krypton

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23 views6 pages

Class 11 Atomic Structure Assignment

1) The document provides data about fundamental particles like protons, neutrons, and electrons from Table 1. It then asks questions about calculating the mass of a hydrogen atom and which particle would not be deflected by an electric field. 2) Another table is completed about relative charge and mass of protons, neutrons, and electrons. An element with two more protons and neutrons than another element is identified. Electronic configurations of sulfur and sulfide are filled in. 3) Isotopes are defined. Reasons why isotopes have the same chemical properties and why chromium is in the d block are explained. Another atom is identified based on its protons and neutrons. 4) A krypton

Uploaded by

misbah shahid
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© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

ATOMIC STRUCTURE

Assignment No. 2

1. Table 1 shows some data about fundamental particles in an atom.


Table 1

Particle Proton neutron electron

Mass / g 1.6725 × 10–24 1.6748 × 10–24 0.0009 × 10–24

(i) An atom of hydrogen can be represented as 1H

Use data from Table 1 to calculate the mass of this hydrogen atom.

............................................................................................................................................................... (1)

(ii) Which one of the following is a fundamental particle that would not be deflected by an electric field?

A electron

B neutron

C proton

Write the correct letter, A, B or C, in the box.

(1)
(Total 2 marks)
2. (a) Complete the following table.

Particle Relative charge Relative mass

Proton

Neutron

Electron

(3)

1 By Suhail Aziz
(b) An atom of element Z has two more protons and two more neutrons than an atom of .

Give the symbol, including mass number and atomic number, for this atom of Z.

.................................................................................................................................................(2)

(c) Complete the electronic configurations for the sulphur atom, S, and the sulphide ion, S2–.

S 1s2 ..................................................................................................................................

S2– 1s2 .................................................................................................................................(2)


(Total 7 marks)

3. (a) One isotope of sodium has a relative mass of 23.

(i) Define, in terms of the fundamental particles present, the meaning of the term isotopes.

.................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

(ii) Explain why isotopes of the same element have the same chemical properties.

.....................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................... (3)

(b) Give the electronic configuration, showing all sub-shells, for a sodium atom.

.................................................................................................................................................(1)

(c) Explain why chromium is placed in the d block in the Periodic Table.

.....................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................(1)

(d) An atom has half as many protons as an atom of 28Si and also has six fewer neutrons than

28
an atom of Si. Give the symbol, including the mass number and the atomic number, of this atom.

...................................................................................................................................................(2)
(Total 7 marks)

2 By Suhail Aziz
4. The mass spectrum of a sample of krypton taken from a meteorite is shown below.

(a) Use this spectrum to calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of krypton.
Give your answer to one decimal place.

Explain why the value you have calculated is slightly different from the relative atomic mass

given in the Periodic Table.

.......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................................(4)

5. The diagram below shows the values of the first ionisation energies of some of the elements in Period 3.

3 By Suhail Aziz
(a) On the above diagram, use crosses to mark the approximate positions of the values of the first
ionisation energies for the elements Na, P and S. Complete the diagram by joining the crosses.
(3)

(b) Explain the general increase in the values of the first ionisation energies of the elements Na–Ar.

........................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................................(3)

(c) In terms of the electron sub-shells involved, explain the position of aluminium and the position of
sulphur in the diagram.

Explanation for aluminium................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................

Explanation for sulphur ....................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................(4)
(Total 10 marks)

4 By Suhail Aziz
6. This question is about the first ionisation energies of some elements in the Periodic Table.

(a) Write an equation, including state symbols, to show the reaction that occurs when the first

ionisation energy of lithium is measured.

.................................................................................................................................................(1)

(b) State and explain the general trend in first ionisation energies for the Period 3 elements

aluminium to argon.

Trend .........................................................................................................................................

Explanation ................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................(3)

(c) There is a similar general trend in first ionisation energies for the Period 4 elements gallium to
krypton.

State how selenium deviates from this general trend and explain your answer.

How selenium deviates from this trend ...................................................................................

Explanation ..............................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. (3)

(d) Suggest why the first ionisation energy of krypton is lower than the first ionisation energy

of argon.

...............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................(1)

(e) The table below gives the successive ionisation energies of an element.

