SRE ESETET Qu) What is C.R.0.? Ans: C.R.O, means cathode Ray Oscilloscope is an instrument whichis used to display the wave & analysis the wave form. Q2) Draw a labelled diagram of C.R.T. & explain in brief. Ans: ng Base Focussing| ri = cana Sottal Adeleaing eid ane “ls ad ag As shown in dirgram C.-T. consists’of" following main parts. 3) Electron gun assembly. a) Filament b) Cathode ©) Control grid d)_ Accelerating 2) Defeetion plate assembly. a) Vertical defection plates ) Horizontal defection plates 3) Fluorescent screen 4} Glass envelops and base of the tube. The function of each electrode is explained as follows. Electrons are emitted by indirectly heating cathod. The cathode is surrounded by control sid the electron passed through small whole in grid makes beam current. electrons are accelerated by high +ve potential applied to accelerating anode. These anodes are separated by focusing anode which provides anarrow and sharp electron beam. ‘The beam then travel through deflection plate INSTRUMENTS 15% ‘assembly, When voltages are applied to the deflection plate's then electron bear can be deflected in horizontal direction by horizontal ‘deflection plates or vertical direction by vertical deflaction plates. Mostly electrostatic deflection system is used in C.R.T. The narrow & sharply focused beam of electron leaves the electron gun with a very high velocity & strikes the screen. The K. E. of a traveling electron is converted into ightemission and small ight spot is produced on the screen. On'the-inner surface of the screen a ® phosphor coating is present which is known as aquadag coating. The secondary electrons ‘ate collected by this conducting coating, ‘The envelope ofthe CRT. ismadeahighly evacuted glass. Very heavy glass is used, The elements of the electron gun assembly are connected to the pins on the C.R.T. by base. Q3) Explain the electrostatic focusing system of C.R.T. with suitable diagram. Ans: Pre-accelerating Focusing Aecelesuing, ‘Anode Anode” Anode \_\_ bt Centol nie ant £ High Voltge ‘Supply Electrostatic focusing or electron lens system is used in C.R.O. Itis as shown in fig. As shown in fig. three electrodes. They are pre accelerating anode, focusing anode and accelerating anode. These anodes are cylindrical in shape with small openings ocated af the centre of each cylinder along the axis of tube. fe Electronic -1: Std. 42th 71 aElectronics -1: Std, 12th/ 2 | Q4) State the types of deflection system used Ans: The electrons emitted by cathode have tendency to diverge from each other therefore focusing of electron beam is necessary to form a sharp image on the screen. ‘The focusing anode is connected toa lower ++ve potential than the accelerating anodes. Because of difference in potentials the equipotential surfaces between focusing anode and accelerating anode forms a shape like a convex lens. When the electron beam passes through this region then electrons experiences a force in a direction normal to equipotentia surface. Therefore the beam is converged into sharp pointon the screen. ‘The focal length of electrostatic lens system can be changed by changing the voltage of the focusing anode by using front panel control marked as*facus"” in CRT. Explain the principle af each. ‘Two types of deflection systems are used in CRI 1) Blectrostati deflection system Parabolic Path Deflection Plate Straight Path Lines of Farce ‘As shown in fig. in electrostatic deflection system consists oftwo deflecting plates placed ata distance d apart from each other. These plates are connected to a source of potential difference, Therefore electric field exits between the plates. When an electron enters in this field then itis deflected towards the +ve plate following the parabolic path. When the electron beam leaves the region then there is no deflecting force then ittravelsin straight line towards the point p, on the screen. This system isused [Link] CRO. 2) Magnetic deflection system: Whenever it is inconvenient or impossible to obtain suitable electrostatic deflection then magnetic deflection system is used. Itisas gives: shown below. DEFLECTION COIL } —~ ‘Aninetc deflection system is stot current Gauryiig ils ‘is mounted on