LABORATORY MANUAL

(As per AKTU Syllabus)

REFRIGERATION AND AIR-CONDITIONING LAB

(KME-651)

Student’s Name: …………………………………………………………………………….

Class & Sec: …………………………………………………………………………………

University Roll No.: ……………………………………………………………………….

Prepared & Verified by:

Mr. Ankur Sachdeva

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

KIET GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, GHAZIABAD

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 KIET GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, GHAZIABAD
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Lab (KME-651)

Course Outcomes

1. To determine the performance of different refrigeration and air‐conditioning systems.

2. To apply the concept of psychrometry on different air-cooling systems.

3. To interpret the use of different components, control systems and tools used in RAC systems.

4. To demonstrate the working of practical applications of RAC systems.

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 KIET GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, GHAZIABAD
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Lab (KME-651)
[Link]. LIST OF EXPERIMENT/ CONTENT Page
No.
1. To study different types of expansion devices used in refrigeration system. 6

2. To study different types of evaporators used in refrigeration system. 12

3. To study basic components of air-conditioning system. 18

4. To study window air-conditioner. 25

5. To study the performance of an air washer using air washer test rig. 28

6. Experiment on refrigeration test rig and calculation of various performance 32

parameters.
7. Experiment on air-conditioning test rig and calculation of various 38
performance parameters.
8. To study and determine the volumetric efficiency of double stage air- 43
compressor.
9. To determine the COP of Electrolux absorption refrigerator system 47

10. To study the different types of psychrometers. 51

11. Viva-Voce 54

(Lab Instructor) (Lab Incharge)

3
 Department of Mechanical Engineering

Name of Lab: Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Lab (KME- 651)

Name of Student Roll No.

Semester Batch

Allotment

Checking
Date of

Date of
Grading Signature
Sl.
Experiments With Course Outcomes By of
No.
Faculty Faculty

1. To study different type of Expansion Devices

used in Refrigeration System.

Course Outcome: - To interpret the use of different components, control systems and tools used in RAC
systems.

2. To study different type of Evaporators used in

Refrigeration System.

Course Outcome:-To interpret the use of different components, control systems and tools used in RAC
systems.

3. To study basic components of Air–

Conditioning System.
Course Outcome: - To demonstrate the working of practical applications of RAC systems.

4. To study Window Air-conditioner.

Course Outcome:- To demonstrate the working of practical applications of RAC systems.

5. To study the performance of Air Washer Test

Rig.
Course Outcome:- To apply the concept of psychrometry on different air-cooling systems.

4
 Allotment

Checking
Date of

Date of
Grading Signature
Sl.
Experiments With Course Outcomes By of
No.
Faculty Faculty

6. Experiment on Refrigeration Test Rig and

calculation of various performance
parameters.
Course Outcome:- To determine the performance of different refrigeration and air‐conditioning
systems
7. Experiment on Air-Conditioning Test Rig &
calculation of various performance
parameters.
Course Outcome:- To determine the performance of different refrigeration and air‐conditioning
Systems and apply the concept of psychrometry on different air-cooling systems.
8. To study and determine the volumetric
efficiency of double stage Air Compressor
Course Outcome:- To analyze isothermal and volumetric efficiencies of an Air Compressor.

9. To determine the COP of Electrolux

absorption refrigerator system.
Course Outcome:-To determine the performance of different refrigeration and air‐conditioning systems

10. To study different types of Psychrometers.

Course Outcome:- To interpret the use of different components, control systems and tools used
in RAC systems.

Grading:-
A+ = Excellent, A= VG, A- = Good, B = Satisfactory, C= Poor (Experiment to be repeated)

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 EXPERIMENT NO.1
AIM:

To study different types of expansion devices used in refrigeration system.

INTRODUCTION:

Refrigerant controls are devices used to control the flow of refrigerant at various points throughout
the refrigeration cycle. Below are the 7 points where refrigerant controls are used in asystem.

a. “Expansion valves” used to regulate the flow of refrigerant liquid to the evaporator.
b. “Suction-line regulators” used to control the flow of refrigerant gas from the evaporator coil.
c. “Hold back valves” used to limit the flow of gas to the compressor to prevent surge or
excessive loads from overloading the compressor motor.
d. “Solenoid valves” used in liquid, suction or discharge lines to interrupt the flow on demand
from any one of several types of temperature or pressure sensing devices.
e. “Check valves” used to prevent the flow of gas from the condenser back to the compressor
during off cycles.
f. “Reversing valves” used in heat-pump applications to defrost cycles to change the flow of
refrigerant.
g. “Heat-gas transfer” for modern multiplex system.

Classification of Expansion devices:

1. Thermostatic expansion valve

2. Capillary tube
3. Low-side float
4. High-side float

“EXPANSION VALVE” is the term usually used in industry, for any device that meters or
regulates the flow of liquid refrigerant to an evaporator. It has two purposes:

• To reduce the pressure of liquid refrigerant.

• To regulate the flow of refrigerant to the evaporator.

It thus divides the high pressure side from the low pressure side of the system.

1. THERMOSTATIC EXPANSION VALVE

Thermostatic expansion valve is a throttling device which works automatically, maintaining
proper and correct liquid flow as per the requirements of the load on the evaporator.

This valve finds a wide application because of its adaptability to any type of dry expansion
application, automatic operation, high efficiency and ability to prevent liquid flood backs.

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A thermostatic expansion valve performs the following functions:

a. Reduces the pressure of the liquid from the condenser pressure to the evaporator pressure.
b. Keeps the evaporator fully active.
c. Modulates the flow of liquid to the evaporator according to the load requirement of the
evaporator so as to prevent flood back of liquid refrigerant to the compressor.

Fig.1. shows a thermostatic expansion valve. The following are the important parts of the valve:

a. Power element with a feeler bulb

b. Valve seat and needle
c. Adjustment spring
d. Bellows or diaphragm

The remote bulb charged with the fluid which is open on one side of the diaphragm through a
capillary tube is clamped firmly to the evaporator outlet. The temperature of the saturated liquid
in vapor mixture is the same as the temperature of the superheat gas leaving the evaporator at the
location. The pressure of the liquid in the bulb (PB) tends to open the valves. This pressure is
balanced by the pressure due to spring (PS) plus pressure in the evaporator (PE).

When the cooling load ‘increases’, the refrigerant evaporates at a faster rate in the evaporator than
the compressor can suck. As a result, the pressure and degree of superheat in the evaporator
increase. The increase in the superheat causes the valve to open more and to allow more refrigerant
to enter the evaporator. At the same time, the increase in the suction pressure also enables the
compressor to delivery increased refrigerating capacity. When the cooling load ‘decreases’ the
refrigerant evaporates at a slower rate than the compressor can suck. As a result, the evaporator
pressure drops and the degree of superheat decreases. The valve tends to close andthe compressor
delivers less refrigerating capacity at a decreased suction pressure. Thus the thermostatic-
expansion valve, as opposed to the automatic expansion valve is capable of meeting varying load
requirement. Most thermostatic expansion valves are set for 5 of superheat and are usually rated
in tones of refrigeration.

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 Fig.1. Thermostatic Expansion Valve

2. CAPILLARY TUBE

A capillary tube is a fixed restriction-type device. It is the simplest of the refrigerant flow
controls, consisting merely of a fixed length (from 0.5 m to 5 m) of small diameter (0.5 mm to
2.25 mm) tubing installed between the condenser and the evaporator, usually in place of
conventional liquid line is shown in fig. 2.

The pressure drop through the capillary tube is due to the following two factors:

i) Friction, due to fluid viscosity, resulting in ‘frictional pressure drop’.

ii) Acceleration, due to the flashing, of the liquid refrigerant into vapor resulting ‘momentum
pressure drop’.

