Republic of the Philippines

ZAMBOANGA CITY STATE POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

Region IX, Zamboanga Peninsula
R.T. Lim Blvd., Zamboanga City

LEARNING MODULE
Date Document No. ZCSPC – LM2020
NSTP 1 Developed: Issued by: APPROVED
CODE September 4, ZCSPC
2020
NSTP I
COURSE Date Revised:

Compiled by:
ANDIE F. MANSO
NSTP Director

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 INTRODUCTION

Welcome to Zamboanga City State Polytechnic College, the premier

higher education institution in Zamboanga Peninsula, one of the Centers of
Development in Teacher Education Institutions in the country and an ISO
accredited institution as recognized by the Commission on Higher
Education. It is our pride and honor, that you choose ZCSPC as your school
of choice.

With the current situation under a NEW NORMAL condition due to

COVID19 Pandemic, our school is now trying to find ways and means to
provide accessible and quality tertiary education. It is for this reason that
administration has decided to offer flexible learning education using two
modalities: Blended and Distance Learning education. In as much as we
limit that actual and physical face-to-face mode of delivery, each college has
decide to come up with printed module to cater those students who cannot
avail online learning modalities.

This module has been prepared to guide you in your learning journey
with the use of the Guided and Self-directed learning activities prescribed to
finish your course. Each module includes reading materials that have been
chosen to help you understand the ideas and concepts introduced by the
module.

For this semester, your class focuses on NSTP 1. Exercises and

assessment of learning activities are provided to test your comprehension
and apply the concepts that you have learned from this module. After
accomplishing all modules, you are expected to do the following:

1. Apply the concepts and knowledge gained in the NSTP Law.

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2. Develop the sense of Nationalism while undergoing in LTS, CWTS, and
ROTC.

3. Appreciate the value of NSTP as a citizenship training program.

HOW TO USE THIS MODULE

This is a self-study module particularly designed to help you study

with little or no intervention from your teacher. Please follow very carefully
the instructions on how to use this module so you can fully benefit from it.

• The lessons on this module is logically organized. Every lesson is

connected to the next and necessary for a better understanding of the
next topic. Hence, please do not skip a page. Read every page of this
module and do every task that is asked of you.

• Read the Table of Contents so that you will have a good grasp of the
entire course. Having an overview of what you are about to study will
help you see the interrelationships of the concepts or knowledge that
you are about to learn.

• Every lesson or unit begins with the learning objectives. The objectives
are the target skills or knowledge that you must be able to gain or
perform after studying the entire lesson/unit.

• Take the post test, activity or practice exercise given at the end of the
lesson or unit. Do this only when you have thoroughly read the entire
lesson or unit. When answering every activity, test or exercise, please
answer them honestly without looking at the answer key. The answer
key is given to you for you to check your own progress and monitor
your own understanding of the lesson. The knowledge you will gain
depends on how much effort and honesty you put into your work.

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 • Please pay attention to the Study Schedule on page 5. This will guide
you and make sure that you don’t lag behind. Lagging behind will
result to cramming and eventually affects your understanding of the
lesson.

• Know what it takes to pass the course. Please refer to the Evaluation
and Grading System on page 7.

• If you encounter difficult words which are not found in the Glossary
page of this module, take some time to locate the meaning of these
words in a dictionary. You will fully understand your lesson if you
exert extra effort in understanding it. There is no room for laziness
and complacency. College students are expected to be independent
learners.

• If there is anything in the lesson which you need clarifications on, do

not hesitate to contact your instructor or professor at the appropriate
time.

• You will be evaluated by your instructor or professor to check how

much knowledge and skills you have gained. The result of this
evaluation will form a big chunk of your grade. So please do well and
do not waste time.

• Lastly, you are the learner; hence, you do the module on your own.
Your family members and friends at home will support you but the
activities must be done by you. As ZCSPians you must always be
guided by our core values, Love of God; Social Responsibility;
Commitment/ Dedication to the Service; and Accountability.

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 STUDY SCHEDULE

NSTP COURSE OUTLINE

Week Topic Activities

Module 1 ZCSPC
Week1 a. Vision
b. Mission On-line
c. Core Values Reading
d. Goals
e. History of ZCSPC Downloading of
f. ZCSPC Hymn File

Week 2 Chapter I NSTP Law (R.A.9163 )

a. NSTP Implementing Rules & Regulation On-line
(IRR) Reading
b. NSTP –CWTS/LTS Curricular Program
c. Guidelines for the Establishment of the Downloading of
National Service Reserved Corps (NSRC) File
d. CWTS/LTS Curricular Program Offering

Module 2 Philippine Constitution

Week 3 a. Preamble On-Line

b. Bill of Rights Reading
c. Duties & Responsibilities of Filipino Citizen

Module 3 Republic Act 8491-Flag Heraldic Code of

the Philippines
a. Half Mast
b. Casket

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Week 4 c. Pledge to the National Flag
d. Prohibited Acts
e. National Anthem
f. National Motto

Module 4 The Nature of the Human Person

Week 5 a. Human Person
b. Characteristic of a Human Person
c. Biblical Views
d. Philosophical Views
Week 6 e. Classical
f. Sociological Views
g. Hierarchy of Needs
Module 5 Filipino Characteristics
Week 7 a. Filipino Value System
b. What are the Filipino Values?
c. Significance of Studying Filipino Values
d. Understanding Filipino Values and Culture
e. Filipino Characteristic
Module 6 Human Behavior, Motivation and
Leadership
Week 8 a. Human Behavior
b. Motivation
c. Good Leadership
d. Characteristic of Good Leadership
Module 7 Natural Security
Week 9 a. The National Situation of the Philippines
b. Human Security and National Security
Week 10 c. Three major Pillars of national Security
d. National Security Interest
e. Threats to National Security
Week 11 f. Role of the Youth in National Security
Module 8 Environmental Awareness
Week 12 a. Philippine and the Environment
b. Climate Change
c. What makes Climate Change
d. Causes of Climate Change
Week 13 a. Human Contribution to Climate Change
b. What impacts of Climate Change have
already been observed?

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 c. How people adapt to climate change.

Module 8 Disaster Risk Reduction and Management

a. Republic Act No. 10121
Week 14 b. PD 1566 JUNE 11, 1978

Week 16- Submission of Portfolio/ Assignment

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EVALUATION

To pass the course, you must:

1. Read all course readings.

2. Answer the work sheet activity.

3. Take midterm and finals examination at the end of the semester.

4. Submit all activity worksheet.

5. Submit the final draft of the research paper (Portfolio)

GRADING SYSTEM

NO CRITERIA PERCENTAGE (%)

.
1 On-line Submission of Assignment 50
2 Examination ( Mid-Term , Final ) 20
3. Portfolio 30

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 Total 100%

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page 1
Introduction 2
How to Use this Module 3
Study Schedule 5
Evaluation 7
Grading System 7
Table of Contents 8
1. Vision 9
2. Mission 9
3. Core Values 9
4. Goals 9
5. History of ZCSPC 10
6. ZCSPC Hymn 12
7. NSTP Law (R.A.9163) 13
8. Philippine Constitution 21
9. Republic Act 8491-Flag Heraldic Code of the Philippines 37
10. The Nature of the Human Person 45
11. Filipino Characteristics 54
12. Human Behavior, Motivation and Leadership 64
13. National Security 70
14. Environmental Awareness 81
15. Disaster Risk Reduction and Management 89

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 VISION
ZCSPC as the leading provider of Globally-
competitive Human Resources.

MISSION
Provide effective and efficient services
through advanced technological studies
and researches for the empowerment of
the nation’s human resources.

CORE VALUES
Love of God and Country
Social Responsibility
Commitment/Dedication to Service
Accountability

GOALS
Quality and Excellence
Relevance and Responsiveness
Access and Equity
Efficiency and Effectiveness

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 HISTORY OF ZCSPC

1905-1920 TRADE SCHOOL

The school was established by Dr. Najeev M. Saleeby, Superintendent of
school in the Moro Province, in [Link] teachers pioneered in
teaching trades curriculum.

1921-1935 –ZAMBOANGA TRADE SCHOOL

The school transformed into provincial trade school known as Zamboanga
Trade School. It started to offer not only elementary education but a
secondary as well.

1936-1953- ZAMBOANGA CITY TRADE SCHOOL

The school was placed under the curriculum the administration of the
charted city of Zamboanga through Commonwealth Act No. 39. The city
subsequently converted the school into Zamboanga City Trade School
(ZCTS).

1954-1958 ZAMBOANGA CITY REGIONAL SCHOOL OF ARTS AND

TRADES
Through the efforts of the first and only Zamboanga Senator, Roseller T.
Lim, Republic Act No. 846 was approved by the President Manuel L. Quezon.
It mandated the conversion of ZCTS to Zamboanga City Regional School of
Arts and Trades (ZCRSAT).

1959-1991- ZAMBOANGA SCHOOL OF ARTS AND TRADES

By the virtue of Republic Act No. 2300, National President, Carlos P. Garcia
approved the law legitimating the conversion of the school into a national
school known as Zamboanga School of Arts and Trades (ZSAT).

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1992- 2000- ZAMBOANGA CITY POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
Republic Act No. 7474 paved the way for the further transformation of ZSAT
into Zamboanga City Polytechnic College (ZCPC) through a bill sponsored by
the Congresswoman Maria Clara “Caling” Lobregat.

2001- 2016- ZAMBOANGA CITY STATE POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

As a result of endeavours of Congressman Celso L. Lobregat, President
Gloria Macapagal – Arroyo approved Republic Act No. 9142 converting
ZCPC to its present name “ZAMBOANGA CITY STATE POLYTECHNIC
COLLEGE (ZCSPC)” in July 20, 2001. The first appointed President was
MR. LIONEL R. VILLAVIEJA who retired December 2008.
The second appointed President College, by the first Lady President in the
person of DR. NORA M. PONCE. Numerous progress of developments and
new curricular offerings were opened to meet the changing needs of the
present times. Physical facilities developments are lined-up for its
implementation thru her initiatives and in coordination with the City
Government and National funding.

2017 - At present, the College, the third President is DR. NELSON P.

CABRAL, assumed office on May 5, 2017. His administration prioritizes the
development and enhancement of the engineering and technology programs
of the College with massive procurement of laboratory equipment in
engineering, science and technology as part of its vision to become one of
the best polytechnic schools in the country. Infrastructure projects for the
improvement of the school's facilities are on the pipeline as part of its
priority projects alongside with many other programs and projects all geared
towards inevitably becoming a university.

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 ZCSPC HYMN

Come along let us join in a song

Hail ZCSPC!
On the white shores she stands
With her welcoming hands
As an Alma Mater true

Far and wide she is our greatest pride

Ever so loyal we’ll be
So we’ll sing it out
And we’ll raise a shout
For our dear ZCSPC.

Chorus:
Then Hail, all Hail to ZCSPC!
Our pride, or joy, our all,
We’ll sing out the glory
And we’ll tell out the story
Of the school we love the best.
Then Hail, All Hail to ZCSPC!
Our Alma Mater true
And we’ll ever stand
Every heart and hand
For the honor of ZCSPC!
Once again in a mighty refrain,
Hail ZCSPC!

From the ends of the earth

Men have heard of her worth
And have found her to be true
She’s so grand
She’s the best in the land
Ne’er can her full worth be told
Tho’ both loud and long
Her alumni strong
Will sing of maroon and gold
(Sing Refrain)

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 NSTP LAW

Learning Objectives
At the end of this chapter, the learners are expected to:

1. Define and discuss the National Service Training Program Act (9163);

2. Enumerate the different program components NSTP;

3. Discuss the Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of the NSTP;

4. Identify the functions of the NSRC.

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9163

AN ACT ESTABLISHING THE NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM
(NSTP) FOR THE TERTIARY LEVEL STUDENTS, AMENDING FOR THE
PURPOSE REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7077 PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 1706,
AND FOR OTHER PURPOSE

SECTION 1. Short Title. This Act shall be known as the “National Service
Training Program (NSTP) Act of 2001”.