the neck of C. R. T “ashown i in fig. the amount of deflection “depends on ampere tums of the coils. Two pair offeflection coils are used I pairis used for vertical deflection & 2" pair is used for ‘horizontal deflection. The magnetic deflection system is used in RADAR indicator & T. V. Tubes. What is time base voltage? Draw the circuit diagram time base generator and explain its working. ‘The voltage which increases linearly with time from minimum value to maximum value and quickly falls to minimum value and again rises isknown as time base voltage or saw tooth voltage or sweep voltage. Thetime base voltage can be generated using. switching devices like UST, TRIAC. The circuit of UIT time generator is as shown below. reInstruments F As shown in ig. capaciter is connected to supply voltage through the resistance R. The Junction of R & Cisconnected to emitter of ULI-T. The time base voltage will be available across capacitor C. 4 Working: When power made ON then capacitor starts charging through resistance R therefore voltage across capacitor increases. As capacitors connected to emitter therefore emitter voltage also increases. When this voltage reaches to the firing or conducting voltage of UIT thenit starts conducting. The conducting UIT provides low resistance path and therefore capacitor will discharge quickly. Hence voltage across capacitor also falls quickly. As voltage across capacitor (emitter voltage) becomes very small then UIT stops conducting and capacitor again start charging through resistance R. This continuous charging and discharging capacitor produces time base voltage. Itshould be noted that the time per saw tooth voltage can be changed tsifig resistance R and capacitor waveforms of UIT time base ge! Q.6) Draw Block diagram of C:R.0. and explain the function of each block. Ans: The block diagram of C.R.O. is as shown, below. “Kekarjautekor's orox «Colour Xerox Colt: 9860404132 9 UTP-Porects, Seminars ‘Lamination ‘Spiral Binding . Sma sob Works Bhagyotay « @ Urgent Passport Photo ‘©Printout- CD/Pen Drive CERO MSENIA e Empicyment-Frams & Books = As shown in diagram C.R.O. following blocks. yeRt 2) Vertical amplifier 3) Delay line 7) Blanking Circuit | 8] Powersupply “DCRT: It is heart of C.R.0. In CRT. electron beam is produced by electron gun. electrons are accelerated & focused by accelerating anode and focusing . Using horizontal deflection plates and verticui deflaction plates the electron beam can be deflected along horizontal and vertical line. ‘When electron beam strikestothe screen we getaspotoflight. 2) Vertical amplifier : The signal which is to be observed on the screen ofthe C-R.O, isapplied tothe deflection late through vertical amplifier Ifthe signal is very small then it can not be deflect spot on the screen, The vertical amplifier amplifies the signal so that spot can be deflected on the other hand the signal tobe display may be very high then the deflection of spot can notbe observed on the screen, in such ease vertical amplifier has attenuator circuit (voltage divider arrangement of resister. This cireuit reduces the Jow valueso that the spot will beon th area of the screen. als toElecironies -1 3) Delay line: The outputof the amplifier is given to the delay line. In the block diagram we observe thatthe signal reaching to the vertical deflection plate will have to pass through only one block intheabsence of delay ine while signal reaching to the horizontal deflection plate will have to pass three blocks. Hence signal will reach to vertical deflection plate earlier thisisundesivable. ‘The delay line introduce some time delay for signal reaching to the vertical deflection plate so that both plates receives their signals simultaneously. 