The cumulative pressure drop must be equal to the difference in pressures at the two ends of the
tube. The flow through the capillary tube will, therefore, adjust so that the pressure drop through
the tube just equals the difference in pressure between the condenser and evaporator. For a given
state of the refrigerant, the pressure drop is directly proportional to the length and inversely
proportional to the bore diameter of the tube.

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 Fig.2. Capillary Tube

To obtain the desired flow and pressure drop a number of combinations of length and bore are
possible for a capillary tube. However, once a capillary tube bas been selected, it will be suitable
only for design pressure drop. It cannot satisfy the flow requirement with changing condenser and
evaporator pressure. Even then the capillary tube is most commonly used in small refrigerators,
window type air conditioners, water-coolers, etc.

3. LOW-SIDE FLOAT
Refer fig.3. A low side float is essentially a hollow ball, pan or inverted bucket connected through
linkages and pivots to open or close needle valve. It maintains a predetermined liquid level in an
evaporator. As refrigerant is evaporated, the liquid level falls, lowering the float. The connecting
linkage opens the valve to admit more refrigerant. As the liquid level then rises to therequired
point, the float is lifted and the valve closes.

Some of the advantages of low-side valves are:

i) A low-side float valve gives very good control by maintaining proper refrigerant level
regardless of load changes, compressor off cycles load conditions, or other operating variables.
ii) Any number of evaporators may be operated on the system, since each valve drains only the
amount of refrigerant need for its evaporator.

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 Fig.3. Low-Side Float

• The following problems are encountered with low-side floats:

The float ball may develop a leak because of corrosion or failure of soldered or welded joints.
The floats may collapse because of high pressure. In either case the float would sink causing
the refrigerant to feed continuously and flood back to the compressor. The needle or seat, or
both, may wear, causing it to leak continuously. The float ball may operate erratically because
of the boiling action of refrigerant. In such cases the float assembly is placed in a separate
chamber.

4. HIGH-SIDE FLOAT
Fig.4. shows a schematic sketch of a high-side float. It has the same element as a low side float: a
hollow ball, linkage and a needle valve. It differs from the low side float in that it is one of high
pressure side of the system and that a rising liquid level opens the valve. It is mounted below the

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condenser and passes the liquid refrigerant to the evaporator as rapidly as it is condensed, but it
does not allow passage of uncondensed vapor. This requires that the major portion of the
refrigerant charge be located in the evaporator.

High-speed floats find wide applications in domestic and small commercial systems with a single
compressor, evaporator, and condenser. They are also used in discharge oil traps to return oil to
the system and some types of automatic purgers.

Fig.4. High-Side Float

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 Viva-Voce Questions

1. Why capillary tube is preferred to other expansion devices in house hold refrigerator?

2. Is thermostatic expansion valve is a better option than automatic expansion valve

Justify your answer.

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 Viva-Voce Questions

3. Name the expansion device used in the following applications

(i) Car air-conditioning
(ii) Window air-conditioner
(iii) Ice plant
(iv) A cold storage with flooded evaporating systems

4. Capillary tube is not used as an expansion valve in open type refrigerating systems
Give specific reasons.

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 EXPERIMENT NO.2
AIM:

To study different types of evaporators used in refrigeration system.

INTRODUCTION:

An evaporator is a heat exchanger in which a refrigerant is vaporized for the purpose ofremoving
heat from the surroundings. Evaporator is also called chiller, freezer or cooling coil depending
upon its application.

An evaporator must fulfill following three main requirements:

i) It must have enough surfaces to absorb the required heat without excessive temperature
difference between the refrigerant and the substance to be cooled.
ii) It must provide sufficient space for the liquid refrigerant and also adequate space for the
refrigerant vapor to separate from the liquid.
iii)It must provide sufficient space for the liquid refrigerant without excessive pressure drop
between the inlet and outlet.

CLASSIFICATION OF EVAPORATORS

Evaporators may be classified as follows:

a. On the basis of operating conditions:

1. Flooded type evaporators.
2. Dry or direct expansion type evaporators.
b. On the basis of construction of the surfaces:
1. Bare-tube evaporator.
2. Plate-surface evaporator.
3. Finned-tube evaporator.

1. FLOODED TYPE EVAPORATORS

Fig. 1 shows a flooded type evaporator. A flooded or overfeed evaporator is one wherein the
amount of liquid refrigerant circulated through the evaporator is considerably in excess of that
which can be vaporized. Here a constant refrigerant liquid level is maintained. A float valve is
used as the throttling device which maintains the constant liquid level in the evaporator. Due to
the heat supplied by the substance to be cooled, the liquid refrigerant is vaporized and so the liquid
levels falls down. The float valve opens to admit more liquid and thus maintains a constantliquid
level. As a result the evaporator is always filled the liquid to the level determined by the float
adjustment and the inside surface is wetted with the liquid. Thus this type is called flooded
evaporator.

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To prevent liquid carry over to compressor, accumulator is generally used with a flooded
evaporator. Accumulator also serves as the chamber for the liquid level float valve. The evaporator
coil is connected to the accumulator and the liquid flow from the accumulator to the evaporator
coil is generally by gravity. The vapor formed by the vaporizing of the liquid in the coil being
lighter, rises up and passes on to the top of the accumulator from where it enters the suction line.
Sometime liquid eliminators are provided in the accumulator top to prevent the possible carryover
of the liquid particles from the accumulator to the suction line.

Fig. 1. Flooded Type Evaporator

• These evaporators give high rate of heat transfer as the whole surface of the evaporator coil
remains in contact with the liquid refrigerant. These are bulky in construction and require large
amount of refrigerant for their working.
• Flooded evaporators are used in large installations, especially in chemical and food processing
industries.

2. DRY EXPANSION EVAPORATOR

Fig.2. shows a dry expansion evaporator. In dry expansion evaporator the amount of liquid
refrigerant fed in to the evaporator is limited to that which can be completely vaporized by the
time it reaches the end of the evaporator. The expansion device feeds the evaporator at such a rate
that whole of the refrigerant gets gradually vaporized by the time it reaches the end of the coil.

Feeder bulb of the expansion valve controls the rate of flow through the orifice of the flow control.

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 • Such an evaporator is one of the most widely used devices for producing refrigeration
and is used on systems having capacity below 150 tons of refrigeration.

Fig. 2. Dry Expansion Evaporator

2. BARE TUBE EVAPORATOR

Refer fig. 3. These evaporators are usually constructed of either steel pipe or copper tubing. Copper
tubing is used in small evaporators using Freon as refrigerant whereas steel pipe is employed with
large evaporators using ammonia as refrigerant. Bare tube coils available in anumber of sizes, shapes
and designs, and are usually custom made to the individual application.

• Its use is limited to applications where the box temperature are under 0°C and in liquid cooling
because the accumulation of ice or frost on these evaporators has less effect on the heat transfer
than on those equipped with fins.
• Since these evaporators are easier to clean. They are also extensively used in household
refrigerators.

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 Fig. 3. Bare Tube Evaporator

3. PLATE SURFACE EVAPORATOR

Refer fig. 4. These evaporators are made in different designs. In some cases tubing is attached to
the plates whereas in other cases two sheets may be passed together to provide a path for

Fig. 4. Plate Surface Evaporator

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refrigerant flow between them. Such evaporators are used in domestic refrigerators or frozen food
industry.

4. FINNED TUBE EVAPORATOR

Refer fig. 5. Finned coils are bare tube coils upon which metal plates or fins have been installed.
The fins increase the surface area of the evaporator which means increased heat transfer capacity.
The size and spacing of fins depends upon the type of application. Such evaporator has always a
direct expansion feed of liquid refrigerant.