SECTION 2. Declaration of Policy. – It is hereby affirmed the prime duty of

the government to serve and protect its citizens. In turn, it shall be the
responsibility of all citizens to defend security of the state and in fulfilment
thereof, the government may require each citizen to render personal,
military or civil service. Recognizing the youth’s vital role in nation building,
the state shall promote civic consciousness among the youth and shall
develop their physical, moral, spiritual, intellectual and social well-being. It
shall inculcate in the youth patriotism, nationalism, and advance their
involvement on public and civic affairs. In pursuit of these goals, the youth,

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the
most valuable resource of the nation, shall be motivated, trained, organized
and mobilized

in military training, literacy, civic welfare and other similar endeavors in the
service of the nation.

SECTION 3. Definition of Terms. – For purposes of this Act, the following

are hereby defined as follows:
(a) “National Service Training Program ( NSTP)” is a program aimed at
enhancing civic consciousness and defense preparedness in the youth by
developing the ethics of services and patriotism while undergoing training in
any of its three (3) program components. Its various components are
especially designed to enhance the youth’s active contribution to the general
welfare.
(b) “Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (ROTC)” is a program
institutionalized under sections 38 and 39 of Republic Act No. 7077
designed to provide military training to tertiary level students in order to
motivate, train, organize and mobilize them for national defense
preparedness.
(c) “Literacy Training Service” is a program designed to train students to
become teachers of literacy and numeracy skills to school children, out of
school youth, and other segments of society in need of their service.
(d) “Civic Welfare Training Service” refers to program or activities
contributory to the general welfare and the betterment of life for the
members of the community or the enhancement of its facilities, especially
those developed to improving health, education, environment,
entrepreneurship, safety, recreation and morals of the citizenry.
e) “Program components” shall refer to the service components of the
NSTP as enumerated in Section 4 of this Act.

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SECTION 4. Establishment of the National Service Training Program. –
There is hereby established a National Service Training Program (NSTP),
which shall form part of the curricula of all baccalaureate degree courses
and of at least

two (2) year technical – vocational courses and is a requisite for graduation,
consisting of the following service components:
(1) The Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (ROTC), which is hereby made
optional and voluntary upon the effectivity of this Act.
(2) The Literacy Training Services; and
(3) The Civic Welfare Training Service. The ROTC under the NSTP shall
instill patriotism, moral virtues, respect for rights of civilians, and adherence
to the Constitution, among others. Citizenship training shall be given
emphasis in all three program components. The Commission on Higher
Education (CHED) and technical education and Skills Development
Authority (TESDA), in consultation with the Department of National Defense
(DND), Philippine Association of State Universities and Colleges (PASUC),
Coordinating Council of Private Educational Associations of the Philippines
(COCOPEA) and other concerned government agencies, may design and
implement such other program components as may be necessary in
consonance with the provisions of this Act.

SECTION 5. Coverage. – Students, Male and female, of any baccalaureate

degree course or least two (2)-year technical-vocational courses in public
and private educational institutions shall be required to complete one (1) of
the NSTP components as requisite for graduation.

SECTION 6. Duration and Equivalent Course Unit. – Each of the

aforementioned NSTP program components shall be undertaken for an

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academic period of two (2) semesters. In lieu of the two (2)-semester program
for any of the components of the NSTP, a one (1)-summer program may be
designed, formulated and adopted by the DND, CHED and TESDA.

SECTION 7. NSTP Offering in Higher and Technical-Vocational

Educational Institutions. – All higher and technical-vocational institutions,
public and private, must offer at least one of the program components:
Provided, That State universities and colleges shall offer the ROTC
component and at least one other component as provided herein: Provided,
further, That private higher and technical-vocational education institutions
may also offer the ROTC if they have at least three hundred and fifty (350)
cadet students.
In offering the NSTP whether during the semestral or summer periods,
clustering of affected students from different educational institutions may be
done, taking into account logistics, branch of service and geographical
considerations. Schools that do not meet the required number of students
to maintain the optional ROTC and any of the other components shall allow
their students to cross-enroll to other schools irrespective of whether or not
the NSTP components in said school are being administered by the same or
another branch of service of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP),
CHED and TESDA to which schools are identified.

SECTION 8. Fees and Incentives. – Higher and technical-vocational

institutions shall not collect any fee for any of the NSTP components except
basic tuition fees, which shall not be more than fifty percent (50%) of what is
currently charged by schools per unit. In the case of the ROTC, the DND
shall formulate and adopt a program of assistance and/or incentive to those
students who will take the said component.

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The
school authorities concerned, CHED and TESDA shall ensure that group
insurance for health and accident shall be provided for students enrolled in
any of the NSTP components.

SECTION 9. Scholarship. – There is hereby created a Special Scholarship

Program for qualified students taking the NSTP which shall be administered
by the CHED and TESDA. Funds for this purpose shall be included in the
annual regular appropriations of the CHED and TESDA.

SECTION 10. Management of the NSTP Components. – The school

authorities shall exercise academic and administrative supervision over the
design, formulation, adoption and implementation of the different NSTP
components in their respective schools: Provided, that in case a CHED or
TESDA – accredited non -government organization (NGO) has been
contracted to formulate and administered a training module for any of the
NSTP components, such academic and administrative supervision shall be
exercised jointly with that accredited NGO: Provided further, that such
training module shall be accredited by the CHED and TESDA.
The CHED and TESDA regional offices shall oversee and monitor the
implementation of the NSTP under their jurisdiction to determine if the
training are being conducted in consonance with the objectives of this Act.
Periodic reports shall be submitted to the CHED, TESDA and DND in this
regard.

SECTION 11. Creation of the National Service Reserve Corps. – There is

hereby created a National Service Reserve Corps, to be composed of the
graduates of the non ROTC components. Members of this Corps may be
tapped by the State for literacy and civic welfare activities through the joint
effort of the DND, CHED and TESDA. Graduates of the ROTC shall form
part of the Citizens Armed Forces, pursuant to Republic Act No, 7077.

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SECTION 12. Implementing Rules. – The DND, CHED and TESDA shall
have the joint responsibility for the adoption of the implementing Rules of
this Act within sixty (60) days from the approval of this Act.
These three (3) agencies shall consult with other concerned government
agencies, the PASUC and COCOPEA, NGOs and recognized student
organizations in drafting the implementing Rules.
The implementing rules shall include the guidelines for the adoption of the
appropriate curriculum for each of the NSTP components as well as for the
accreditation of the same.
SECTION 13. Transitory Provisions. – Students who have yet to complete
the Basic ROTC, except those falling under section 14 of this Act, may either
continue in the program component they are currently enrolled or shift to
any of the other program components of their choice: Provided, That in case
he shifts to another program component, the Basic ROTC courses he has
completed shall be counted for the purpose of completing the NSTP
requirement; Provided further, That once he has shifted to another program
component, he shall completed the NSTP in that component.

SECTION 14. Suspension of ROTC requirement. – The completion of

ROTC training as a requisite for graduation is hereby set aside for those
students who despite completing all their academic units as of the effectivity
of this Act have not been allowed to graduate.

SECTION 15. Separability Clause. – If any section or provision of this Act

shall be declared unconstitutional or invalid, the other sections or
provisions not affected thereby shall remain in full force and effect.

SECTION 16. Amendatory Clause. – Section 35 of Commonwealth Act No.

1, Executive Order No. 207 of 1939, Section 2 and 3 of Presidential Decree
No. 1706, and Section 38 and 39 of Republic Act No. 7077, as well as all
laws, decrees, orders, rules and regulations and other issuances

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inconsistent with the provisions of this Act are hereby deemed amended and
modified accordingly.

SECTION 17. Effectivity. – This Act shall take effect fifteen (15) days after
its publication in two (2) newspapers of national circulation but the
implementation of this Act shall commence in the school year of 2002-2003.

Approved:

(SGD) FRANKLIN M. DRILON (SGD) JOSE DE VENECIA

President of the Senate Speaker of the House of Representative

This Act which is a consolidation of H.B. No. 3593 and S.B. No. 1824 was
finally passed by the House of Representatives and the Senate on December
19, 2001.

(SGD) OSCAR G. YABES (SGD) ROBERTO P. NAZARENO

Secretary of the Senate Secretary General House of

Representatives

Approved: January 23, 2002

(SGD) GLORIA MACAPAGAL ARROYO

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 President of the Philippines

Activity 1

Name: _____________________________________ Date Performed____________

Score: ________________

A. Answer the following questions.

1. What are the program components of the NSTP?

____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

2. Who is responsible in supervising the students undergoing the NSTP?

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

3. What are the functions of the National Service Reserve Corps (NSRC)?

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 _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

4. What are the important points of the NSTP IRR?

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION

Learning Objectives
At the end of this chapter, the learners are expected to:

1. Familiarize the history of the Philippine Constitution;

2. Show understanding on Bill of Rights of a Filipino Citizen;

3. Apply the duties and responsibilities of a Filipino Citizen.

PREAMBLE

We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God,
in order to build a just and humane society and establish a Government
that shall embody our ideals and aspirations, promote the common good,
conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our
posterity the blessings of independence and democracy under the rule of law
and a regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace, do ordain
and promulgate this Constitution.

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 Since June 12, 1898, Proclamation of Independence, there have been
a total of six (6) Philippine Constitution. Below is the evolution of the
constitution:

1. Malolos Constitution (1898 – 1901) – First Philippine Constitution;

First republican constitution in Asia

2. Philippine Organic Act of 1902 & Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916

(1902 – 1935) - The Phil. Organic Act of 1902 provided a Philippine
Assembly composed of Filipino citizen while the Phil. Autonomy Act of 1916
included the first pledge of Philippine Independence.

3. Commonwealth and Third Republic/1935 Constitution (1935 – 1943

& 1945 – 1972) – The United States Congress in 1934 passed the Philippine
Independence Act that paved way to the creation of a constitution for the
Philippines. Through the 1934 Constitutional Convention, a draft of the
Constitution for the Philippines was produced. It was ratified through a
national plebiscite on May 14, 1935. In November 15, 1935 with the
inauguration of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, the constitution was
fully implemented and enforced. Part of its provision states that the said
constitution will remain in effect once independence was declared on July 4,
1946. In 1940, the National Assembly of the Philippines amended the
constitution from having a unicameral assembly to a bicameral congress
and changing the term limit of the president from six (6) years with no re-
election to four (4) years with a possibility of re-election for a second term. In
1945, the constitution was again observed with the liberation of the country.

4. Japanese-Sponsored Republic/Second Republic/1943 Constitution

(1943 – 1945) – The Japanese-sponsored government nullified the
constitution during the World War II. The government created a Preparatory

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Committee on Philippine Independence to replace the constitution. The new
constitution was used by the administration under President Jose P. Laurel.

5. Martial Law Constitution/1973 Constitution (1973 – 1986) – During

the regime of President Ferdinand Marcos, a Constitutional Convention was
formed to amend the 1935 Constitution. Through the Presidential Decree
No. 86, s. 1972 – creation of a citizen assembly to ratify a drafted
constitution by means of a Viva Voce in place of secret ballots, President
Marcos announced the ratification and its effectivity on January 17, 1973.
Although there were several opposition to its ratification, the 1973
Constitution was deemed valid and was enforced.

6. Freedom Constitution/1987 Constitution (1987 – Present) – After

Martial Law and the democracy was restored, President Corazon Aquino
issued the suspension of several provision in the 1973 Constitution and
promulgated a transitory constitution through Proclamation No. 3. The
Constitutional Commission was created by Proclamation No. 9, s. 1986 and
was tasked to write a new charter to replace the previous Constitution. The
National Plebiscite for the new Constitution was held on February 2, 1987.
Then, on February 11, 1987, by virtue of Proclamation No. 58 the new
constitution was ratified.

BILL OF RIGHTS

Sec. 1. No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due

process of law, nor shall any person be denied the equal protection of the
laws.

Sec. 2. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers,
and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures of whatever nature

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and
for any purpose shall be inviolable, and no search warrant or warrant of
arrest shall issue except upon probable cause to be determined personally
by the judge after examination under oath or affirmation of the complainant
and the witnesses he may produce, and particularly describing the place to
be searched and the persons or things to be seized.

Sec. 3. 1. The privacy of communication and correspondence shall be

inviolable except upon lawful order of the court, or when public safety or
order requires otherwise as prescribed by law. 2. Any evidence obtained in
violation of this or the preceding section shall be inadmissible for any
purpose in any proceeding.