First Second Third Fourth Fifth

Ionisation energy / kJ mol–1 590 1150 4940 6480 8120

Deduce the group in the Periodic Table that contains this element.

............................................................................................................................................................... (1)
(Total 9 marks)
5 By Suhail Aziz
7. Which one of the following ionisations requires less energy than the first ionisation energy of oxygen?

A S(g) → S+(g) + e−

B O+(g) → O2+(g) + e−

C N(g) → N+(g) + e−

D F(g) → F+(g) + e−
( 1 mark)
8. Which one of the following explains why boron has a lower first ionisation energy than beryllium?

A A boron atom is smaller than a beryllium atom.

B In beryllium all the electrons are paired in full sub-shells.

C A beryllium atom has fewer protons than a boron atom.

D In boron the 2p electron occupies a higher energy level than a 2s electron.


(1 mark)

9. Chlorine has two isotopes, 35Cl and 37Cl. The number of molecular ion peaks in the mass spectrum of a sample of Cl2 is

A 2

B 3

C 4

D 5
( 1 mark)

6 By Suhail Aziz

Common questions

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The mass spectrum of krypton shows the presence of different isotopes, each contributing to the relative atomic mass based on their abundance. By multiplying the mass of each isotope by its relative abundance and summing these values, the relative atomic mass can be calculated. Discrepancies with the Periodic Table values may arise due to variations in specimen isotopic composition or measurement inaccuracies, which affect the calculated relative atomic mass .

To calculate the mass of a hydrogen atom, use the data from Table 1, where the masses of protons, neutrons, and electrons are provided. Given that the most common hydrogen isotope contains one proton and one electron but no neutrons, the mass can be approximated by summing the mass of a proton (1.6725 × 10–24 g) with the negligible mass of an electron (0.0009 × 10–24 g). Hence, the mass of a hydrogen atom is approximately 1.6725 × 10–24 g, as the electron's mass is almost negligible in comparison to the proton's .

Krypton has a lower first ionisation energy compared to argon because it has more electron shells, increasing the distance between the nucleus and the valence electrons. This increase results in reduced nuclear attraction, thus requiring less energy to remove an outer electron compared to argon, which has fewer electron shells .

The electronic configuration of a sodium atom is 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s¹. This configuration reveals that sodium has one electron in its outermost shell, which accounts for its reactivity and its placement in Group 1 of the Periodic Table .

Boron has a lower first ionisation energy than beryllium despite having more protons because the electron to be removed in boron is in a 2p orbital, which is at a higher energy level than the 2s orbital from which beryllium's electron is removed. This higher energy level results in the 2p electron in boron being more easily removed, reducing the ionisation energy compared to beryllium .

Isotopes of the same element have identical chemical properties because they have the same number of electrons in their outer shell and the same electronic configuration, which determines chemical behavior. The differences in isotopes lie in the number of neutrons, which affects their nuclear properties but not their chemical properties .

The first ionisation energies generally increase across Period 3 from sodium to argon due to the increasing nuclear charge, which enhances the electrostatic attraction between the nucleus and the outer electrons. This makes it progressively more challenging to remove an electron. Additional factors include stable electron configurations and subshell completion contributing to variations in this trend .

Chromium is placed in the d block of the Periodic Table because its valence electrons include those in d sub-shells. Specifically, chromium has an electronic configuration that features partially filled d orbitals (3d⁵ 4s¹), highlighting a unique electron configuration that contributes to its distinct chemical behavior and explains its categorization in the d block, where transition metals with d electrons reside .

Selenium deviates from the general trend of increasing first ionisation energies in Period 4 as its ionisation energy is lower than expected. This anomaly is due in part to electron-electron repulsion occurring in the fully filled 4p subshell of selenium, which slightly decreases the energy required to remove an electron compared to neighbors with half-filled or empty subshell arrangements .

The group of an element can be deduced from examining large jumps between successive ionisation energies. These jumps occur when electrons are removed from electron shells closer to the nucleus. For example, if a significant increase in ionisation energy occurs after removing three electrons, the element likely belongs to Group 3, indicating that the fourth electron is removed from a highly stable inner shell .

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