4) Triggercireuit: The sample of trigger is given to a trigger circuit which produces trigger pulse at some selected points on the input waveforms. This trigger pulse is used to start the time base generator which then starts the horizontal -}*,. sweep of C.R.T. spot from left hand side of, 4 the screen, 5) Time base Generator: $ This circuit produces a sajitooth, ae waveforms by using UIT whielf iy used as" | horizontal deflection voltage,dfithe CRI. The saw tooth voltage is given fo hi horizontal amplifierifthe swit idlsition. IF theswitch sat external fon then extemal horizontal input can be applet the horizontal amplifie, 6) Horizontal amplifier: This ciréuit amplifies the saw tooth voltage as it includes a phase inverter. Two out put voltages are produced i.e. +ve going saw tooth & ~ve going saw tooth. These voltages are given to horizontal detection platés so that electron beam will move alongx-axis. 7) Blanking Cireuit : ‘The blanking circuitis necessary to eliminate the retrace line which would occur when the spoton CRT. screen moves from right side toleftside. 8) Powersupply: C. R. O. requires two types of power ‘Std, 12th 74 i] supply ie. high voltage power supply and low voltage power supply. The high voltage power supply is require to operate C.R.. and Low voltage is requited to remaining circuits of the CRO. Q.7) Define Deflection sensitivity of CR.O. Ans: Itis defined as the ratio of shift of th the applied voltage. spat to thespot Deflection Sensitivity= voltage appl Itis measured in unit mmvy. e.g. Find Deflection sensitivity of C.R.O. when spat of the screen shifis by 2mm on ee 40 volt. . 2mm ‘sy 0.05 mm, 1 “QB How C.R.O. can be used to display the aveform? Ans: C.R.O. can be used to display electrical signals (AC or DC) given to its vertical deflection plates. If applied input is DC then we get horizontal line on the screen, Jf applied input ACisgiven to ahorizontal deflection plate and asaw tooth voltage is givento vertical deflection plates then the trace obtained in this case as shown below. Asshowin fig, the simultaneous application of deflection voltages to both sets of plates causes the C.R.T. spot to trace an image on the screen. As the sawtooth voltage increases linearly with time the CRT. spotmoves across the screen at aconstant velocity from left toQ9) Ans: Instruments 7 5 sight. At the end af sweep when the saw tooth voltage suddenly drops from ts maximum value to 0, then C.R-T. spot returns rapidly to the left hand side of the screen. When an input signal is simultaneously applied to the vertical Gelection plates the electronbearn will be under the influence of two forces one force isin the horizontal plane mavingthe C.R.T. spotacross the sereen and second in the vertical plane movingit vertically. Accordingto magnitude and polarity of the input signal the resultant motion of the electron beam therefore produces a CRT. display of the vertical input signal asa function of time, ‘Explain different application of [Link]. Following are the applications of 1) DC Voltage measurement 20h To measured DC voltage following steps are used, 1) Switch on the C.R.0. Horizontal line is obtained on the screen, Then apply unknown DC inputto ¥ input, 2) Due to unknown DC voltage horizontal line get shifted 3) Count the no, of div, on Y-axis Let itis 2 [Link] shown in the fig. 4) Note down the position of volt per division knob, Let itis 4volt per div. Then unknown DC Voltage V =[Link] [Link]-axis* voltage J div, knob position =2divx didiv, =8y, 2) AC Voltage measurement : 2Div. To measure AC voltage following steps are used, 1) TheuriknownAC voltage is givento Y input ofC.R.O. itis displayed on the screen. Count no:ofdivion axis for peak valueof AC voltage ‘[Link]-as shown in the fig. 2), Note down the position of volt/ div. knob. Letitis 4 volviv. then peak value of AC voltage is given by - ‘[Link] divon | position vi div Y ~axis vib =2divX 4 volt/div. =8v ‘We know that peak voltage is given by R.M.S. 3) Vp = = 0.707 « Vp 0.707 «8 5.656 V 3) Frequency Measurement: 5DivElectronics 1) The AC voltage whose frequency is to be measured is given to the Y-Input & it is displayed on the screen. 