Sec. 4. No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, of

expression, or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble
and petition the government for redress of grievances.

Sec. 5. No law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion, or

prohibiting the free exercise thereof. The free exercise and enjoyment of
religious profession and worship, without discrimination or preference, shall
forever be allowed. No religious test shall be required for the exercise of civil
or political rights.

Sec. 6. The liberty of abode and of changing the same within the limits
prescribed by law shall not be impaired except upon lawful order of the
court. Neither shall the right to travel be impaired except in the interest of
national security, public safety, or public health, as may be provided by law.

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Sec. 7.
The right of the people to information on matters of public concern shall be
recognized. Access to official records, and to documents, and papers
pertaining to official acts, transactions, or decisions, as well as to
government research data used as basis for policy development, shall be
afforded the citizen, subject to such limitations as may be provided by law.

Sec. 8. The right of the people, including those employed in the public and
private sectors, to form unions, associations, or societies for purposes not
contrary to law shall not be abridged.

Sec. 9. Private property shall not be taken for public use without just
compensation.

Sec. 10. No law impairing the obligation of contracts shall be passed.

Sec. 11. Free access to the courts and quasi-judicial bodies and adequate
legal assistance shall not be denied to any person by reason of poverty.

Sec. 12. 1. Any person under investigation for the commission of an offense
shall have the right to be informed of his right to remain silent and to have
competent and independent counsel preferably of his own choice. If the
person cannot afford the services of counsel, he must be provided with one.
These rights cannot be waived except in writing and in the presence of
counsel. 2. No torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation, or any other
means which vitiate the free will shall be used against him. Secret detention
places, solitary, incommunicado, or other similar forms of detention are
prohibited. 3. Any confession or admission obtained in violation of this or
Section 17 hereof shall be inadmissible in evidence against him. 4. The law
shall provide for penal and civil sanctions of violations of this section as well

26 | P a g e
as
compensation to and rehabilitation of victims of torture or similar practices,
and their families.

Sec. 13. All persons, except those charged with offenses punishable by
reclusion perpetua when evidence of guilt is strong, shall, before conviction,
be bailable by sufficient securities, or be released on recognizance as may be
provided by law. The right to bail shall not be impaired even when the
privilege of the writ of habeas corpus is suspended. Excessive bail shall not
be required.

Sec. 14. 1. No person shall be held to answer for a criminal offense without
due process of law. 2. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall be
presumed innocent until the contrary is proved, and shall enjoy the right to
be heard by himself and counsel, to be informed of the nature and cause of
the accusation against him, to have a speedy, impartial, and public trial, to
meet the witnesses face to face, and to have compulsory process to secure
the attendance of witnesses and the production of evidence in his behalf.
However, after arraignment, trial may proceed notwithstanding the absence
of the accused provided that he has been duly notified and his failure to
appear is unjustifiable.

Sec. 15. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended
except in cases of invasion or rebellion when the public safety requires it.

Sec. 16. All persons shall have the right to a speedy disposition of their
cases before all judicial, quasi-judicial, or administrative bodies.

Sec. 17. No person shall be compelled to be a witness against himself.

27 | P a g e
Sec.
18. 1. No person shall be detained solely by reason of his political beliefs
and aspirations. 2. No involuntary servitude in any form shall exist except
as a punishment for a crime whereof the party shall have been duly
convicted.

Sec. 19. 1. Excessive fines shall not be imposed, nor cruel, degrading or
inhuman punishment inflicted. Neither shall death penalty be imposed,
unless, for compelling reasons involving heinous crimes, the Congress
hereafter provides for it. Any death penalty already imposed shall be
reduced to reclusion perpetua. 2. The employment of physical,
psychological, or degrading punishment against any prisoner or detainee or
the use of substandard or inadequate penal facilities under subhuman
conditions shall be dealt with by law.

Sec. 20. No person shall be imprisoned for debt or non-payment of a poll

tax.

Sec. 21. No person shall be twice put in jeopardy of punishment for the
same offense. If an act is punished by a law and an ordinance, conviction or
acquittal under either shall constitute a bar to another prosecution for the
same act. SEC. 22 No ex post facto law or bill of attainder shall be enacted.
DUTIES & RESPONSIBILITIES OF FILIPINO CITIZEN

1. It is the duty of every Filipino to respect, honor and give due accord to his
Filipino heritage, patrimony, values and tradition.

2. It is the duty of every Filipino to contribute to the development, welfare

and nation-building of its country.

28 | P a g e
3. It is
the duty of every Filipino to engage in gainful work to assure himself and his
family a life of worthy of human dignity.

4. Loyalty to the federal republic and national consciousness, aspirations

and ideals shall be asked from every Filipino citizen.

5. Every Filipino citizen is asked to uphold this Constitution, obey the laws
of the land, pay taxes and duties, and to cooperate with the duly constituted
authorities in the attainment and preservation of a just and orderly society.

[Link] Filipino citizen must give due honor to the Philippine flag, National
Anthem, Philippine President and other national symbols and emblems.

7. It is the duty of very Filipino citizen to defend the national territory from
aggressive invaders, protect the sovereignty of its people, and preserve the
continuity of a just, human society and government.

8. It is the duty of every Filipino to report to the proper authorities all plots
of terrorism, plans of rebellion, subversion, or insurrection toward the duly
and legally acknowledge government, and other acts that will compromise
the union and sovereignty of the federal republic.

9. It is the obligation of every Filipino, to report corrupt, dishonest or

fraudulent government officials to the proper forum, courts and agencies. A
Filipino shall not tempt or bribe government officials, steal from the coffers
of the government, or escape or abandon his lawful responsibilities.

29 | P a g e
10. It is
the responsibilities of every Filipino to elect officials of government as a
means of demonstrating his personal ideas and aspirations for the
motherland. Omission or abstention from this responsibility may indicate a
person’s renunciation of his rights of suffrage. No fine or inappropriate or
excessive penalty shall be asked from him as reparation for his choice not to
vote. People, who lost their social right of suffrage, may reclaim such rights
accordance of law.

Self –Check 1.1

Multiple Choice

Direction: Read each questions carefully and choose the correct

answer. Encircle the letter of your answer.

30 | P a g e
1) It is a written instrument by which the fundamental powers of the
Philippine government are established, limited and defined and by which
their power is distributed among several branches for the benefit of the
people.
a. Laws
b. Republic Acts
c. The Philippine Constitution
d. Rules and Regulations

2) The 1987 Philippine Constitution contains at least 3 sets of provisions.

Which one of the following provisions is not included?
a. Constitution of Universality
b. Constitution of Liberty
c. Constitution of Government
d. Constitution of Sovereignty

3) Which government branch has the duty to ascertain and give effect to the
intent of the Constitutional provisions as adopted or approved by its
framers?
a. The Supreme Court
b. The Senate
c. The House of Representatives
d. The Presidency

4) The "Rule of the Majority" is an unwritten law of a democratic

government. For the Congress to declare the existence of a state of war or to
call a constitutional convention ________ vote of all its respected members is
required.

a. simple majority
b. two-thirds majority

31 | P a g e
c.
two-thirds minority
d. concurring

5) This constitutional principle is meant that no man in the country, not

even the government, is above or beyond the law.
a. Rule of the Majority
b. Rule of Law
c. Bill of Rights
d. Republican Law

6) The Philippines is a ________ and ________ state. Sovereignty resides in the

people and all government authority emanates from them.
a. democratic-independent
b. free-independent
c. democratic-republican
d. Presidential-independent

7) The Philippine Constitution explicitly recognize that ________ authority, at

all times, supreme over the military. Its goal is to secure the sovereignty of
the State.
a. Presidential
b. Democratic
c. Civilian
d. Parliamentary

8) The Legislative power shall be vested in the Congress of the Philippines

which shall consists of ________.

a. The Supreme Court

32 | P a g e
b.
The Senate and Justice Department
c. The President and the Vice President
d. The Senate and the House of Representative

9) Term of office for the Senate members under the 1987 Constitution shall
be ________.
a. 3 years
b. 6 years
c. 4 years
d. 9 years

10) Term of office for the members of the House of Representatives under
the 1987 Constitution.
a. 6 years
b. 3 years
c. 9 years
d. 4 years

11) The Executive power shall be vested upon ________.

a. The Congress
b. The Senate President
c. The President
d. The Chief Justice

12) The President and the Vice President shall have the same term of office
for ________.
a. 3 years
b. 9 years
c. 6 years
d. 4 years

33 | P a g e
13)
Shall be the SOLE JUDGE of electoral disputes involving the President-elect
and the Vice-President elect under the 1987 Constitution.
a. The Trial Courts
b. The Supreme Court
c. The Electoral Tribunal
d. The COMELEC

14) It shall have the EXCLUSIVE power to INITIATE all cases of

impeachment under the 1987 Constitution.
a. The Supreme Court
b. The House of Representatives
c. The Senate
d. The SANDIGANBAYAN

15) It shall have the SOLE power to TRY all cases of Impeachment.
a. The House of Representatives
b. The Supreme Court
c. The SANDIGANBAYAN
d. The Senate

16) Refers to those non-dominant groups in our country which possesses

and which to preserve ethnic, religious or linguistic traditions markedly
different from the rest.
a. Religious groups
b. Indigenous cultural groups
c. Population
d. Urban poor

17) It is the declaration and enumeration of the individual rights and

privileges which the Constitution is designed to protect against violations by
the government, groups, etc.

34 | P a g e
a. Civil rights
b. Political rights
c. Bill of Rights
d. Constitutional Rights

18) It signifies that "all persons subject to legislation, shall be treated alike,
under circumstances and conditions both in the privileges conferred and
liabilities imposed.
a. Bill of Rights
b. Constitutional Rights
c. Political Rights
d. Equal Protection of Law

19) The power of the State to take or expropriate private property for public
use upon paying the owner a just compensation to be ascertained according
to law.
a. Police Power
b. Power of Eminent Domain
c. Power of Taxation
d. Emergency Powers

20) They are the rights of the citizens which give them the power to
participate directly or indirectly, in the establishment or administration of
the government, the right of suffrage and information on matters of public
concern.
a. Political rights
b. Constitutional rights
c. Civil rights
d. Economic rights

35 | P a g e
21) They are the rights of the citizens which the law will enforce at the
instance of private individuals for the purpose of securing their enjoyment
and their means of happiness.
a. Constitutional rights
b. Civil rights
c. Social and Economic rights
d. Political rights

22) They are rights intended to ensure the well-being and economic security
of the individual, among them are the right to property and just
compensation.
a. Social and Economic right
b. Civil rights
c. Cultural rights
d. Constitutional rights

23) The power of the State to enact laws or regulations in relation to persons
and properties as may promote public health, public morals, safety, general
welfare and convenience of the people.
a. Power of Eminent Domain
b. Power of Taxation
c. Police Power
d. Emergency Powers

24) It is the power of the State to impose charge or burden upon persons,
property or property rights for the use and support of the government and to
enable it to discharge its appropriate functions.
a. Power of Eminent Domain
b. Power of Taxation
c. Police Power
d. Constitutional Powers

36 | P a g e
25) It is the right and obligation to vote by qualified citizens in the election of
certain national and local officials of the government and in the decision of
public questions submitted to the people.
a. Right to Information
b. Electoral Vote
c. Right to Suffrage
d. Freedom to Choose

26) It is a method by which a public officer may be removed from office

during his tenure or before the expiration of his term by a vote of the people
after registration of a petition signed by a required percentage of the
qualified voters.
a. Initiative
b. Recall
c. Referendum
d. Plebiscite

27) It is a vote of the people expressing their choice for or against a proposed
law or enactment submitted to them. It is applied to an election at which
any proposal, amendment to, or revision of the Constitution is submitted to
the people for their ratification.
a. Plebiscite
b. Referendum
c. Initiative
d. Recall

28) It is the process whereby the people directly propose and enact laws. The
Constitution mandates the Congress to provide as early as possible a system
of initiative and referendum.