• Finned tube evaporators are best suited for window type air-conditioners and other air cooling
application where temperature is maintained above 1℃applications. For such an application
the capacity of evaporator is further increased by adding a fan to the finned evaporator.

Fig. 5. Finned Tube Evaporator.

5. Shell-and-Tube Evaporator

Figure 6 shows a shell and tube evaporator. These are of smaller capacity than the shell and tube
chillers. These are made of one or more spiral shaped bare tube coils enclosed in a welded steel
shell. It is usually dry-expansion type with the refrigerant flowing in the tube and chilled liquid in
the shell. In some cases the chiller operates in flooded mode also with refrigerant in the shell and
chilled water flowing thorough the spiral tube. The water in the shell gives a large amount of
thermal storage capacity called hold-up capacity. This type is good for small but highly infrequent
peak loads. It is used for cooling drinking water in stainless steel tanks to maintain sanitary
conditions. It is also used in bakeries and photographic laboratories.

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Fig. 6. Shell-and-Tube Evaporator

…………..

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 Viva-Voce Questions

1. Name the type of evaporator used for the following applications

(i) window type air-conditioner
(ii) household refrigerator
(iii) deep freezer
(iv) ice plant
(v) cold storage

2. What problems does lubricating oil cause in the evaporator?

3. Mention the factors that affect the heat transfer capacity of an evaporator?

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 Viva-Voce Questions

4. What is meant by frosting? What is the necessity of defrosting?

5. Name the different methods of defrosting. Specify the application of each method.

6. What is meant by no frost refrigerator? What are defrosting methods used in house
hold refrigerator?

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 EXPERIMENT NO.3
AIM:

To study basic components of Air-Conditioning system.

INTRODUCTION:

The air conditioning equipment can be broadly classified in two groups:

1. Package units
2. Central units

Packaged units include window room air-conditioners and all such installations where functional
components are packed all together.

Central units refer to the installation of the different components at different points of the
building.

As for functions-wise distribution is concerned both types will fall in the following categories:

i) Only cooling type system.

ii) Combination cooling and heating type system.
iii) Heat pump system.

1. Packaged units:
Packaged units are of two types:
1. Window type.
2. Console type.

Window type package units:

• Fig. 1(a) shows a schematic diagram of a window type air-conditioner.
• A package unit is a self-contained unit because the complete unit including evaporator
and condensing unit is all incorporated in a common enclosure.
• The normal capacity of such a unit is 1 and 1.5 tones.
• These are window mounting models which are normally capable of cooling, heating,
cleaning and circulating the air. The air distribution is met by a grill arrangement which
also allows fresh air through dampers. The dampers are also provided for exhaust
purposes.

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 • A window type air-conditioner is basically designed for cooling of room where it is
installed. The entire system consists of following sub-assemblies:

[Link]. Subassembly Parts

i Evaporator
ii. Capillary Tube
1 System assembly iii. Condenser
iv. Strainer
v. Compressor
i. Fan
2 Motor, Fan and Blower Assembly
ii. Blower Motor
iii. Blower Mounting Brackets

i Cabinet
3 Cabinet and Grill Assembly
ii Grill
i Selector Switch
ii Relay
iii. Thermostat
4 Switch Board Panel iv. Fan Motor
Running capacitor for compressor
v. motor and starting capacitor for
compressor motor

Fig. 1(a) Window Type Air-Conditioner

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Console type package units:

• These units are usually packaged in decorative cabinets and are mounted on the floor directly
• Normally water-cooled condenser is employed with such units.
• The capacities are normally 3 to 20 tones
• For proper delivery of conditioned air to the space a short length of duct-work is attached or
built-in grilles are placed on the top. For heating cycle, if desired, electric strip heaters can be
installed. These heaters are inter-locked with the blower motor using in addition a heating
thermostat for safety and temperature control purposes.

Fig. 2. Console type package air-conditioner

2. Central Units:
• In central units (central air-conditioning system) the air handling unit is generally separated
from the conditioning unit.
• Such units are available in two types: Horizontal and vertical depending upon the position of
filter and the drain pan.
• The cooling coil in these units may be either direct expansion (DX) or chilled water type.

The functional elements of a central unit are:

I. Equipment for air flow like blower and a motor to drive it

II. Equipment for cooling and/or dehumidification like direct expansion (DX) coil or chilled
water coil.
III. Equipment for cleaning of air like filters

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IV. Equipment for dehydration
V. Equipment for operational and safety controls

Fig.3(a) shows a typical control air-conditioning unit.

Fig. 3 (a) Typical Central Air-Conditioning System

Fig. 3(b) Summer Air Conditioning System

Fig. 3(c) Winter Air-Conditioning System

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AIR CONDITIONING COMPONENTS:

Some important components used in air-conditioning equipment (systems) are discussed in the
following articles:

Filters:

(i) The function of filters is to arrest the solid impurities such as soot, ash, lint, smoke and
fumes and even living organisms such as virus, bacteria and fungus spores
(ii) These are placed ahead of heating or cooling coils

The filters are broadly classified as follows:

1. Dry air filters

2. Viscous impingement filters
3. Electrostatic filters

Fans:

The primary function of a fan is to produce air movement through heating, ventilating and air-
conditioning apparatus. It essentially consists of a rotating wheel which is surrounded by a
stationary member known as housing. The fans can be classified in two general groups.

1. Axial flow fans

2. Centrifugal or radial-flow fans

Air Washer:

Fig.4 shows a schematic diagram of an air washer. Here air flows through a spray of water and
during this flow air may be cooled or heated, humidified or dehumidified, or simply adiabatically
saturated, depending on the mean surface temperature of water.

Fig.4. Air Washer

The water is accordingly, externally cooled or heated or simply recirculated by a pump. In case
of humidification of air, loss of water is compensated by make-up water. In order to minimize
loss of water droplets, eliminator plates are used.

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Radiator:

A radiator is a heating unit/heat transfer element. It is an important component of winter heating

equipment. It is exposed to view within the room to be heated. All objects which fall within i ts visible
range are heated by radiation. It also imparts heat by conduction to surrounding air which in turn
circulates the heat by natural convection currents. Thus heat is transferred to room by the radiator
both by radiation and convection. When a radiator is placed or covered in such a way that it is not
visible in the room. It is said to be a concealed radiator. This type of radiator heats the room by
natural convection of air current.
“Base board radiators” are installed along the bottom of the walls in places of the conventional
board. These are supplied with steam, hot water or electric energy. They operate with gravity
circulated (natural convection) room air and have a substantial portion of their surface directly
exposed to the room.
The finned tube units consist of metal tubing with metallic fins bonded to the tube. The tubing
is supplied with hot water or steam. They may be completely exposed to room or enclosed with
top, front or inclined outlets. They operate with gravity or natural circulation of room air. Pipe
coils are sometimes used in factory buildings and are usually placed under windows or along
exposed wall. The output of these units is expressed in kJ/h, or in sq. meter of equivalent direct
radiation (EDR).
Preferably a radiator should be installed near floor and should deliver a horizontal natural current
of heated air so that it mixed readily with room air and thereby reduce stratification i.e., difference
of temperature of air at floor and ceiling.

AIR-CONDITIONING CONTROLS:

The field of application of air-conditioning control devices depends upon the size of area under
consideration, the number and size of the units involved etc. Depending upon particular
requirements the following three types of controls are used for air-conditioning:

1. Manual controls
2. Automatic controls
3. Semi-automatic controls

NOISE AND NOISE CONTROL:

Sound (a by-product of many industrial operations) is defined as a vibration in an elastic medium,

generally in the frequency ranges that produce the sensation of hearing. Noise is defined as
unwanted sound and it is often an unwelcome by-product of industrial operations.

