Fatma Almahri 9-10-23
202003440
Acidic 1- Strong Inorganic Titration direct /back indicator
compounds acids Direct titration against strong base e.g. NaOH Both phph
(HCl, HNO3, HSO4) HC1 + NaoH -> Nach +
H20 and M. R
2- Weak inorganic acids Back titration because it’s a weak acid so it needs to be
(boric acid) pka>8 or stronger. inorganicacid
polyhydroxy/ group
+
ka< 1. Adding polyhydroxy group (e.g glycerol) to
convert it to glyceroboric acid which is stronger [Link] is
(but still weak) than boric acid. optimum
2. Titrate the glyceroboric acid with strong base
(e.g NaOH)
3- Organic acids Direct titration against a strong base e.g NaOH
- Butyric acid C4H8O2 All organic acids are weak. [Link] is
- Acetic acid CH3COOH Give a basic salt (pH>7) the
-benzoic optimum
Etc..
4- Acidic salts (pka <8) Direct titration with strong base e.g NaOH [Link] is
-NaH2PO4 the
-[Link] optimum
5- Acidic mixture Can be direct titration.
HCl and HAc Different flask
1. Titrated with NaOH using phph (first)
2. Titrated with NaOH using M.O (second) Two
E.P phph= HCl and HAc indicator
E.p M. O= HCl method
E.p HAc = E.p phph -E.p M.O
Basic 1- Strong inorganic Direct titration against strong acid e.g HCl [Link] or
Compounds bases such as NaOH, M.O
KOH, Ca(OH)2
2-Organic bases; all of Direct titration against strong acid e.g HCl M.O is the
the weak bases M.O used because of acidic salt formation optimum
Amines (1ry, 2ry,3ry)
3-NH3 (volatile sample) Back titration using known excess amount of HCl M.O
As weak base and unreacted part of HCl is back titrated vs NaOH
Gives acidic salts (NH4Cl) pH<7
4- Mixtures of basic Direct titration with HCl M.O
compounds: All CO32- and HCO3- (E.p M.O = all mixture)
Direct titration with HCl [Link] [Link]
Carbonate/ bicarbonate Half CO32-
CO32- = [Link]
HCO3- =E. p M.O -2E. [Link]
Fatma Almahri 9-10-23
202003440
Deriva za on 1-Aldehydes Benzaldehyde Reaction with [Link] [Link]
methods (hydroxylamine hydrochloric) to liberate HCl
that titrated vs NaOH
Formaldehyde Oxidation (HCOH) with H2O2 in [Link]
presence of known excess standard NaOH, then
heat it in water bath, the NaOH unreacted part
is titrated vs HCl
2- amino acids Reaction with formaldehyde (HCOH) to block its basic [Link]
nature via Schiff’s base formation, then do titration vs
NaOH
Important 1-Aspirin known excess NaOH the remaining will react with HCl + Phph and
compounds heat then cool it down. M. O
Back titration
2- Ammonium salts Distillation method M.O
NH4Cl or (NH4)2SO4 a) (favorable) Ammonium salt + NaOH to give NH3
which will react with excess amount of HCl. The
remaining HCl with react with NaOH (back
titration)
Formol method phph
HCOH + ammonium salt, the remaining HCl titrated
against strong base
3- Kjeldahl method 1. Digestion M.O
Organic N reacts with H2SO4 to get CO2 + H2O
and (NH4)2SO4. Se or cu can be used to
accelerate digestion. K2SO4 is used to raise the
B.P
2. Neutralization and distillation of NH3
Excess amount of NaOH is added to (NH4)2SO4
and release ammonia.
3. Titration
Ammonia + trapping acid (HCl) excess
Then the remaining acid is titrated against
strong base NaOH
Assignment for practice:
Write the principle of each of the followings provided with equations
1- Determination of Aspirin using acid base titration (acidic analgesic drug).
Answer:
Equations
(principle)
Titrant:
Indicator:
2- Volumetric titration method for determination of mixture of HCl and acetic acid
3- Volumetric titration method for determination of mixture of Na2CO3 and NaHCO3
4- Determination of NH4Cl using acid base titration (Distillation method).
5 - Determination of Boric acid using acid base titration.
6- Volumetric Analysis of Alanine amino acid.
Describe the following titrimetric methods :
1- Formol Method
2- Kjeldahl method 25