37 | P a g e
a. Plebiscite
b. Referendum
c. Initiative
d. Recall

29) It is the power to apply the laws to contests or disputes concerning

legally recognized rights or duties between the State and private persons
brought before the judicial tribunals.
a. Executive Power
b. Judicial Power
c. Legislative Power
d. Emergency Power

30) It sets down in unequivocal terms the mandate that all government
officials and employees, shall at all times, be answerable for their
misconduct to the people.
a. Rights
b. Responsibility
c. Public Trust
d. Accountability

38 | P a g e
 REPUBLIC ACT 8491 – FLAG HERALDIC CODE OF
THE PHILIPPINES

Learning Objectives
At the end of this chapter, the learners are expected to:

1. Demonstrate the proper Hanging of the Philippine Flag;

2. Organize the History of the Philippine Flag up to present.

For the implementation of the Flag Heraldic Code of the Philippines,

the NSTP should be guided with the following provisions:
Sec. 2 States that it is the policy of the state to prescribe the Code of the
National Flag, Anthem, Motto, Coat-of-Arms and other Heraldic Items and
Devices of the Philippines, ensure the promotion and implementation of its
corresponding rules and regulations, and adopt effective administrative,
regulatory, coordinative and supervisory programs and activities, where
appropriate, in conformity with national government policies.
Sec. 4 The Flag Heraldic Code of the Philippines will promote or sustain
reverence and respect for the flag, the anthem and other national symbols,
and those which symbolizes the national ideals and traditions.

DEFINITION OF TERMS
These are the terminologies used in these rules:

1. Military – means all the branches of the Armed Forces of the Philippines
including the Philippine National Police, the Bureau of Jail Management and
Penology, and the Bureau of Fire Protection.

2. Festoon – to hang in a curved shape between two points as a decoration

39 | P a g e
3. National Flag – is the National Flag and Ensign of the Philippines, use on
land and sea by public, private and the military and shall refer to the flag or
any other design that resembles it as likely to cause any person to believe
that it is the flag or design stated.

4. Fly – is the part of the flag outside the hoist or length

5. Symbol – any conventional sign that shows man’s achievement and

heroism, identification, authority and a sign of dignity

6. Half-mast – is the lowering of the flag to the middle of the pole

7. Halyard – the long rope used for raising and lowering the flag

8. Inclement Weather – when there is a typhoon signal raised in a locality

9. National Anthem – the “Lupang Hinirang”, Philippine National Anthem

10. Official Residences – is Malacañang and other government-owned

structures where the President lives, and other structures occupied by the
Philippine Consulate or Embassies abroad

11. Places of Frivolity – places of hilarity marked by or providing

boisterous merriment or recreation

12. Advertisement or Infomercial – these are any information material,

printed or through radio, television and electronic media which seeks to
promote individuals, products or services, political purposes or information
campaigns

40 | P a g e
13. Heraldic Items and Devices – are coat-of-arms, seals, logos, insignia,
badges, flashes, patches, orders and decorations, medals, stars, citations,
lapel pins, trophies, dry, wax or wet seals, and imprints on letterheads,
envelops and cards.

14. Government Entities – all branches of government, its bureaus and

attached agencies, constitutional offices, government owned and/or
controlled corporations, government financial institutions, state universities
and colleges, Armed Forces of the Philippines and its basic units

15. Vexillary Items – national, local house flags or administrative and

corporate organization’s banner.

A. HALF-MAST

Sec. 27 The National Flag should be at half-mast as a sign of mourning on

all the buildings and places where it is displayed on the official day of
announcement of the death of the following officials:

41 | P a g e
a. The President or former President (10 days);
b. The Vice-President, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, the President
of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives (7 days);
c. Cabinet Secretaries, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, Members of
the Senate and House of Representatives, the Chief of Staff of the Armed
Forces of the Philippines and the Director-General of the Philippine National
Police (5 days);
d. Head of National Government Agencies, including Government Owned
and Control Corporations and Government Financial Institutions (3 days)
e. The Commanding Generals of the Philippine Air Force and the Philippine
Army and the Flag Officer in Command of the Philippine Navy (3 days)
f. Governors, Vice-Governors, city and municipal Mayor, city and municipal
Vice-Mayors (3 days)
g. Members of the Sangguniang Panlalawigan, Sangguniang Panlungsod and
Sangguniang Bayan (on the day of interment)
h. Barangay Chairmen and Barangay Councilmen (on the day of interment).
i. Former National or Local Government Officials, appointive or elective.
j. Regional Directors, Superintendents, Supervisors, Principals, Teachers
and other school officials.
During calamities and disasters, National Flag shall also be flown at half-
mast.

RULE:
The flag must be raised to the top of the pole before it is lowered to the half-
mast position; and before it is lowered for the day it must be raised to the
top again.

42 | P a g e
[Link]

Sec. 28 The National Flag may be used to cover the caskets of the dead
honored men (military, veterans of previous wars, National Artists and other
civilians) who rendered noble service to our nation. It should not touch the
ground but must be folded solemnly and handed it to the heirs of the
deceased. No object must be placed on top of it except for the religious
objects that symbolizes “God above the country”.

RULE: When positioning the flag, the white triangle must be at the head of
the casket while the blue field must cover the right side. To prevent the flag
from falling off, a black band may be wrapped along the side of the casket.

C. PLEDGE TO THE NATIONAL FLAG

SEC. 29 The following shall be the Pledge of Allegiance to the National Flag:

43 | P a g e
 Panunumpa ng Katapatan sa Watawat ng Pilipinas
Ako ay Pilipino, Buong Katapatang nanunumpa Sa watawat ng Pilipinas At
sa bansang kanyang sinasagisag Na may dangal , Katarungan at Kalayaan
Na pinakikilos ng sambayanang Maka - Diyos Maka - Tao Makakalikasan at
Makabansa .

This pledge should be recited right after singing the National Anthem with
right palm open and shoulder raised high.

D. PROHIBITED ACTS
SEC. 39 It is prohibited:
a. To mutilate, deface, defile, trample on, cast contempt, or commit any act
or omission casting dishonor or ridicule upon the National Flag or over its
surface;
b. To dip the National Flag to any person or object by way of compliment or
salute;
c. To use National Flag
1. As drapery, festoon, tablecloth;
2. As covering for ceilings, walls, statues or other objects;
3. As a pennant in the hood, side, back and top of motor vehicles;
4. As a staff or whip;
d. To display the National Flag:
1. Under any painting or picture;
2. Horizontally. It shall always be hoisted aloft and be allowed to fall
freely;
3. Below any platform;
4. In discotheques, cockpits, night and day clubs, casinos, gambling
joints and places of vice or where frivolity prevails.

e. To wear the National Flag in whole or in part as a costume or uniform;

44 | P a g e
f. To
add any word, figure, mark, picture, design, drawings, advertisement, or
imprint of any nature on the National Flag;

g. To print, paint or attach representation of the National Flag on

handkerchiefs, napkins, cushions, and articles of merchandise;
h. To display in public any foreign flag, except in embassies and other
diplomatic establishments, and in offices of international organizations;
i. To use or display or be part of any advertisement or infomercial; and
j. To display the National Flag in front of buildings or offices occupied by
aliens.

E. NATIONAL ANTHEM
SEC. 40 -41 The National Anthem should be interpreted in accordance with
the musical arrangement and composition of Julian Felipe with its original
lyrics and tempo.

LUPANG HINIRANG
Bayang Magiliw Perlas ng Silanganan,
Alab ng puso Sa Dibdib mo’y buhay.
Lupang Hinirang Duyan ka ng magiting,
Sa manlulupig. Di ka pasisiil.
Sa dagat at bundok, Sa simoy at sa langit mong bughaw,
May dilag ang tula At awit sa paglayang minamahal.
Ang kislap ng watawat mo’y Tagumpay na nagniningning
Ang bituin at araw niya, Kailan pa may di magdidilim.
Lupa ng araw , ng luwalhati’t pagsinta , Buhay ay langit sa piling mo ,
Aming ligaya na pag may mang - aapi, Ang mamatay ng dahil sa iyo.

F. NATIONAL MOTTO
Sec. 45 The Philippine National Motto is

45 | P a g e
 MAKA DIYOS, MAKATAO,
MAKAKALIKASAN AT MAKABANSA

Activity 2

1. Draw the proper way of hanging the Philippine Flag.

2. Do research on the History of Philippine Flag up to the present.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

46 | P a g e
_____ __
____________________________________________________________________

THE NATURE OF THE HUMAN PERSON

Learning Objectives
At the end of this chapter, the learners are expected to:

1. Give examples of the different views of a human person;

2. Discuss the hierarchy of needs;
3. Explain and apply the Filipino characteristics.

THE HUMAN PERSON

It is essentially difficult to understand the human person, the human

nature, and the possibility of achieving a productive society through the
highest potential of a person.

Eric L. Estañol (2007) defines the human person as having physical,

spiritual, emotional, and intellectual attributes. St. Thomas Aquinas
describes the human person as having physical and spiritual substance,
because he/she has a soul and is created by a Superior Being with a divine
purpose. Dictionaries define the human person as a “self-conscious animal.”

CHARACTERISTICS OF A HUMAN PERSON

Eddie Babor (2007) discusses in his book, The Human Person Not Real
But Existing, the several characteristics of a human person, namely:

1. A human person is a rational being, He/She is free to think and has

the capacity to reason and distinguish what is right and wrong.

47 | P a g e
 2. A human pers
do things. However, every person is responsible for his/her own
action.
3. A human person is unique. He/She possesses an identity that makes
him/her unlike any other. Generally speaking, even if human beings
have the same characteristics and physical features, no two persons
are the same because each one has his/her own perception, and a
different set of values and priorities in life.
4. Every person is intrinsically a social being and cannot detach
himself/herself from other creatures in the universe. Human nature is
characterized by relationships with other creatures—objects or
his/her fellowmen.
5. All living things are sexual in nature, but the uniqueness of
expression of a person’s sexuality makes him/her different. The
expression of a person’s emotions, attitudes, feelings, actions, and
thoughts in sexual activity best exemplifies his/her uniqueness from
animals.

BIBLICAL VIEWS

The human person has a superiority and dignity inherited from the
Supreme Being. According to the book of Genesis, chapter 1, verses 26 to
27, God created man and woman in his own image and likeness and made
them masters of the fish of the sea, the birds, the heaven, the earth, all the
wild beasts and all the reptiles that crawl upon the earth.

The Supreme Being entrusted to the human person the care of

creatures on the earth, aware of the possibilities, challenges, and difficulties
he will encounter in his life.

48 | P a g e
 Grace C. Agbuya (1997) states that “He/She (human person) is
designated by God to exercise dominion over other creature in his everyday
use of freedom, search for happiness, and openness to the world around
him. And what makes him/her human is his/her being a true person, which
includes the special gifts and talents of thinking, loving, longing for
happiness, and making decision. The human nature was patterned on the
image of God.”

PHILOSOPHICAL VIEWS

According to Protagoras, a human person is the measure of all things

that exist and of all things that do not exist. Furthermore, Plato claimed that
the perfect human being does not exist in this world because what is in this
world is just an imperfect copy of humanity’s original self in the realm ideas.
Parmenides presented that man has knowledge of something that exists, for
man who does exist is nothing.

A human person like other animals has external and internal organs.
A human being becomes evident when he/she starts to share his/her
thoughts and ideas with others.

Rogelio B. Maguigad (2006) discusses in his book, Philosophy of the

Human Being, the different philosophical views of the human person. These
are the following:

1. Conservatism
The conservative view is not entirely positive and definitely non-
egalitarian. Some men contribute more than others to society, therefore
must be rewarded and honored by society. All human persons may not be of
equal value to society: some men are intended to rule, the rest to obey. This
is in line with one of the quotes of Confucius which states that the superior
man must rule and commoner must bow before his authority.

49 | P a g e
2. Liberalism
Liberalism has a more egalitarian view of human nature. It believes
that all men are capable of reason and rational action and have the capacity
to live satisfactory, productive lives if given the opportunity. Reason is
common to

all them to know the principles of suitable living. According to Mencius,

“Every human being can become a swage king, that is, anyone can gain the
wisdom to rule.”

3. Socialism
In socialism the human being readily engages in cooperative social
activities when given the opportunity. Unfortunately, this natural
cooperative instinct is not allowed by the selfish human exploitation of
others.
Karl Marx believes that man is driven primarily by desire for economic
gains. In his Das Kapital, he considers the human person as a social animal;
if he/she fails to relate actively with others and with nature, he/she loses
himself/herself and becomes alienated. His/her drives lose human qualities
and assume animal qualities.