Sound is classified into two basic categories.

I. Airborne sound. It moves from one point to another through air.

II. Structure born sound. It passes through solid material, such as concrete slab or steel
[Link] sound within a plant is airborne. It can be effectively reduced by applying
accoustical materials at the following three possible points:

27
-At the source
-Along the path
-At the receiver

………..

28
 Viva-Voce Questions
1. What is the difference between refrigeration and air-conditioning?

2. What is unitary type air-conditioners? Give examples

3. What are the disadvantages of package type air-conditioners?

29
 EXPERIMENT NO.4
AIM

To study window air-conditioner

THEORY:

The window unit is the simplest example of the refrigeration cycle used in a packaged air-
conditioner. In this unit, cooling, filtering and air – distribution are systems combined in a compact
package which has worldwide popularity.

The manufacturer and use of packaged air conditioner is one of the big steps in the development
of air conditioning. Mass produced, compact air- conditioner in completely self contained
packaged units not only lowered the equipment cost but also made installation, servicing and
operation simple and inexpensive. In this way, packaged unit have brought air- conditioning to
wide spread public use and made available to the public in the quickest, most convenient and least
expensive way. These packed units work very satisfactorily as long as the air- conditioner is
properly selected, installed and serviced.

REFRIGERATION CYCLE:

The compression refrigeration cycle which is described earlier is also used in air- conditioner. The
basic components are compressor, condenser, capillary and evaporator in addition to filters,
accumulators, motors, fan and controls. High pressure, high temperature refrigerant gas coming
out of compressor is condensed in the condenser using outside air as coolant. The liquidrefrigerant
is further passed through capillary to reduce the pressure and then it is passed through the
evaporator. The air from the room is passed over the evaporator where it is cooled to the required
temperature and then discharged in the room itself. The evaporator refrigerant vapour coming out
at low pressure from the evaporator is compressed in the compressor and cycle is repeated.

The window-unit compressor is of the hermetic type. This kind of unit has the compressor, its
motor, and all moving parts operating within a sealed gas tight housing which is welded and
closed.

The condenser coil is continuous coil of copper tubing to which aluminum fins are bonded to
increase the heat transfer area. A propeller type condenser fan is located immediately in front of
the condenser coil and also exhausts air from the air- conditioned space when the exhaust air
damper is opened. Moisture condensed on the surface of the evaporator coil during the
dehumidification of the air is also exhausted by the condenser fan.

The copper capillary tube is 40 cm long with an inside diameter of [Link] dimensions are
based upon the desired pressure difference between evaporator and condenser.

30
The evaporator is located at the front end of the room air- conditioner. It is also made of copper
tubing and has aluminum fins bonded at right angles to the tubing to increase the heat transfer
area.

Fig.1 (a) illustrates the parts used whereas fig. 1(b) shows the working cycle of the window air-
conditioner respectively.

Fig. 1(a) Components of Window Air-conditioner

Fig. 1(b) Working of Window Air-conditioner

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AIR-DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM:

The evaporator fan used in the room unit is of the centrifugal type and is surrounded by acoustical
insulating material that reduces operating noise. The evaporator fan pulls in fresh outside air
through louvers and a ventilation damper. Room air enters at the room ends of the air conditioner
through return louvers and a ventilation damper. The fresh air & room air mix are drawn through
evaporator cooling coil .The cooled air is then supplied to the room through the discharge grills
in the front of the cabinet.

The exhaust room air the fan control is set to exhaust position. The condenser blower starts
operating when this is done. The exhaust damper must also be open to permit room air through to
the outside and three for the damper control is also set to its exhaust position. In this way, smoke
and odour are removed from the room by the condenser fan which draws the air through the
damper and exhaust it through the louvers in the rear of the unit.

ELECTRIC CONTROLS: The electric control is placed either on the top side or front of the
unit for convenience and style. Most units have two electrical controls (1) a master control that
starts and stops the fans and compressor (2) a master control that adjust the thermostat to cooler
or warmer side.

THE MASTER CONTROL: The master control is often called the selector switch or cooling
and fan control. Its controls the compressor motor, condenser fan motor and evaporator fan motor.
When the control switch is in its cool position, all motors operate and the complete unit functions
as an air–conditioning unit. When the control switch is in the VENTILATE position, the
evaporator fan works as ventilating fan. In the exhaust position the condenser-blower motor
operates drawing state air from the room as does an exhaust.

THE THERMOSTAT CONTROL: The thermostat element in room air-conditioners is usually

located in the returned air stream near the filter. The thermostat control is wired in the series with
the starting relay that control the compressor motor.

…………..

32
 Viva-Voce Questions

Q1. What is an air-conditioner?

Q2. Define one tonne of refrigeration

Q3. What is the function of a thermostat in an air-conditioning system?

Q4. What are the components that belong to indoor and outdoor unit in a split air-conditioner?

33
 EXPERIMENT NO.5

OBJECT: To study air washer and calculate the change in specific humidity of air.
THEORY:

Air washer system is considered as an adiabatic system, therefore the process occurs at constant
enthalpy. The constant enthalpy adiabatic evaporative cooling system is represented on
psychometric chart as an inclined straight line towards left. Sensible heat loss by the air and latent
heat gain by the air are equal.

Cp(T1-T2) = hfg(W2-W1)

Where Cp is specific heat of the moist air (Value is 0.244 kJ/kg K)

T1 and T2 are dry bulb temperatures of air entering and leaving the evaporative cooler and hfg is
latent heat of vaporization of water at T2.

W1 and W2 are specific humidifies of air before entering and leaving the evaporative cooler.

Fig.1 shows a schematic diagram of an air washer. Here air flows through a spray of water and
during this flow air may be cooled or heated, humidified or dehumidified or simply adiabatically
saturated depending on the mean surface temperature of water. The water is accordingly externally
cooled or heated or simply recirculated by a pump. In case of humidification of air, loss of water
is compensated by makeup water. In order to minimize the loss of water droplets, elimination
plates are used. Depending upon the spray water temperature, the processes which may take place
are discussed in detail below.

Fig.1. Air washer

Case 1: No heat is supplied to or rejected from the spray water, and the same water is circulated
again and again. If there is intimate contact between air and water adiabatic saturation will be
reached, the process followed is a-b as shown on Psychometric chart in fig.2. The temperature of
spray water will reach the thermodynamics wet bulb temperature entering air. This is a process
along a constant wet-bulb temperature line. The air is cooled and humidified at constant enthalpy.

34
 Fig. 2. Various air-washer processes on Psychrometric chart

Case 2: If the temperature of the spray water is maintained at a value less than the wet-bulb
temperature of the entering air but higher than the entering dew point temperature by cooling the
spray water by coolers before pumping it back to the spray nozzles, then the process followed is
shown (as a-c) on the skeleton psychrometric chart (Fig.2). It is still cooling and humidification
process but the enthalpy of air is reduced.

Case 3: If the temperature of spray water is maintained equal to the dew point temperature of
entering air, the process is sensible cooling process (a-d) in fig 2. The water vapor content of air
remains constant during the process.

Case 4: If the temperature of spray water is further lowered and maintained lower than entering
dew point temperature, the process is cooling and dehumidification (a-e in fig 2).

Case 5: If the temperature of spray water is maintained constant at a value higher than the entering
well-bulb temperature but lower than the inlet dry-bulb temperature, by heating of spray water by
heaters before pumping back to spray nozzles, the process followed is along a-f shown in fig 2.
There is cooling and humidification of air, but its enthalpy is increased.

