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TOPIC 2
-

chemical bonding
chemistry for valence electrons are ideally placeatoaruoenemicai bonding
bond with eachother order to
the biosciences atoms in
gain stability
-

summary oh 3 ↳ electrons distributed In orbitals of lowest possible energy for greatest stability
•

most stable atoms are ones with full valence shells ( outer shell )
↳ When chemical bonds form ,
electrons redistribute btw atoms so each atom

in compound has full valence shell

when
reffering to full valence shell and orbitals mustbe filled
only s p
•

.
octet rule -

a valence shell only needs 8 e- to be as stable as possible

↳ not an absolute rule

valence shell singly occupied orbitals ( unpaired )

fully occupied
or
may have
•

f- lone pair ) better called a non

bonding pair
-

orbitals
orbitals
.

new molecular orbitals formed when atomic

overlap
↳ molecular orbitals snared by atoms Mathare formed a molecule
orbitals molecular
overlap of two atomic
generates two distinct
.

orbitals :
bonding ,
anti -

bonding
hold two electrons
each molecular orbtakansnll
only Max
•

bonding and anti -

bonding have
opposing effects on formation of
covalent bonds

↳
apart of e- in
bonding -7 covalent bond
, pawn anti -

bonding -
inhibits

orbital
f high energy antibonding
O

there must be more electrons

Hz
'

molecule 7 I located in a molecules

bonding
avowals than anti for covalent
bonding to occur
7L loweneryy bonding orbital
←
→ a-

If
•
the filled antibonding
Her orbital cancels out the
Why filled
doesnt exist effect of bonding
7L 7L Orbital → no
bonding
occurs
•

number of electrons in
1L bonding is not > number in
antibonding
→ ←

Sigma and pi o
two
types of molecular orbital , rand N
bonds ↳ have contrasting shapes
covalent bond formed from
sharing pair of
-

e in or orbital
• -
-

Sigma bond same for A

-

bond pour e- shared 0 bond

single
→
che
• -

double bond -

two pair e- , one rare n

ample bond 3.
pour e- one 0 two n
-

, ,
 Rd electrons caused by
aromatics t u aromatic -
includes a ring of del OC
conjugated overlapping otp orbitals )
47 benzene
systems phenylalanine ,
n orbital in benzene electrons delocaused
conjugated system
- -
• -

double
↳
conjugated systems occur when there is alternating single and
bonds Imro drunk separated by one single
B carotene
beg
-

↳ also dueto
overlap of p orbitals
•
de localisation can occur in non
conjugated systems too

wavefunctions
can ne described
of electrons electrons as

in atoms waves -
wave function is the

mathematical expression for the

electron ( s ) Yu
can be pos or
neg
*

•
ly added when atoms combine

to
form a molecule

radial electron dust .

→
asks at r radius
,
likelihood
-

what IS the of the e

radius cdistance
f being at that

42 electron density from nucleus )

-

sphere
↳ Where electrons most
likely to be formula area
e. -

found around memeaeus

Radial fun CHON bohr radius O

-

53 Ao
Ao
= =

IS
an electron
high Value high probability of finding at that
• =

radius
↳ Ceron though p of finding e- at nucleus is small
µ
ZS 2 P
Y O y ft
un Y '

rt ao r
•

radial function for Zs becomes

negative
↳ duet radial node being present
-

limits
behaviours of atomic orbital functions
IS ( except O
← when radial function =o
)
nodes
oar
↳

As r f ,
r 't Ida dial electron distribution r
t ,

KY)
even though radial probability density
 distance
Electrostatic r separation
-

91×92
-

E a
potential q charge
>

energy T
E K
qqz
-

Aufbau
-

electrons are placed in orbitals starting with lowest energy

principle to
highest
Pauli exclusion o
two electrons per orbital , spins pawed
principle

Hund 's rule .

when multiple orbitals of same
energy available , electrons

are distributed among them , spins parallel

↳ want to reduce repulsion

÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷
't
rando :
menmaecuiar .

orbitals form

① (
*
d
0€ . •
D
←

usually 0 IS from s orbitals

↳ net interactions
favourable
↳
spherically symmetrical

toform an bonding
bond ①of antibonding # ,

-oE - -

Oo OO
↳
cycunancauy symmetrical

at
bonding n anti
bonding

8- & It
t t

o l o
•
•
OT

o O O
↳ not
cylindrically
symmetrical
connecting
-

↳ no e in plane
nuclei
 geometry in
*
molecular → Gando
-

orbitals Of Oz

0
→
mandate 0¥ D
He
U U 0

→ aanan
.

f
•
IS and 25 ( closer to nucleus ) , are the non
bonding orbitals

( Oz )
f) paramagnetic

A unpaired

:p
✓
"
17

'÷
÷:

7171
Jon bonding

bond order e- In
bonding
? In antibonding
-

e
-

orbitals

2=2 ↳ net number otsnarede

-

pairs

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