4. Fascism
Fascism believes that what matters most is the country itself. The
human being can prosper only when the nation prospers; his/her fate is
merely secondary when it comes to the country. Like conservatives, fascists
contend that some human beings are naturally and racially better than
others.

CLASSICAL GREEK VIEWS

50 | P a g e
 The early classical Greeks define the human person as “rational
animal.” An animal’s vegetative sensory and rational element is integrated
within his/her being; thus he/she is a material (body) and (spiritual) being.
As a vegetative creature, the human person needs to have food to develop
and reproduce. As a sentient being, he/she needs sensory perceptions to
gain knowledge. As a rational being he/she needs the power of thought,
reason, and cognition.

Due to a person’s nobility and his/her special place in God’s kingdom,

it is through him/her that the rest of creation enter into dialogue and
relationship with the Supreme Being. Because the human person is given
free will to choose, decide, or shape his/her life, he/she is always
responsible for his/her action.

A human person is capable of knowing, loving, and believing, which

leads him/her to be fully aware of his/her humanity.

SOCIOLOGICAL VIEWS

A perspective is a particular way of looking at and seeing something.

Lucila L. Salcedo (2004) states that we are looking at this social world or the
various ways that human beings behave in a social way. Hence, when we
talk about society or the social world, what we are really referring to is the
behavior of human beings.

This is not to say that all sociologists necessarily see the social world
from exactly the same perspective (or viewpoint); neither do they always
agree about what they are seeing, how behavior could or should be
understood, and so forth. As we will notice, the sociological perspective is
made up of a number of quite different sub-perspectives.

51 | P a g e
 Wilfredo R. San Juan (2007) states that there is a number of common
ideas about the human person. These are the following:

1. Human persons are social animals. We need to cooperate with others in

some way to produce the social world in which we live.

2. The human person’s social behavior is learned, not instinctive. In this

respect the argument is that we have to learn, from the moment we were
born,

how to be not just a human being but also a recognizable member of the
society into which we happen to have been born.

3. To understand the human person’s social behavior, we have to focus our

attention on the groups to which people belong. These groups are many and
varied, but the largest group to which people belong is a society.

4. Sociology is a perspective that looks of a totality of relationships in an

individual’s life. Sociologists do not restrict their studies to a single
dimension of an individual’s life (economics, politics, history, geography,
psychology, and so forth). Although each of these is significant and
interesting to varying degrees, it is only by looking at how these
relationships affect each other that we can arrive at a complete picture of
human social behavior.

Sociologists do not reject the contributions of other social sciences.

Sociology as an academic discipline itself is based on the recognition that
human beings are not one-dimensional but rather multi-dimensional
beings.

52 | P a g e
 For example, in our society people work (economic dimension), have
the opportunity to vote in elections (political dimension), and live in different
areas of the country (geographic dimension). What interests’ sociologists in
this regard might be the relationship between these three dimensions—how
does the area in which lives affect the type of work they do and how does the
type of work they do affect how they vote in elections?

If the sociological perspective differs from that provided by other social

sciences, it is evident that it also differs from a final perspective we have to
consider, namely, that of naturalistic or common-sense explanations of the
social world. Investigating some examples of common-sense ideas about the
social world will allow us to demonstrate more effectively the idea of a
sociological perspective and show how sociology provides a greater
understanding of human behavior.

HIERARCHY OF NEEDS

The guiding principle in realizing a person’s competence and ability is

the exploration of his/her totality in the field of humanistic psychology,
which theorizes that a person’s behavior and his/her relationship to others
are shaped by his/her inner feelings and self-image.

Abraham Maslow presented the levels of hierarchy of needs in his

theory of personality.
1. Physiological needs include the biological and basic needs such as water
and clothing. These needs are immensely important because they are
mandatory for survival.

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2.
Safety needs include security and protection from physical and emotional
harm.

3. Social needs include affection, sense of belonging, and friendship, which

people seek to overcome feelings of loneliness and alienation.

4. Self-esteem needs include achievement, mastery, and confidence derived

from recognition, respect, and attention. When these needs are satisfied, the
person feels confident and valuable. However, when they are not met, the
person may feel inferior, weak, helpless, and worthless.

5. Self-actualization means a person has reached the peak of his/her

potential.

MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS

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 Maslow’s theory points out that a person needs to satisfy first the
lower needs before realizing his/her self-worth and potential. Accordingly,
when the lower needs are not met, a person cannot completely devote
his/her time to developing his/her full potential. Maslow states that self-
actualization is the driving force of human personality. Thus, a person
cannot appreciate intellectual and aesthetic learning when he/she is hungry
or if he/she feels unsafe. Artistic and scientific endeavors do not flourish in
a society where people must struggle for food, shelter, and safety. Self-
actualization can only be achieved after all other needs are satisfied.

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 According to Carl Roger’s person-centered therapy theory, every
person has within him/her an inherent desire toward a positive
transformation and the development of his/her capacities. He/ She
possesses an innate goodness no matter how imprudent his/her actions are.

Based on this theory, the society should be sounding board of

reflections in life, so than an individual can realize his/her problem and
formulate solutions for it. However, it is the individual who will eventually
pave his/her own path and not the people around him/her. He/ She is the
only one qualified to choose the path that he/she should take. It may not
always be smooth, but that does not diminish his/her value as a person. A
self-actualized person allows his/her innate goodness to transform further.
Only by understanding himself/herself first can he/she effectively relate to
others.

Furthermore, every person must understand that he/she only exists

in this world for a temporary assignment. As such he/she should utilize
his/her gifts and talents to reach his/her goals and to help others realize
their own worth as a person. He/She must take on the challenge that the
Supreme Being has bestowed upon him/her.

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 FILIPINO CHARACTERISTICS

Learning Objectives
At the end of this chapter, the learners are expected to:

1. Describe the nature of Human Person as viewed by the different

authors;
2. Cite the Filipino Characteristics and its application;
3. Conceptualize the Hierarchy of Needs by Abraham Maslow.

FILIPINO VALUE SYSTEM

Before delving into the discussion of values – Filipino values, in

particular – it is worth analyzing the word itself. The word “value” has its
root in the Latin word “valere” which means to be strong and vigorous. This
proceeds from the premise that a human person has to have strength or
valor in every endeavor. It is the basis on which his strength in facing the
challenges of life should be directed.

Dr. Tomas Q. D. Andres (1986) would define values as “things,

persons, ideas or goals which are important to life; anything which enables
life to be understood, evaluated, and directed.”

On the other hand, Edgar Sheffield Brightman defines value as

“whatever is liked, prized, esteemed, desired approved, or enjoyed by anyone
at any time. It is the actual experience of enjoying a desired object or
activity. Hence, value is an existing realization of desire.”

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 Collectively, the values of a society would be the standards or
principles for which an act is judged to be what is right or wrong, correct or
incorrect.

As such, it is the goal set for every member of the community to attain
what is desirable. In other words, values in a society give meaning and
direction to every individual’s life and influence his human behavior.

Based on these definitions, we can say that values are those which are
considered by the society as desirable and important and have attained the
status as moral impetus behind every action of each member geared
towards the desired end or goal.

WHAT ARE FILIPINO VALUES?

Significantly, Filipino values would be the standards or principles set

forth by the Filipino society as basis for what is right or wrong, the
principles on which every member of the Filipino society should persevere to
attain in order to reach the ultimate realization of his life, regarding his
person and in relation to his family and society in general.

SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDYING FILIPINO VALUES

Several studies have been made on Filipino Values. They have always
been interested in examining Filipino values because it influences a
Filipino’s behavior in particular, and shaping the Philippine Society in
general. How Filipinos feel and motivated to do a specific task is directed
and evaluated by his set of values. In order to understand the Filipino
culture and the development of the Filipino individual, one has to
understand the underlying values on which every Filipino acts. Thus, a

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study on the Filipino values would provide us a deeper understanding of the
Filipino culture.

The shaping of the Philippine society into a successful and progressive

nation would depend on understanding and appreciating the positive side of
Filipino values and how they are applied to attain such goal. Thus, it is
imperative that a full understanding and appreciation of the positive side of
our very own principles be made and used for our personal and national
success.

UNDERSTANDING FILIPINO VALUES AND CULTURE

The Filipino society is composed of a mixture of different races and

cultures, many of which influenced the lifestyle and values being practiced
in the Philippine community. Among those who influenced the Filipino
culture and values are our ancestors – the Malays and Indons, our colonists
– the Spaniards and the Americans, and nationals of other countries who
have dealt with the Philippine society through trade – the Chinese and the
Indians. The resulting blend of this mixture of influences, which are
sometimes conflicting, is uniquely Filipino in character.

Most of the prominent Filipino values are the result of a blend of the
rich Christian values of Europe, the pragmatic and democratic values of
America, and the spiritual values of Asia.

The basic social unit in the Philippine society is the family. It is here
where values and principles are nurtured and imbibed in each and every
member of the family. The tradition of close family ties has long been
practiced and considered as the foundation of the Philippine society. So
much is the effect of this tradition that the members of the constitutional

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commission of the 1987 Philippine Constitution deemed it proper to include
it as a State Policy and a chapter of the fundamental law of the land. Thus,
Article XV, Section 1 of the said constitution provides that “The State
recognizes the Filipino family as the foundation of the nation.”
It is in the family that the Filipino individual is introduced to the
concept of structure and hierarchy of power. He is always reminded to
submit to the authoritarian familial set-up, where roles are prescribed
especially for younger members of the family. The Filipino family is
structured in a way that autocratic leadership rests on the elder members,
where the young submit themselves to the decision of family elders. He is
indoctrinated of the tradition of primacy of the extended family over that of
the individual and that the only source of emotional, economic, and moral
support is the family.

The Filipino individual identifies himself with his family. Right from
childhood he is made to believe that he belongs to the family. The Filipino
individual is always encouraged to get advice from his parents and submit
to his parents‟ direction, counsel and advice. He is admonished to be good
because any disgrace that he commits is a disgrace to the family. In times of
misfortune, he is assured of his family’s support, sympathy and love.
Thus, Filipino society, in contrast with Western societies, prefers a
rather "structured" way of life, and not where he can be assertive of his own
individuality.

However, modern era is catching up with the Filipino society. Changes

must occur if the Filipino society is to survive in a changing world. The
Filipino society will have to keep up with the changes brought about by
modernization. The society must prepare itself for a serious reevaluation of
its values. In most instances, it will have to break away from its past and
adjust itself towards the future.

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FILIPINO CHARACTERISTICS

The characteristic that makes a Filipino vary from different society is

his uniquely blended culture and values from different influences. Filipino
values, for reason of several influences that shaped its identity, are bipolar

like a coin that has two sides. They may either be positive or negative in
polarity. Let us take for example the value of utang na loob, or debt of
gratitude. The value of utang na loob, the altruistic drawing of interior
goodness of a person by returning a debt of gratitude, is by itself positive.
However, when one is coerced to honor a debt of gratitude and return the
favor, then it becomes negative.

Due to this ambivalence of Filipino values, they have the potential of

being used for good or evil. They may either help or hinder personal and
national development, depending on how they are understood or practiced
or lived.

In order to shape the Filipino society into a successful and progressive

nation, there is a need to reevaluate the different values that influence every
Filipino individual’s action to a set of circumstances. We need to identify the
positive side of every Filipino value and develop them in order to yield a
more successful and developed society.

According to [Link] and Philippines Australia Business

Council, there are three (3) main traits that underlie the Filipino values and
value-orientation These traits have a strong influence in the behavior and
mentality of the Filipinos. These also have an effect in the Filipinos’ personal
beliefs, cultural traditions and practices.

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1.
Personalism is a Filipino trait wherein they give importance to interpersonal
relations or face-to-face encounters. Filipinos usually extends their work or
services through “personal touch” or handles problem solving through good
personal relations.

2. Familialism focuses on the welfare and interest of the family over those
of the community. The family is the basis of group action and almost all
community activity centers on the family. In decision making, it is the family
that decides rather than the individual on important matters. It takes into
consideration the welfare of the family and not the individual. The family’s
honor, not the personal image that is at stake when a family member makes
a mistake.