TYPES OF AIR WASHER SYSTEM

Evaporative coolers are of three types:
Spray –type air washer
Rotary air washer
Wetted pad air cooler

APPARATUS: The set up demonstrate the basic principle of psychrometric properties of air. The
test rig is designed for the study of humidification of air. The set up consists of instrumentation is
done to measure the temperature wherever necessary.

35
PROCEDURE:

FOR COOLING AND HUMIDIFICATION:

• Close all the valves V1-V4.

• Fill water in the tank up to appropriate level. Air flow control valve should be open.
• Rotate sling psychrometer and note down the ambient temperature of air.
• Switch on blower and pump.
• Start water supply, open valve V1 and note down the flow rate. After 10 minutes note
down the temperature of air by putting sling pychrometer in front of air duct and note
down the reading of sling psychrometer.

FOR COOLING AND DEHUMIDIFICATION:

• Close all the valves V1-V4.

• Fill water in the tank up to appropriate level. Air flow control valve should be open.
• Rotate sling psychrometer and note down the ambient temperature of air. Switch on
blower and the pump.
• Switch on the heater (at air duct) and start water supply
• Open valve V1 and note down the flow rate. After 10 minutes note down the temperature
of air by putting sling psychrometer in front of air duct and note down the reading of sling
psychrometer.

DEHUMIDIFICATION:

• Close all the valves V1-V4.

• Air flow control valve should be partially closed.
• Rotate sling psychrometer and note down the ambient temperature of air.
• Switch on blower and heater (at air duct). After 10 minutes note down the temperature of
air by putting sling psychrometer in front of air duct and note down the reading of sling
psychrometer.

HEATING AND HUMIDIFICATION:

• Close all the valves V1-V4.

• Air flow control valve should be partially closed.
• Rotate sling psychrometer and note down the ambient temperature of air. Switch on
blower, water heater and heater (at air duct).

Start water supply, open valve V1 and note down the flow rate. After 10 minutes note down
the temperature of air by putting sling psychrometer in front of air duct and note down the
reading of sling psychrometer.

36
OBSERVATIONS & CALCULATIONS:

FOR COOLING & HUMIDIFICATION

Sr. No. Z(LPH) T1(°C) T2(°C) T3(°C) T4(°C)

FOR COOLING & DEHUMIDIFICATION

Sr. No. Z(LPH) T1(°C) T2(°C) T3(°C) T4(°C)

FOR HEATING & HUMIDIFICATION

Sr. No. Z(LPH) T1(°C) T2(°C) T3(°C) T4(°C)

DEHUMIDIFICATION:
Sr. No. T1(°C) T2(°C) T3(°C) T4(°C)

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Never run the apparatus if power supply is less than 200 volts and more than 230 volts.

2. Water level should not be less than water inlet level of pump.

3. Never switch ON mains power supply before ensuring that all the ON/OFF switches given on
the panel are at OFF position.

4. Check the respective indicator lines are on.

5. Do not switch on the heater without running fan blower.

6. Do not open the cover without disconnect the power or while running the unit.

37
 Viva-Voce Questions

Q1. What is an air washer?

Q2. What do you mean by humidification and dehumidification of air?

Q3. Name the psychrometric process which is carried out in window air-conditioners in summer season.
How will you represent this process on a psychrometric chart?

38
 EXPERIMENT NO.6
AIM

➢ To study the vapor compression refrigeration cycle.

➢ To calculate the actual coefficient of performance COP and compare it with theoretical COP.

DESCRIPTION

The set up demonstrates the student about the basic principle of refrigeration cycle. The test rig
is designed for the study of thermodynamics of vapor compression refrigeration cycle by way of
demonstration and experimentation. It has a facility to measure various parameters for
experimentation.

THEORY

The unit consists of compressor, condenser, capillary tube, accumulator, drier and evaporator
(water tank). A voltage and ampere meter is provided for measuring watt. A fan is also provided
for cooling the condenser. Pressure gauge is also provided for measuring the pressure on suction
and compression of compressor. Digital temperature indicator is provided for measuring the
temperature of different points.

REFRIGERATION

Refrigeration may be defined as the process of removing heat from a substance under controlled
condition. It also includes the process of reducing and maintaining the temperature of a body below
the general temperature of its surroundings. It is used for the manufacture of ice and similar
products. This is widely used for cooling of storage chambers in which perishable foods, drinks, and
medicines are stored. The refrigeration has also wide applications in submarine ships, aircrafts.

COMPRESSOR

The main function of compressor is to raise the pressure and temperature of the refrigerant by the
compression of the refrigerant vapor and then pump it into the condenser.

CONDENSER

The condenser condenses the vapor refrigerant into the liquid by condenser fan and passes it into
the receiver tank for recirculation.

CAPILLARY TUBE

This device expands the liquid refrigerant at high pressure to the liquid refrigerant at low pressure
so that a measured quantity of liquid refrigerant is passed into the evaporator.

39
EVAPORATOR

In an evaporator, the liquid refrigerant evaporates by absorbing the heat into vapor refrigerant
and sends back into the compressor.

DRIER

A drier is used in between the condenser and expansion device. The main function of the drier is
to absorb the moisture from the liquid refrigerant and filter the dust particles.

ACCUMULATOR

An accumulator is fitted in between the evaporator and compressor. It prevents the liquid
refrigerant from entering the compressor.

Simple vapor compression refrigeration cycle (VCRC):

A Vapour compression refrigeration cycle is shown in fig. 1 on T-S and P-H curves.

Fig.1. Simple vapor compression refrigeration cycle (VCR Cycle)

The VCRC consists of the following processes:

1-2 Reversible adiabatic compression from the saturated vapor to a superheated condition
(electrical) input.

2-3 Reversible heat rejection at constant pressure (de-superheating and condensation of the
refrigeration)

3-4 Irreversible isenthalpic expansion from saturated liquid to a low-pressure, low

temperature liquid plus vapour state.

4-1 Reversible heat addition at constant pressure.

40
The actual cycle differ from the VCRC due to a number of practical considerations.

UTILITIES REQUIRED:
• Electric supply 5A-220 V AC
• Water supply.

STANDARD DATA:

Volume of water tank = 25*25*25 cm3.

Density of water = 1000 kg/m3

TECHNICAL DETAILS:

• Compressor : Hermetically sealed compressor.

Capacity 1/3 Ton
• Condenser : Air cooled
• Condenser cooling fan : 1
• Evaporator : Made of stainless steel
• Expansion Device : Capillary tube, Expansion valve.
• Pressure gauges : 3 nos.
• Temperature sensor : Digital Temperature Display.
• Control panel comprises of
Digital voltmeter : 0-300 V
Digital ammeter : 0-5 Amp.
Temperature measurement : Digital Temperature Indicator with
multichannel switch.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

• Fill water tank with measured amount of clean water and ensure that no foreign particles
are there and measuring the volume of water in water tank (evaporator)
• Ensure that all On/Off switches given on the panel are at OFF position.
• Note down the initial temperature reading of water with the help of temperature indicator.
• Note down the initial temperature of water.
• Always close the door of the evaporator.
• Now switch ON the condenser fan.
• Open the pressure gauge valves.
• Switch ON compressor.
• See that all the respective indication lights are ON.

41
• After the steady state is reached, note down the reading of voltmeter, ampere meter and
T1, T2, T3, T4 through digital temperature indicator and note the reading of T 5 and T6 water
tank (evaporator).
• Repeat the same procedure of experiment to calculate the COP, for reducing the volume
of water in evaporator or increase the temperature of water with heater.

• For closing the experiment first switch OFF compressor and condenser fan and drain water
from water tank (evaporator).

FORMULA:

Co-efficient of performance

The co-efficient of performance (C.O.P.) of a refrigerating cycle is defined as the ratio between
net refrigeration (output) and compressor work (input). The C.O.P. value is an indication of how
the system is operating.