2) Count no of div. for | cycle on the x-axis letitis 5 div as shown infig. Note the position of time per division knob lt itis 2ms/div. then time petiod of AC voltage is given by. [Link] divon position of time/div Time= x axis“ divknob Sx2ms, T=10ms + Lissajous Method: Inthis method the unknown fiequeney signal is applied to vertical (y) vertical input and a known frequency signal is given to horizontal (x) input of C.R.O. using the knobs on the front panel of C.R.O. Lissajous figures like 00, 8, (000, such pattem will beavailable on the screen ofthe C.R.O. then adjust this pattern so that it will touch to X and Y-axis as shown fig. ‘Then by using following formula unknown frequency can be calculated Fy Ne Fx Ny Where Nx =no of cuts to x-axis, Ny =no. of cuts to y-axis ‘Std. 12mm Fy=unknown frequeney, Fx=known frequency As shown in fig Nx= 3, Ny = Fy 3 Fv=3Fx ‘Unknown frequency =3 x known frequency 4) Phase measurement: The phase difference between two AC voltage can be measured using C.R.O. Inthis application one signal is given to the .-inputatid other is given tothe input using knobsoa the froat panel ellipse is obtained on th shown in the fig. count no. of divisions for, and y,. AD Then phase difference is given by Ye Sin 9="* Ye Lety,=2 div. &y,=4 div. “ 2 Sino = -so() 6 =30° Depending upon the phase different geomettical shape will be observed on the screen,c Tnatamenia 7 ) A circle can be obiained only when the amplitudes of signal are equal and phase difference iseither 90° or 270° fi) amplitudes are not equal then anelips will obtained with phase difference 30%or330° and 150° or 210°, ii) A straightline is obtained whentwo voltages ‘are equal in magnitude and phase diffrence 0° and 180°. Q.10) What is the function generator? Draw block diagram of function generator and explain the working af each block. Ans: The instrument which generats electric signals (sin wave, triangular wave, square waves) and whose frequency lies between IHzto few 100 KHz isknownas function generator or signal generator. The block diagram of function generator is as shown below, As shown in diagrami-frequency control network is used to operate upper and lower constant current sources. These sources produce two opposite directed currents which are givenas input to an integrator circuit ‘Therefore integrator cireuit produces a triangular wave, voltage comparator or multivibrator circuit is used to convert a triangular wave into a square wave. While resistance diode wave shaping circuit is used to converta triangular wave into asine wave. Output amplifiers are used to amplify the signal Two amplifiers are used to provide two output wave forms at the same time. Q.11) Draw a block diagram of digital multimeter and explain function of each blockin brief. Ans: hee (Beegi The instruments which measuces AC and DC voltages, AC & DC current, resistance and isplay the measurement in the form of numerical is known as digital multimeter (MM). As shown in block diagram DMM has followingmain blocks, 1) DC voltageattenuator 2) Rectifier and attenuator 3) Current to voltage converter 4) Resistance voltage converter ‘The function ofeach block canbe explained as follows. 1) DC voltage attenuator: This block consist of voltage divider asrangement and using this arrangement alarge value of DC voltage can be converied toa smaller value. 2) Rectifier and attenuator: When AC voltage sto be measured then it isconverted into DC voltage oranalog voltage using rectifier circuit, The attenuator circuitis required ifinput voltageis ange. 3) Current to voltage converter: When current is to be measured then it passes through a known shunt resistance and proportional voltage is produced so that itis measured by ADC. 4) Analog to Digital canverter : The DC voltage and analog voltage is converted into DC pulses by using analog to digital converter e.g. ifanalog voltage is 5 volt the ADC producesa clock pulse which remains high for SSec. This pulseis given to AND gate so that AND gate remains high for 5 sec. The[ Glctonies 17 Se, 12078 ADC thusallow 5 pulses. 5) Counter: These pulses are counted by electronic counter the output of counter is binary which is usedte drive the LED display. 6) Display : This binary output of counter is displayed by using seven segment display and display of applied voltage is obtained. Q.12) What are the advantages DMM over analog multimeter. ‘Ans: Advantages of DMM : 1) Small Sizeand easy operation. 2) Low cost and fast measurement by using rotatory switch. 3) Maximum accuracy. 4) Audio visual indication for continuity and component testing, 5) Automatic polarity(+, indication, 6) Automatic o setting £ 7) Automatic range selection and over load