3. Particularism relates to the strong family influence on the individual or

group behavior. This is shown when an individual strive to promote their
own and their family’s interest over the community’s interest. Popularity
among peers is prevalent and observable. Thus, Filipinos make special
efforts to entertain friends and relatives. Pakikisama is very important.
Conformity to proper codes of conduct yields rewards of cooperation while
non-conformity results to withdrawal of support.

It is also important to know that there are three (3) main obligations
that underlie the Filipino value orientation namely – relational
(pakikipagkapwa), emotional (damdamin) and moral (karangalan). One or all
of these may have influence in Filipinos’ lives and social relationships.

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 Let us then try to discuss some of the values in the Filipino society
and re-evaluate them to develop a more positive value for the Filipino
individual.

A. UTANG NA LOOB
There is no specific translation that can approximate the meaning of
this Filipino value of utang na loob. Debt of gratitude is a lean excuse of a
translation because it does not even approximate the fertile concept of the
Filipino loob.
Utang na loob is a situation where an individual is required to return
a favor or service received. However, the return of such service or favor
cannot be translated into monetary equivalent, and may reciprocated in a
month of service or even a lifetime.

For example, a congressman proudly gives a town a new chapel, a

bridge, or a waiting shed (no matter whether the money came from his
pocket or from the government), this makes the people indebted to him. And
when elections come, he recites the litany of his projects and people “ought”
to repay these through their votes. Not to repay this form of debt means that
those who were benefited are walang utang na loob. After having been
elected, the people would approach this congressman for return of the favor
by seeking employment for them. Thus, this would end into a vicious cycle,
where the person na pinagkakautangan ng loob becomes the giver and the
giver becomes the person na may utang na loob.

However, utang na loob may be interpreted in a positive outlook. If it

is used with the concept of justice, truth and human dignity, it would reflect
the beautiful aspect of the Filipino character. Thus, this altruistic feeling
must voluntarily come from within the person himself, kusang loob; and

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should not be demanded by coercing the person who has utang na loob, so
as blind his sense of judgment.

Furthermore, this value should be used discriminately. The

pagtatanaw ng utang na loob should emerge from within the self of an
individual with sense of justice so as to repay the person for the favor or
services rendered.

We should always remember that in demanding for the return of

indebtedness, the golden rule “Do unto other as you would want them to do
unto you.” By demanding the return of the favor, would you wish to become
indebted in return? And when indebted, would you want that person to act
the same way when they are demanding the return of the favor?

B. BAHALA NA
Filipinos, by nature, are a religious group of people. They firmly
believe in the supernatural and in all kinds of spirit dwelling in individual
persons, places or things. They believe in a Supreme Being who will take
care of things for them. The Filipino is very religious who has a saint to pray
to each day of the week.

The term bahala na comes from the words Bathala na. It reflects the
Filipino's dependence on the supernatural being and on fate. This tends to
move toward the commonly conceived procrastination character of the
Filipino.

C. MAÑANA HABIT
Mañana Habit can be traced back in the Spanish colonization era. The
term “Mañana” is a Spanish word that means “tomorrow”. This is a Filipino
trait that enforces procrastination - practice of putting off work to be done in

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the
near future or in the last minute. This habit is exemplified through the
“Mamaya na ” or “ Bukas na ”.

D. NINGAS KUGON
The term Ningas Kugon translates to “burning of cogon grass”. As a
Filipino trait, it means that Filipinos tend to have a strong enthusiasm in
the beginning of each work or endeavor but gradually slows down and lose
their drive to work and finish the job. It is said that in work Filipinos tend to
do their job halfbaked or leave it unfinished.

E. AMOR PROPIO
As a reinforcement to the Philippine trait of “Hiya” or shame, Filipinos
are akin to the traditional attitude of saving “face”. Amor propio is another
Spanish term that means a sense of self-esteem or self-respect that prevents
a person from swallowing his pride. It also means ego defensiveness or
maintaining one’s dignity and personal pride. According to the Philippines
Australia Business Council, amor propio often implies a vindictive reaction
to questioning an individual’s action, integrity, or honor.

F. BAYANIHAN
In an article entitled “Filipino Culture: Bayanihan: The Filipino Value
that Must be Retained”, it describe bayanihan as: “Bayanihan is a core
essence of the Filipino culture. It is helping out one’s neighbor as a
community, and doing a task together, thus lessening the workload and
making the job easier. It is also called the ‘community spirit. It is best
exhibited when people wish to move locations in the rural area. The
traditional Filipino house, the ‘bahay - kubo ’, can be moved using wooden

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poles
which are carried from the old place to the new one. This requires a group of
people to lift and carry the house on their shoulders. Able - bodied men
usually participated in such feats, while women stood and watched, casually
chatting and cheering the men on.

Afterwards, there will be a small gathering as a form of celebration

and socialization.”

Source: [Link]
filipino-value-that-must-be-retained/

Activity No .3

Essay
Directions: Write your answer to the given questions on the lines.

1. Discuss the Hierarchy of Needs by Abraham Maslow.

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

2. How can you apply the Filipino Characteristics in your daily lives?
Give example that will support your answer.

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

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 3. Give at least three examples of the different views of a human person?
Give example that will support your answer.

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

HUMAN BEHAVIOR, MOTIVATION AND LEADERSHIP

Learning Objectives
At the end of this chapter, the learners are expected to:

1. Describe human behavior;

2. Explain motivation in achieving ambition in life;
3. Identify the characteristics of a good leader.

HUMAN BEHAVIOR

According to business [Link], human behavior is the capacity

of mental, physical, emotional, and social activities experienced during the
five stages of a human being’s life---prenatal, infancy, childhood,

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adolescence, and adulthood. It includes the behaviors as dictated by
culture, society, values, morals, ethics, and genetics.

Encyclopedia Britannica (2012) states that human beings have a

typical life course that consists of successive phases of growth, each of
which is characterized by a distinct set of physical, physiological, and
behavioral features. These phases are prenatal life, infancy, childhood,
adolescence, and adulthood (including old age). Human development or
developmental psychology, is a field of study that attempts to describe and
explain the changes in human cognitive, emotional, and behavioral
capabilities and functioning over the entire life.

MOTIVATION

Motivation encompasses the internal and external factors that

stimulate desire and energy in people to be continually interested in and
committed to a job, role, subject, and to exert persistent effort in attaining a
goal. It results from the interaction among conscious and unconscious
factors such as the (a) intensity of desire or need, (b) incentive or reward
value of the goal, and (c) expectations of the individual and of his or her
significant others.

According to John Swindells (2012), motivation means the drive and

ambition needed to achieve our goals. We all need the extra push at some
stage of our life, whether it be at work, in school, or home; or maybe to give
up a bad habit or shed a few pounds. We need motivation to get a job done
and achieve a goal. Self-motivation can work for some people. For example,
if you are trying to lose some weight, just imagine how you will look and feel

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when
you can fit again in your smaller-sized clothes. An old photograph of a
similar you could help motivate you to keep going.

If you work in sales, it is important to stay motivated to achieve your

targets in order to earn cash bonuses or even promotion in addition to
commission.

It is also easy to become de-motivated. For example, you may be way

off your sales targets and you realize there is no chance of reaching them, so
you just give up. Negative people can de-motivate you as well.

GOOD LEADERSHIP

Leadership pertains to the qualities exemplified by a leader. It also

refers to acts of leading or the “process of social influence in which one
person can enlist the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a
common task.” It is often said that some people are good leaders, while
others are not. But what is really the basis for judging one’s capacity to be a
good leader?

From a follower’s perspective, good leadership can be attributed to

qualities that make people follow a leader. It would be great to have all these
qualities, but not all leaders do.

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 Characteristics of a Good Leader

Here are ten essential characteristics of a good leader. Do you think you
possess them?

1. Vision. Good leaders know where they want to go and they can motivate
people to believe in their vision for their country, community, and family.
Good leaders view things as what they could be and simply as what they
are.
2. Wit. Good leaders can make sound judgments and decisions even during
crucial situations.
3. Passion. Good leaders are very passionate and intensely obsessed in
whatever they are focused on, be it business, sport, or hobby.
4. Compassion. Good leaders show compassion for their supporters and
followers. They possess exemplary coaching and development skills. While
these leaders have goals to accomplish, they can still consistently care for
their constituents. They are not selfish individuals who think only about
their own wants and needs. They have a heart for others.
5. Charisma. Good leaders are captivating, charming individuals who tend
to draw people toward them. It could be because of the way they talk, or
carry themselves. They excel in building relationships and eliciting
performance from their groups.
6. Communication Skills. Good leaders are usually great orators and
persuaders. They can express their ideas clearly and convincingly.
7. Persistence. Good leaders are determined to attain their goals in spite of
obstacles and problems. They believe that the benefits of attaining their
goals outweigh the risks and hardships.
8. Integrity. Good leaders mean what they say. They walk the talk, practice
what they preach, and keep their promises. They are reliable.

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9.
Daring. Good leaders are bold, willing to take risk, and resolved to chase
their dreams amid the reality of fear and uncertainty. Winston Churchill
states that courage is the virtue on which all other virtues rest.
10. Discipline. Good leaders observe self-control and order. Where most
people would be easily distracted or dejected, good leaders manage to
stay focused and steady regardless of the situation.

John C. Maxwell (1999) says that the leader should help people
recognize, develop, and refine the personal characteristics needed to be a
truly effective leader, the kind of leader people will want to follow. These are
some of the traits of that leader:

1. Character is the quality of a person’s behavior as revealed in habits,

thoughts and expressions, attitudes and interests, actions, and personal
philosophies in life. Be a piece of the rock. There are always two paths to
choose from: character and compromise, opt for character.

2. Charisma is a special spiritual gift bestowed temporarily by the Holy

Spirit on a group or an individual for the general good. It is an
extraordinary power in a person, group, or cause, which takes hold of
popular imagination and wins popular support.

3. Commitment engages one to do something as a continuing obligation. It is

a state of intellectual an emotional adherence to some political, social,
and religious theory of action.

4. Communication is a two-way process of reaching mutual understanding,

in which participants do not only exchange (encode-decode) information
but create and share meaning. The meaning of communication is in the
response and not in what is said or how it is said.

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5. Competence indicates a sufficiency of knowledge and skills that enable
someone to act in a wide variety of situations. It is the capacity of a
person to understand a situation and to respond to it accordingly and
reasonably.
A core competency is fundamental knowledge, ability, or expertise in a
specific area.

6. Courage is the quality of the mind that enables a person to face difficulty
and danger, without fear. It begins with an inward battle. It is making
things right, not just smoothing one’s over. It inspires commitment from
followers. Life expands in proportion to your courage.

Activity 4

Essay
Directions: Write your answer to the given questions on the lines.

1. Name five characteristics of a good leader and explain each.

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

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 2. What are your motivation to achieve your ambition in life?

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

3. How will you describe human behavior?

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

NATIONAL SECURITY

Learning Objectives
At the end of this chapter, the learners are expected to:

1. Enumerate the measures on the National Security;

2. Describe the National Security situation in the Philippines;
3. Apply the role of the youth in the National Security.

THE NATIONAL SITUATION OF THE PHILIPPINES

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 (PIA 2018) Press Statement of Hermogenes Esperon Jr, Director
General, National Security Council the Philippines was stable and secure in
2018. We recall that in 2018, the security sector was preoccupied with the
following:

In the external environment, the West Philippine Sea issue remained

to be contentious due to overlapping territorial claims and maritime domain
concerns among the various claimants. The great powers contest had
actually shifted focus towards the contested waters of the South China
Sea/West Philippine Sea, and in Asia in general.

Amidst this renewed global interest on Asia, the Duterte

Administration adopted a “middle ground” position signifying that the
Philippines is a friend to all and an enemy to none. With this mindset, the
Philippines had embarked on an independent foreign policy that forges new
partnerships with China and Russia, while maintaining ties with traditional
partners such as the United States.
In securing the country’s territorial integrity and sovereignty in the
West Philippine Sea, we continue the use of diplomatic engagements with
China and other claimant states without compromising Philippine national
interest. The Bilateral Consultative Mechanism with China was established
while the ASEAN-centered negotiations for the Code of Conduct in the South
China Sea was formalized.