Co-efficient of performance by theoretical values

𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑞𝑒
𝐶𝑂𝑃 = =
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑤𝑐
where
𝑞𝑒 = (ℎ1 − ℎ4 ) kJ/kg

𝑤𝑐 = (ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) kJ/kg

Mark points 1,2,3,4 using (P1, T1), (P2, T2), (P1, T3) and (P2, T4) respectively on p-h diagram for
(R-134A) read h1, h2, and h3 (where h3 = h4).

Co-efficient of performance by actual values

Actual 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘, 𝑊˙𝑐 = 𝑉 × 𝐼 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠

𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑤𝑎𝑦 𝑏𝑦 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡

𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡, 𝑄̇𝑒 = 𝑚̇𝑤 𝐶𝑝𝑤 (𝑇5 − 𝑇6 )

𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡

𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑂𝑃 =
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘

𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑂𝑃
𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐶𝑂𝑃 =
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑂𝑃

42
OBSERVATION TABLE:

[Link] P1 P2 P3 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 Voltmeter Ampere

reading meter
reading

P1 = Pressure at compressor suction (bar) P2

= Pressure at compressor discharge (bar) P3

= Condenser Pressure (bar)

T1 = Temperature at compression suction (°C) T2

= Temperature at compressor discharge (°C)T3 =

Temperature at condenser outlet (°C)

T4 = Temperature at evaporator inlet (°C)

T5 = Temperature at water inlet (°C)

T6 = Temperature at water outlet (°C)

CALCULATION TABLE:

[Link]. Refrigeration Compressor Theoretical Refrigeration Compressor Actual Relative

effect work C.O.P. Effect Actual work C.O.P. C.O.P.
(Theoretical) (Theoretical) Actual

RESULT:

The theoretical COP of the system is:

The actual COP of the system is:
The relative COP of the system is:

43
PRECAUTIONS:
• Always keep the apparatus free from dust.
• Check the voltage; it should not be less than 230 volts.
• Do not run the compressor, without switch on the fan motor.
• Do not start the unit, before putting the water in the evaporator tank.
• Whenever the condenser is switch off, do not switch on the compressor before the two
minutes of interval

44
 Viva-Voce Questions
1. Name the refrigeration method used in the following cases
(i) A desert bag used to keep drinking water cool
(ii) Refrigerator
(iii) Freezing of meat or fish by means of ice
(iv) Air craft refrigeration

2. Is it possible to produce the temperature below zero degree with the help of ice. Justify
youranswer

3. Evaporation of moisture from skin surface of a man helps him cool. How here cooling is
achieved?

45
 Viva-Voce Questions

4. In a theoretical vapour compression cycle, what is the condition of refrigerant at the outlet of
each component?

5. In Air craft, air refrigeration system is preferred to vapour compression cycle. why?

46
 EXPERIMENT NO.7
AIM

➢ To understand the concept of air conditioning and calculation of air-conditioning

parameters.
➢ To determine coefficient of performance.

THEORY

AIR CONDITIONING

Air conditioning may be defined as the process of removing heat from a substance under
controlled conditions. It also includes the process of reducing and maintaining the temperature of
a body below the general temperature of its surroundings.

This is widely used for cooling of storage chambers in which perishable foods, medicines are stored.
The air conditioning has also wide applications in submarine, ships, air craft and rockets.

The parts of air-conditioning units are:

COMPRESSOR

The main function of the compressor is to raise the pressure and temperature of the refrigerant by
the compression of the refrigerant vapor and then pump it into the condenser.

CONDENSER

Condenses the vapor refrigerant in to liquid by condenser fan and passes it into the receiver tank
for recirculation

CAPILARY TUBE

Expands the liquid refrigerant at high pressure to the liquid refrigerant at low pressure . so that a
measured quantity of liquid refrigerant is passed in to the evaporator.

EVAPORATOR

It evaporates the liquid refrigerant by absorbing the heat into the vapor refrigerant and sends into
the [Link].1 shows a standard vapor compression refrigeration cycle (VCRS) on T-S and
P-h curves.

47
 Fig.1 Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle (VCRC)

The VCRC consists of the following processes:

1-2 Reversible adiabatic compression from the saturated vapor to a superheated condition
(electrical) input.

2-3 Reversible heat rejection at constant pressure (de-superheating and condensation of the
refrigeration)

3-4 Irreversible isenthalpic expansion from saturated liquid to a low-pressure vapor4-

1 Reversible heat addition at constant pressure

The actual cycle differ from the VCRC due to a number of practical considerations.

UTILITIES REQUIRED:

• Power supply: single phase, 230 volts, and 50 Hz, 15 Amp with Earth.

TECHNICAL DETAILS:

• Compressor : Hermetically sealed compressor

• Condenser : Air Cooled
• Evaporator : Cooling coils of copper provided with fins in the
supply duct.
• Expansion Device : Capillary tube and Expansion Valve
• Condenser cooling fan : 1
• Pressure Gauges : 3
• Temperature measurement : Multi-channel digital Temperature Indicator
thermocouples 0-300 ℃

48
 DESCRIPTION:

The unit consists of compressor. Both evaporator and the air cooled condenser mounted on board
with separate fans. Air is sucked from the room and is dispatched to the room after cooling (via
the evaporator). The system is provided with voltmeter and ammeter, digital temperature
indicator.

The system is fully instrumented to measure:

I. Pressure at suction and discharge

II. Temperature at various points.

The air conditioning test rig unit is required to conduct experiments and demonstrate theprocesses
heating, cooling, humidification and dehumidification of air. The others will be fitted with all
instrumentation facilities so that the temperature, pressure and air velocity may be measured at
different points in the air-conditioning system.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

• Clean the apparatus and free from dust

• Ensure that all On/Off Switches given on the panel are at OFF position.
• Now switch ON the Main Power Supply.
• Note down the initial temperature reading of water with the help of temperature indicator.
• Switch on the condenser fan first.
• See all the respective indication lights are ON.
• Open all the pressure gauge tapes.
• Check and note down the voltage and amp of unit.
• After the gap of 10 or 15 minutes, take the reading of pressure gauge, voltmeter and ammeter
and T1, T2, T3, T4 through digital temperature indicator.
• After taking the complete reading switch off compressor.
• Close all the pressure tapes.
• Close the condenser fan & mains switch.

49
OBSERVATION TABLE:

[Link]. P1 P2 P3 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 Voltmeter Ammeter

reading reading

P1 = Pressure at compressor suction (bar) P2

= Pressure at compressor discharge (bar) P3

= Condenser Pressure (bar)

T1 = Temperature at compression suction (°C) T2

= Temperature at compressor discharge (°C) T3

= Temperature at condenser outlet (°C)

T4 = Temperature at evaporator inlet (°C)

T5 = Temperature of fresh air (°C)

T6 = Temperature of conditioned air (°C)

CO-EFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE:

The co-efficient of performance (C.O.P.) of a refrigerating cycle is defined as the ratio between
net refrigeration (output) and compressor work (input). The C.O.P. value is an indication of how
the system is operating.

𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡
𝐶. 𝑂. 𝑃 =
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟

𝑄̇˙˙𝐸
𝐶. 𝑂. 𝑃 = 𝑊˙
𝑐

𝑚˙ 𝑟(ℎ1 − ℎ4)
𝐶. 𝑂. 𝑃 =
𝑚˙ 𝑟(ℎ2 −ℎ1)

So Theoretical COP =

Where h1, h2, h4 are enthalpy of refrigerant the suction pressure or beginning of compressor, at
the end of compression at the end of expansion process respectively.
50
 The values of their enthalpy are to be checked corresponding the suction pressure and temperature,
discharge pressure and temperature and suction pressure and temperature at the starting of
expansion process with the p-h diagram. Mark points 1,2,3,4 using (P 1, T1), (P2, T2), (P1, T3) and
(P2, T4) respectively on p-h diagram for (R-22) read h1, h2, and h3 (where h3 = h4).