The Philippines also pursued the development of its deterrence

capabilities for a credible defense posture, particularly through the
increased funding allocation by Congress. The improvement of facilities in
the Philippine-occupied features in the West Philippine Sea were also
undertaken.

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 Trans-boundary issues such as terrorism, drug-trafficking, piracy,
smuggling, and human trafficking are being addressed through the strong
collaborative mechanisms within the ASEAN framework. The Philippines
remains an active member-state that recognizes the ASEAN way in
undertaking concerted actions against security threats and challenges in the
region.

In the Philippines, illegal drugs have become a national security

threat. The campaign against illegal drugs has become a primary mission
and the campaign will even be more intensified to eradicate the menace. The
terrorist threat posed by local communist terrorist groups and other
extremist groups continue to threaten the lives, properties, and freedoms of
the Filipino people. They hamper the country’s potential economic gains and
progress.

The threat from ISIS-affiliated groups remains despite their

resounding defeat in Marawi, which is now undergoing reconstruction and
rehabilitation.

Elsewhere, in areas where there are local terrorist groups such as the
Abu Sayyaf, Maute and the BIFF, the operations will be relentless. More
security forces will be deployed, as necessary.

Only a few weeks ago, President Duterte issued Executive Order 70

(EO 70) providing for a Whole-of-Nation approach in defeating the Local
Communist Terrorist Groups. A National Task Force to End Local
Communist Armed Conflict (NTF-ELCAC) was created to synchronize the
utilization of the government’s instrumentalities of power with the
capabilities of private sector stakeholders to finally end the 50-year long

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deceit, lies and atrocities committed by the communist terrorists against the
people.

The President himself is leading the way By taking the role of National
Task Force Commander, he is demonstrating resolve to fulfill his vow to
provide a better future for the Filipino people.

The “Whole-of-Nation Approach” gives importance to inclusive and

sustainable framework towards attaining peace. In this light, the
government remained persistent in implementing the Enhanced
Comprehensive Localized Integration Program (E-CLIP), wherein rebel
returnees have found alternatives to a life of crime and violence.

On the Mindanao situation, the recent Congressional approval to

extend Martial Law demonstrates government’s commitment at maintaining
peace and order and eliminating extremist influence in the region. The
extended implementation of Martial Law will be vital in ensuring the success
of the upcoming plebiscite of the Bangsamoro Organic Law in January 2019.

Prospects are bright for an even more stable and secure nation in
2019. With the NSS and the “Whole-of Nation Approach” in place, the
security sector will become more robust in addressing future security
challenges. We are optimistic that as we are able to provide continuing
stability, more developmental prospects, small and big – such as our Build,
Build, Build projects -- will see fruition. All these will translate to improved
economic standing and better living conditions of most Filipinos.

HUMAN SECURITY AND NATIONAL SECURITY

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 Since time immemorial, man has an awareness and knowledge about
security. In ancient era, man has devised means to protect himself from
ferocious animals and harsh conditions. As the society advanced, they
learned to create tools and weapons to safeguard their lives and their
properties. In our country, heroes were born because they strive to save our
people from conquerors. Currently, every country has its own way of
defending and maintaining its human and national security.

In the 1994 United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Report,

human security was referred to as having two aspects:
“ … first safety from such chronic threats as hunger, disease and repression
… second, it means protection from sudden and hurtful disruptions in the
patterns of daily life – whether in homes, in jobs, or in communities . Such
threats can exist at all levels of national income and development. ”

This was supplemented by an explanation from the former UN

Secretary-General Kofi Annan which states that:
“Human security, in its broadest sense, embraces far more than the absence
of violent conflict. It encompasses human rights, good governance, access to
education and health care and ensuring that each individual has
opportunities and choices to fulfill his or her potential … Every step in this
direction is also a step towards reducing poverty, achieving economic growth
and preventing conflict . Freedom from want, freedom from fear, and the
freedom of future generations to inherit a healthy natural environment – these
are the interrelated building blocks of human – and therefore national –
security. ”

Thus, according to the United Nations (UN) Commission, Human

Security:

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-
seeks to “protect the vital core of all human lives in ways that enhance
human freedoms and human fulfillment”
- requires “protecting people from critical and pervasive threats” and
"empowering them to take charge of their own lives"
- “protection and empowerment are mutually reinforcing and cannot
succeed in isolation”

Commission puts emphasis on the “need for comprehensive,

integrated and people-centered solutions that together can help people
develop the building blocks of survival, livelihood and dignity”

National Security is defined as the state or condition wherein the

values which a nation treasures such as territorial integrity, sovereignty,
people’s way of life and well-being are protected and enhanced. It is the
requirement to maintain the survival of the nation-state through the use of
economic military and political power and the exercise of diplomacy. The
measures taken to ensure national security include:

 Using diplomacy to rally allies and isolate threats;

 Maintaining effective armed forces;
 Implementing civil defense and emergency preparedness measures
(including anti-terrorism legislation);
 Ensuring the resilience and security of critical infrastructure; and  Using
intelligence services to detect and defeat or avoid threats and espionage, and
to protect classified information.

In the Philippine context as indicated by the NSC Permanent

Secretariat, National Security is described as a condition or state of being
where the Filipino people’s values, way of life, institutions, welfare, and well

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-
being, sovereignty and strategic relations are protected and enhanced. The
elements of National Security are the following:

 Moral-spiritual consensus
 Cultural cohesiveness
 Economic solidarity
 Socio-political stability Ecological balance
 Territorial integrity
 International harmony

THREE MAJOR PILLARS OF NATIONAL SECURITY (National

Security Policy 2017-2022, National Security Council)

Safeguarding the Philippine’s national Unity, its democracy and its

social institutions.
- All citizens share one national identity that is, being Filipinos regardless of
their ethnic, religious, cultural and ideological orientation.
1. Security of the State and preserving and protecting its sovereignty,
territorial integrity and institutions –
2. This is provided in the Constitution as stated in the following:
 Definition of national territory consistent with new international
covenants (Art. I)
 Renunciation of war as an instrument of national policy (Art. II Sec.
2)
 Civilian supremacy over military (Art. II Sec. 3)
 Role of the armed forces as protector of the people and the State
(Art. II Sec. 3)
 Maintenance of peace and order, the protection of life, liberty and
property and the promotion of the general welfare (Art. II Sec. 5)

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  Pursuit of an independent foreign policy based on national
sovereignty and national interest (Art. II Sec. 7)
 Right to self-determination (Art. II Sec. 7)
 Freedom from nuclear weapons (Art II Sec. 8)
 Suspension of the writ of habeas corpus (Art. III Sec. 15)
 Concept of a citizen army (Art XVI Sec. 4)
3. Protection of properties, infrastructures and keeping the people safe
from all forms of threats , both here and abroad, and to the extent
possible, creating jobs in order to bring back home overseas Filipino
workers where their physical safety can be fully guaranteed by the
Government.

NATIONAL SECURITY INTEREST

From the Preamble and the mandate of the President, there are eight
(8) National Security Interest that serve as the Government strategic focus
with regard to the country’s security.
1. Public Safety, Law and Order and Justice
2. Socio-Political Stability
3. Economic Solidarity and Sustainable Development
4. Territorial Integrity
5. Ecological Balance
6. Cultural Cohesiveness
7. Moral and Spiritual Consensus
8. International Peace and Cooperation

THREATS TO NATIONAL SECURITY

A. Man Made Threats
a. Terrorism
b. Explosion/Bomb Threats

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c.
Campus Violence/Frat and Gang War
d. Kidnapping/Hostage Taking
e. Drug Addiction
f. Armed Robberies/Hold Ups
g. Snatching
h. Sabotage
i. Fire
j. Technological Threats such as gambling through number games, internet
hold ups and cyber-crimes (computer hacking, computer pilferage, ATM
stealing and cyber prostitution).

B. Natural Threats
a. Earthquakes
b. Typhoons
c. Floods
d. Volcanic Eruptions
e. Tsunamis

ROLE OF THE YOUTH IN NATIONAL SECURITY

“We are addressing youth today, because youth have placed

themselves on the top of the agenda.” - Ban Ki - moon, Secretary General of
the United Nation
In an article entitle “10 Ways Youth Can Make an Impact”, it provided
the youth means to contribute to the country’s national security. It
emphasized that youth engagement can bring about social change. It sends
a message that the youth don’t have to wait to become adults to be
significant and active members of the society.

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1.
Know your rights. Read up, get informed and practice your right!! The
youth can maximize their rights if they are well-informed. The existing rights
are only of value to the youth if they are understood, observed and used.

2. Learn about local issues. What are the concerns plaguing your
community? How are the concerns affecting you and your immediate
environment? Knowing the problem can lead to possible solutions and the
youth’s role in the grand scheme of things.

3. Speak out. Don’t be afraid to speak your mind either online, through
social media, and offline, gatherings and meetings. Be assertive and express
your interests. Someone is bound to read or to listen to it. However, be
responsible of what you aired and support it with facts. Also, respect the
views of others regardless if it agrees or disagrees with you.

4. Network. There is strength in numbers. Reach out to them and learn

their efforts and initiatives. It could pave way to bigger things for you.

5. Spread the word. Talk to your friends and family about the concerns and
issues you see as important. You can provide a voice to unaddressed issues,
educate and influence the people around you.

6. Join campaigns. Be one with the people having the same vision and
initiative as you. Create solutions and actions that can be done in your
community.

7. Host a youth summit. Learn and share your perspectives and views with
peers as well as decision makers. Schools and local organizations can be of

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great
support to you in trying to create a forum for the exchange of ideas. Bring
together different communities and understand what you have in common,
as well as your differences in interests and perspectives.

8. Use your creativity. Use your passion for the arts and your hobbies into
a productive action towards your ideals.

9. Join/create a youth organization. Local youth organizations are great

places to expand your knowledge and become an active member of your
society. If your community doesn’t have an organization representing youth,
create one. Be the trendsetter!

10. Be an inspiration. Believe in yourself, and follow your passion.

Passionate youth will change the world.

Activity 5

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Essay
Directions: Answer the following questions briefly.

1. What are the components of the National Security Council?

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

2. Comment on the following threats against our country.

a. Ethnic, religious, and cultural conflicts

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
b. Terrorist
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

c. Graft and Corruption

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS

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Learning Objectives
At the end of this chapter, the learners are expected to:

1. Value the importance of Environmental Awareness;

2. Identify the causes of climate change;
3. Apply and adapt the climate change.

ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS

According to Frontiers 2018/19: Emerging Issues of Environmental

Concern (UN Environment 2019), there is an alarming concern with respect
to balancing the need for advancement and environmental preservation.
Here are some parts of the report: Large - scale industrialization has
resulted in widespread fragmentation of previously intact landscapes around
the globe. From the clearance of richly populated rainforests to the damming
of mighty, arterial rivers, the knock - on effect of isolated, impacted
ecosystems is detrimental to the health of flora and fauna alike, and in
severe cases, threatens species extinction. Landscapes are also not limited
to the terrestrial realm as ecosystem connectivity extends beyond
continental shores into marine seascapes and the oceans.

Initiatives to promote landscape connectivity are offering hope in

various global locations, but much more focus in planning to reconnect
habitat patches or preserve existing connectivity is needed. This is vital to
preserving the remaining biodiversity and to protect the interlinked
ecosystems on which we all depend. National efforts require expansion to
the international level, as ecosystems are not bounded by country borders.
From marine reserves to wildlife corridors and beyond, this wide - ranging
chapter explores the issues of, and solutions to, fragmentation in the

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natural world and the imperative for joined - up thinking in planning for the
preservation and conservation of biodiversity and species survival.

With rising global temperatures, the Arctic is warming twice as fast as

the global average and scientists are becoming increasingly alarmed at the
accelerating rate of permafrost thaw. While research is ongoing, too little is
currently known of the intricate relationships and dynamics between the
perennially frozen ground that is permafrost and the insulating layer of dead
plant remains – or peat – that covers a significant percentage of the
Northernmost areas of our planet.

Permafrost thaw not only has direct impacts on the ecology and
infrastructure of the peatland regions, it is also a potential ‘tipping element’
towards a runaway greenhouse effect. Preservation of these rich soil -
carbon deposits is imperative to cushion the global effects of climate change
and to avoid the worst effects and risks of unlocking these frozen assets,
which keep carbon and other greenhouse gases sequestered underground
and out of the atmosphere. Likely scenarios and the collaborative research
urgently needed to ensure preservation of these crucial deposits are
thoroughly explored in this chapter, from the ground up.