In our system there are two types of expansion device i.e. capillary tubes and automatic expansion
value. The values of refrigerating effect, work done and C.O.P. are to be calculated using each
expansion device alternately.

AIR CONDITIONING PROCESS:

The air conditioning process in the system can be represented on a psychometric chart. Mark
points using dry and wet bulb temperature to find the corresponding value of humidity ratio and
enthalpy.

MEASUREMENT OF AIR CONDITIONING PARAMETERS:

i. Dry bulb temperature =

ii. Wet bulb temperature =
iii. Relative humidity =
iv. Specific humidity =
v. Specific enthalpy of air =
vi. Specific volume of air =
vii. Density of air =
viii. Partial pressure of water vapor =

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Unnecessary handling should be avoided.
2. Valves should be operated gently.
3. Stabilized power should be supplied to the unit.
4. After taking all the readings close all the valves and put off the supply.
5. For closing the experiment first switches OFF compressor and then condenser fan.
6. Do not run the compressor without switch on the fan motor.
7. Before noting down the readings make sure that steady conditions are achieved.

51
 Viva-Voce Questions

1. What is Air conditioning?

2. What is relative humidity?

3. What is specific humidity?

52
 Viva-Voce Questions

4. Explain DBT, WBT, and DPT.

5. What is comfort air-conditioning?

6. What is industrial air-conditioning?

53
 EXPERIMENT NO.8
OBJECT:

To study double-stage air compressor and find out its volumetric & isothermal efficiencies.

APPARATUS: Double stage air compressor test rig

THEORY:

Air compressor is a device, which sucks the air from atmosphere and compresses it and delivers
in reservoir tank. It compresses the air by means of a reciprocating piston, which reciprocates in
a stationary cylinder. It can be single stage or multi-stage. It can be single acting or double acting.

In two stage compression, air is partially compressed in low-pressure cylinder. This air is passed
through intercooler between first stage and second stage as shown in fig.1 so that air at inlet of
second stage is at lower temperature than the first stage outlet. This is done to reduce the work of
compression in second stage. Final compression is completed in second stage i. e. in high pressure
cylinder. Two stage compressors can achieve higher volumetric efficiency than single stage
compressors, because of lower compression per stage.

Fig.1 Schematic Diagram of double-stage air-compressor

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

(i) Close the valve V1 of tank and start the compressor.

(ii) Let the receiver pressure rise up to around 1 kg/cm2. Now open the valve V1 so that
constant delivery pressure is achieved.
(iii) Connect cooling water supply to condenser and outlet of condenser cooling water to
drain. Open valve V2 and start cooling water supply.
(iv) Wait for some time that delivery pressure remains constant and note down that pressure
and manometer reading.
(v) Note down the temperature of air at inlet, before second stage and after second stage and
RPM of compressor by RPM indicator.

54
 (vi) Note down the weight balance reading and repeat the same procedure for different
delivery pressure by closing valve V1.

OBSERVATIONS:

Sr. N(RPM) Pd(kg/cm2) h1(cm) h2(cm) W(kg) T1(oC) T2(oC) T3(oC) T4(oC)
No.

ℎ1 −ℎ2
Manometric Head, ℎ = (m of water)
100

𝜌
∆𝐻 = ( 𝑚 − 1) (m of air)
𝜌 𝑎

𝜋
Area of the orifice, 𝑎𝑜 = 𝑑𝑜2 (m2)
4

𝜋
Area of the pipe, 𝑎𝑝 = 𝑑𝑝2 (m2)
4

𝐶𝑑 𝑎𝑝 𝑎𝑜 √2𝑔∆𝐻
Actual Discharge, 𝑄̇𝑎 = (m3/s)
2 −𝑎 2
√𝑎𝑝 𝑜

𝜋𝑑 2 𝐿𝑁
Theoretical Discharge, 𝑄̇𝑡ℎ = (m3/s)
4 ×60

𝑄̇𝑎
Volumetric Efficiency, 𝜂𝑣𝑜𝑙 = × 100
𝑄̇𝑡ℎ

2𝜋𝑁𝑇
Shaft Power, 𝐸𝑠 = (𝑘𝑊)
60×1000

Torque, 𝑇 = 𝑊 × 𝑔 × 𝑅 (N-m)

𝑄̇𝑎 ln(𝑟)𝑃𝑎
𝐸𝑖𝑠𝑜 =
1000
(𝑘𝑊 )

𝐸𝑠
Isothermal Efficiency, 𝜂𝑖𝑠𝑜 = × 100
𝐸𝑖𝑠𝑜
where

55
a0 = Cross sectional area of orifice (m2)

ap=Cross sectional area of pipe (m2)

Cd=Co- efficient of discharge of orifice= 0.64

d = Bore diameter = 0.0935 m

do= Diameter of orifice = 0.011m

dp=Diameter of pipe = 0.022 m

Eiso = Isothermal power (kW)

Es = Shaft power (kW)

H = Manometer pressure difference (m)

L = Length of stroke = 0.078 m

N = RPM of compressor

Nm=RPM of motor = 1440 rpm

Pa= Atmospheric pressure=103327 (N/ m2)

Pd= Gauge pressure (Kg/cm2)

Qa = Actual Volume of air (m3/sec)

Qt= Swept volume of compressor (m3/sec)

R= Radius of swinging field dynamometer (m)

R= compression ratio

T= Torque N-m

T1= Temperature of air inlet to 1st stage of compressor (oC)

T2= Temperature of air outlet to 1st stage of compressor (oC)

T3=Temperature of air inlet to 2nd stage of compressor (oC)

T4= Temperature of air outlet to 2nd stage of compressor (oC)

W= Weight Balance reading (kg)

Ρa ==Density of air = 1.21 kg/m3

Ρw=Density of water kg/m3

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𝛥𝐻 = Total head (m of air)

𝜂𝑖𝑠𝑜 = Isothermal efficiency (%)

𝜂𝑣 = Volumetric efficiency (%)

RESULT:

Isothermal efficiency of compressor =

Volumetric efficiency of compressor =

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Never run the apparatus if power supply is less than 200 Volts and above 230 Volts.
2. Check the oil before starting the Air Compressor.
3. Close the delivery valve of tank before starting the experiment.
4. Always keep the apparatus free from dust

INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS:
As the compressed air is used in a wide range in industrial, domestic, aeronautics fields etc. so
compressors are applied in wide range. Compressors are used where the air is required at high
pressure.

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 Viva-Voce Questions

1. Where is the centrifugal compressor preferred to reciprocating type? Why?

2. Why is centrifugal compressor not used in household refrigerator?

3. What is the effect of clearance volume in reciprocating compressor?

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 Viva-Voce Questions

4. What is multi stage compression?

5. What are the advantages of multistage compression?

6. What do you understand by hermetically sealed compressor?

59
 EXPERIMENT NO.9

AIM: To determine COP of an Electrolux refrigeration system.

APPARATUS USED: Electrolux refrigeration system.

THEORY:
Electrolux refrigerator is an absorption type refrigeration system. In absorption refrigeration system
the vapour is drawn from the evaporator by absorption into liquid having high affinity for refrigerant.
This refrigerant is expelled from the solution by application of heat and its temperature is increased.
This refrigerant gets liquefied. This liquid again flows to the evaporator at reduced pressure and the
cycle is completed.

ABSORBER: The main function of an absorber is the absorption of the refrigerant vapour by its
weak or poor solution in a suitable absorbent, forming a strong or rich solution.

CONDENSOR: This device condenses the vapour refrigerant into the liquid by condenser fan
and passes it into the receiver tank for recirculation.

EVAPORATOR:
Evaporates the liquid refrigerant by absorbing the heat into vapour refrigerant and sends back to
next run.
The flow of fluids in the system has been shown in the diagram with different shadings and the
indexes of these shadings are also indicated in diagram.

1. Vertical boiler in which an aqua solution of ammonia can range itself from distilled water
at the bottom of the boiler to strong ammonia vapour at the surface of liquid.
2. A water separator which is provided to remove water vapour so that they should not enter
the condenser, get condensed there and pass on to evaporator where chocking might occur
due to its freezing. The water vapor is formed in the boiler as some of the water may
evaporate on application of heat to the boiler . The separator is a jacket with liquid
ammonia at pressure of about 14 bar gauge for which the saturation temperature is about
40°C.
3. The dehydrate ammonia gas gets condensed to liquid in the condenser and gravitates to
U-tube which acts as seal for a gas to enter the evaporator, or any gas passing from
evaporator to condenser.
4. In the evaporator, ammonia liquid comes across an atmosphere of hydrogen at about 12 – bar
(gauge). The plant is charged to a pressure of about 14 bar. Hence due to Dalton’slaw of
partial pressure, the pressure of ammonia gas should fall to about 2 bar gauge and the
saturation temperature corresponding to about 2 gauge is about –10° C. The temperature
surrounding the evaporator is much higher than this. Thus ammonia evaporates and produces
the refrigerating effect, i.e. absorbs the latent heat of vaporization at 2 bar gauge and about
-10 °C from the space to be refrigerated.
5. In order to ensure continuous action, hydrogen gas to be removed from ammonia vapors.
This is done in the absorber where a descending spray of very dilute ammonia liquid

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 moseys the ascending mixture of ammonia vapour and hydrogen. Ammonia vapour is readily
absorbed with evaluation of heat so that absorber has to be water jacketed or air cooled.
Otherwise evaporation may take place in this unit and the absorption may cease.
6. Heat exchanger (condenser): liquid heat exchanger is placed in between absorber and the
generator. This weak liquid gets cooled and strong liquid gets heated, thus is economized
and better thermal efficiency obtained. This heat exchanger is counter flow type. The
strong solution from the absorber is preheated on its way to generator or boiler and the
dilute solution on its way to absorber is cooled. This cooling of weak liquid also helps
absorption and reduces the cooling of absorber by external source.

WORKING OF ELECTROLUX REFRIGERATOR:

1. Strong ammonia solution flows from the absorber vessel to the boiler.
2. When the ammonia solution is heated in the boiler, bubbles of ammonia are raised from
the pump.
3. The ammonia vapor passes into the condenser.
4. Weak ammonia solution flow into the tube.
5. Air circulating over the fins of the condenser. Cool down the vapour condensing it in the
liquid ammonia.
6. Liquid ammonia flows through the pipe to the evaporator.
7. The hydrogen in the evaporator lowers the ammonia vapour presser and makes it
evaporate.
8. This process extracts heat from the evaporator, which in turn extract heat from the food
storage space. Thereby the temperature inside the refrigeration is lowered.
9. The mixture of hydrogen and ammonia passes from the evaporator to the absorber.
10. Weak ammonia solution is fed from the boiler system. As it turns to the absorber vessel,
it absorbs the ammonia from the ammonia/hydrogen. Mixture and gets ready for another
round in the boiler.

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 Fig. Ammonia-water vapour absorption system

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
1. Ensure that all ON / OFF switches given on the panel are at off position.
2. Switch on the main supply.
3. Switch on the refrigerator.
4. Record the temperature when the steady state is achieved.

OBSERVATION & CALCULATIONS:

S. NO. T1 (°C) T2 (°C) T3(°C)

𝑇3 (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )
𝐶𝑂𝑃 =
𝑇1 (𝑇2 − 𝑇3 )

Where all the temperatures are taken in Kelvin.

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RESULT:

The COP of given Electrolux refrigeration system is:

NOMENCLATURE:

NOM COLUMN HEADING UNITS TYPE

COP Co-efficient of performance calculated
T1 Temperature of generator °C Measured
T2 Temperature of condenser °C Measured
T3 Temperature of evaporator °C Measured

PRECAUTIONS & MAINTENANCE INSTRUCTIONS:

1. Never run the apparatus if power supply is less than 180 volts & above than 230 volts.
2. Unnecessary handling of equipment should be avoided.
3. Never open the refrigerator during the experiment.

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 Viva-Voce Questions

1. What is the working principle of vapour absorption refrigeration system?

2. What is the difference between a vapour compression and a vapour absorption refrigeration system?

3. What is the role of hydrogen gas in an Electrolux refrigerator?

64
 EXPERIMENT NO.10
OBJECT-
To study different types of psychrometers.

THEORY-

The instrument used to measure the combination of dry and wet bulb temperatures is called
psychrometer. Psychrometers contain two identical thermometers, one to measure the dry bulb
temperature and one to measure the wet bulb temperature. The sensing bulb of the wet bulb
thermometer is covered with a wick, which is saturated with distilled water before taking a
reading. Evaporation occurs at the wick of the wet bulb thermometer, giving it a lower temperature
reading. The wet and dry bulb temperatures can be used to find the relative humidity of the
measured air using either a built-in chart on the psychrometer or a separate psychrometric chart.

Following are the different types of psychrometers-

1. Ordinary Psychrometer- It consists of dry and wet bulb thermometers. They contain either
mercury or alcohol having red color. Both of them are mounted on a suitable plate having
arrangement for the continuous supply of distilled water to keep the wick wet on the wet bulb
thermometer. The psychrometer is hung over the locality where the dry and wet bulb temperatures
are to be obtained.

The results are found to be approximate and are not suitable for accurate predictions. The accuracy
of the wet-bulb temperature depends upon the air speed across the wet bulb and the accuracy of
the thermometer. Further, the dry and wet– bulb thermometers should be separated from each
other in order to prevent heat exchange.

Fig. 1. Ordinary Psychrometer

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2. Sling Psychrometer- It also consists of dry and wet bulb thermometers having a handle to
rotate it. The speed of rotation is varied until there is no further depression in the wet bulb
temperature. Since the readings are taken after the instruments brought to the stationary state, the
temperature may start rising.

Fig. 2. Sling Psychrometer

3. Modified Psychrometer- The modified psychrometer is provided with some sort of bower to
create air velocity of around 270m/min across the wet bulb. In this instrument the air velocity
across the wick is controlled by varying the speed of the blower. The depression in wet-bulb
thermometer and the manometric reading for the determination of air velocity are obtained. This
device can also be used to measure the wet- bulb temperature inside a duct, i.e. the duct air has to
be sucked and passed over the dry and wet bulb thermometers.
4. Aspirated Psychrometer – Squeeze-bulb and battery-operated aspirating psychrometers are used
in confined spaces where a sling psychrometer would be difficult to operate. The squeeze-bulb
aspirating psychrometer works by rapidly squeezing the bulb to draw air over the thermometers. In
the battery-operated version, a fan draws air over the thermometers. It consists of a small blower
operated by 4.5V, D. C. motor. The blower is designed to create sufficientvelocity across the wet-
bulb thermometer. Thus one can get the required wet bulb temperature.

Fig. 3. Aspirated Psychrometers

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 Viva Voce Questions

Q1. What is a psychrometer?

Q2. How a hygrometer is different from a psychrometer?

Q3. What is the working principle of a psychrometer?

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