Broadly speaking, evolution depends on successful adaptation, and

maladaptation results in failure. In terms of climate change, strategies for
adaptation need to address vulnerabilities and increase resilience on a
global scale, and avoid short - term fixes that may only have local benefits. It
is becoming clear that international cooperation and planning are needed to
avoid adaptations that may appear to offer mitigation, but which actually
compound the problem.

PHILIPPINES AND THE ENVIRONMENT

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 As cited in the Philippine Climate Change Commission Report, major
institutions have provided their projections about the country’s
environmental condition.

CLIMATE CHANGE

Climate change is a change in the statistical distribution of weather

over periods of time that range from decades to millions of years. It can be a
change in the average weather or a change in the distribution of weather
events around an average (for example, greater or fewer extreme weather
events). Climate change may be limited to a specific region, or may occur
across the whole Earth.

WHAT MAKES THE CLIMATE CHANGE?

The Earth‘s climate is influenced by many factors, mainly by the

amount of energy coming from the sun, but also by factors such as the
amount of greenhouse gases and aerosols in the atmosphere, and the
properties of the Earth‘s surface, which determine how much of this solar
energy is retained or reflected back to space.

CAUSES OF CLIMATE CHANGE

A. NATURAL CAUSES
1. Continental drift - The continents that we are familiar with today were
formed when the landmass began gradually drifting apart, millions of years
back. This drift also had an impact on the climate because it changed the
physical features of the landmass, their position and the position of water

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bodies. The separation of the landmasses changed the flow of ocean
currents and winds, which affected the climate.

2. Volcanoes - When a volcano erupts, it throws out large volumes of sulfur

dioxide, water vapor, dust, and ash into the atmosphere. Although the
volcanic activity may last only a few days, yet the large volumes of gases and
ash can influence climatic patterns for years. Millions of tons of sulfur
dioxide gas can reach the upper levels of the atmosphere (called the
stratosphere) from a major eruption. The gases and dust particles partially
block the incoming rays of the sun, leading to cooling. Sulphur dioxide
combines with water to form tiny droplets of sulfuric acid. These droplets
are so small that many of them can stay aloft for several years. They are
efficient reflectors of sunlight, and screen the ground from some of the
energy that it would ordinarily receive from the sun. Winds in the upper
levels of the atmosphere, called the stratosphere, carry the aerosols rapidly
around the globe in either an easterly or westerly direction. Movement of
aerosols north and south is always much slower.

3. The earth's tilt - Changes in the tilt of the earth can affect the severity of
the seasons - more tilt means warmer summers and colder winters; less tilt
means cooler summers and milder winters.

4. Ocean currents - The oceans are a major component of the climate

system. They cover about 71% of the Earth and absorb about twice as much
of the sun's radiation as the atmosphere or the land surface. Ocean currents
move vast amounts of heat across the planet - roughly the same amount as
the atmosphere does. But the oceans are surrounded by land masses, so
heat transport through the water is through channels. Winds push
horizontally against the sea surface and drive ocean current patterns.
Certain parts of the world are influenced by ocean currents more than

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others. Ocean currents have been known to change direction or slow down.
Much of the heat that escapes from the oceans is in the form of water
vapour, the most abundant greenhouse gas on Earth. Yet, water vapor also
contributes to the formation of clouds, which shade the surface and have a
net cooling effect.

B. HUMAN CAUSES

Greenhouse Gases and their Sources

a. Carbon dioxide - the most important greenhouse gas in the atmosphere.
Changes in land use pattern, deforestation, land clearing, agriculture, and
other activities have all led to a rise in the emission of carbon dioxide.

b. Methane - about ¼ of all methane emissions are said to come from

domesticated animals such as dairy cows, goats, pigs, and horses. These
animals produce methane during the cud-chewing process. Methane is also
released from rice or paddy fields that are flooded during the sowing and
maturing periods. When soil is covered with water it becomes anaerobic or
lacking in oxygen. Under such conditions, methane-producing bacteria and
other organisms decompose organic matter in the soil to form methane.
Methane is also emitted from landfills and other waste dumps. If the waste
is put into an incinerator or burnt in the open, carbon dioxide is emitted.
Methane is also emitted during the process of oil drilling, coal mining and
also from leaking gas pipelines (due to accidents and poor maintenance of
sites).

c. Nitrous oxide - a large amount of nitrous oxide emission has been

attributed to fertilizer application. This in turn depends on the type of
fertilizer that is used, how and when it is used and the methods of tilling
that are followed.

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d.
Nitrogen - contributions are also made by leguminous plants, such as
beans and pulses that add nitrogen to the soil.

HUMAN CONTRIBUTION TO CLIMATE CHANGE

All of us in our daily lives contribute our bit to this change in the climate.
Give these points a good, serious thought:

 Electricity is the main source of power in urban areas. All our gadgets run
on electricity generated mainly from thermal power plants. These thermal
power plants are run on fossil fuels (mostly coal) and are responsible for the
emission of huge amounts of greenhouse gases and other pollutants.

 Cars, buses, and trucks are the principal ways by which goods and people
are transported in most of our cities. These are run mainly on petrol or
diesel, both fossil fuels.

 We generate large quantities of waste in the form of plastics that remain

in the environment for many years and cause damage.

 We use a huge quantity of paper in our work at schools and in offices.

 Timber is used in large quantities for construction of houses, which
means that large areas of forest have to be cut down.

A growing population has meant more and more mouths to feed. Because
the land area available for agriculture is limited (and in fact, is actually
shrinking as a result of ecological degradation!), high-yielding varieties of
crop are being grown to increase the agricultural output from a given area of
land. However, such high-yielding varieties of crops require large quantities
of fertilizers; and more fertilizer means more emissions of nitrous oxide, both

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from
the field into which it is put and the fertilizer industry that makes it.
Pollution also results from the run-off of fertilizer into water bodies.

WHAT IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE HAVE ALREADY BEEN

OBSERVED?

Regional climate change is already affecting many natural systems.

For instance, it is increasingly being observed that snow and ice are melting
and frozen ground is thawing, hydrological and biological systems are
changing and in some cases being disrupted, migrations are starting earlier,
and species' geographic ranges are shifting towards the poles.

Despite remaining gaps in knowledge, it is likely that these effects are

linked to human influence on climate. At the regional level, however,
responses to natural variability are difficult to separate from the effects of
climate change.

Some previously unanticipated impacts of regional climate change are

just starting to become apparent. For instance, melting glaciers can threaten
mountain settlements and water resources, and damage associated with
coastal flooding are increasing.

HOW DO PEOPLE ADAPT TO CLIMATE CHANGE?

 Humans need to adapt to the impacts of climate change, for instance

through technological solutions such as coastal defenses and changes in
consumption habits.
 Vulnerability of human populations to climate change and its
consequences can be affected by other factors, such as pollution, conflicts,
or epidemics such as AIDS. An emphasis on sustainable development can

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help
human societies reduce their vulnerability to climate change.
 Mitigation measures that aim to reduce greenhouse gases emissions can
help avoid, reduce or delay impacts, and should be implemented in order to
ensure that adaptation capacity is not exceeded.

Activity 6

Essay
Directions: Answer the following questions briefly.

1. Give the importance of Environmental Awareness Education.

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

2. Collect pictures on climate change in our country.

3. Give recommendations on how to minimize climate change.

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_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT

Learning Objectives
At the end of this chapter, the learners are expected to:

1. Familiarize the salient features of Republic Act No. 10121 and its
implementation;

2. Identify the different calamities in the Zamboanga City Map;

3. Lobbying on the different government agencies on the Disaster Risk

Reduction Management in the Local, City, Regional, and National
Level.

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10121

AN ACT STRENGTHENING THE PHILIPPINE DISASTER RISK REDUCTION
AND MANAGEMENT SYSTEM, PROVIDING FOR THE NATIONAL DISASTER
RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK AND
INSTITUTIONALIZING THE NATIONAL DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND
MANAGEMENT PLAN, APPROPRIATING FUNDS THEREFOR AND FOR
OTHER PURPOSES.
This Act shall be known as the “Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Act of 2010”.
Section 2. Declaration of Policy. – It shall be the policy of the State to:

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a)
Uphold the people’s constitutional rights to life and property by addressing
the root causes of vulnerabilities to disasters, strengthening the country’s
institutional capacity for disaster risk reduction and management and
building the resilience of local communities to disasters including climate
change impacts;
(b) Adhere to and adopt the universal norms, principles and standards of
humanitarian assistance and the global effort on risk reduction as concrete
expression of the country’s commitment to overcome human sufferings due
to recurring disasters;
(c) Incorporate internationally accepted principles of disaster risk
management in the creation and implementation of national, regional and
local sustainable development and poverty reduction strategies, policies,
plans and budgets;
(d) Adopt a disaster risk reduction and management approach that is
holistic, comprehensive, integrated, and proactive in lessening the
socioeconomic and environmental impacts of disasters including climate
change, and promote the involvement and participation of all sectors and all
stakeholders concerned, at all levels, especially the local community;
(e) Develop, promote, and implement a comprehensive National Disaster
Risk Reduction and Management Plan (NDRRMP) that aims to strengthen
the capacity of the national government and the local government units
(LGUs), together with partner stakeholders, to build the disaster resilience of
communities, and’ to institutionalize arrangements and measures for
reducing disaster risks, including projected climate risks, and enhancing
disaster preparedness and response capabilities at all levels;
(f) Adopt and implement a coherent, comprehensive, integrated, efficient and
responsive disaster risk reduction program incorporated in the development
plan at various levels of government adhering to the principles of good
governance such as transparency and accountability within the context of
poverty alleviation and environmental protection;

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(g) Mainstream disaster risk reduction and climate change in development
processes such as policy formulation, socioeconomic development planning,
budgeting, and governance, particularly in the areas of environment,
agriculture, water, energy, health, education, poverty reduction, land-use
and urban planning, and public infrastructure and housing, among others;
(h) Institutionalize the policies, structures, coordination mechanisms and
programs with continuing budget appropriation on disaster risk reduction
from national down to local levels towards building a disaster-resilient
nation and communities;
(i) Mainstream disaster risk reduction into the peace process and conflict
resolution approaches in order to minimize loss of lives and damage to
property, and ensure that communities in conflict zones can immediately go
back to their normal lives during periods of intermittent conflicts;
(j) Ensure that disaster risk reduction and climate change measures are
gender responsive, sensitive to indigenous know ledge systems, and
respectful of human rights;
(k) Recognize the local risk patterns across the country and strengthen the
capacity of LGUs for disaster risk reduction and management through
decentralized powers, responsibilities, and resources at the regional and
local levels;
(l) Recognize and strengthen the capacities of LGUs and communities in
mitigating and preparing for, responding to, and recovering from the impact
of disasters;
(m) Engage the participation of civil society organizations (CSOs), the private
sector and volunteers in the government’s disaster risk reduction programs
towards complementation of resources and effective delivery of services to
the Citizenry;
(n) Develop and strengthen the capacities of vulnerable and marginalized
groups to mitigate, prepare for, respond to, and recover from the effects of
disasters;

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(o)
Enhance and implement a program where humanitarian aid workers,
communities, health professionals, government aid agencies, donors, and
the media are educated and trained on how they can actively support
breastfeeding before and during a disaster and/or an emergency; and
(p) Provide maximum care, assistance and services to individuals and
families affected by disaster, implement emergency rehabilitation projects to
lessen the impact of disaster, and facilitate resumption of normal social and
economic activities.
Section 3. Definition of Terms. – For purposes of this Act, the following shall
refer to:
(a) “Adaptation” – the adjustment in natural or human systems in response
to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm
or exploits beneficial opportunities.

(b) “Capacity” – a combination of all strengths and resources available

within a community, society or organization that can reduce the level of risk,
or effects of a disaster. Capacity may include infrastructure and physical
means, institutions, societal coping abilities, as well as human knowledge,
skills and collective attributes such as social relationships, leadership and
management. Capacity may also be described as capability.
(c) “Civil Society Organizations” Or “CSOs” – non-state actors whose aims are
neither to generate profits nor to seek governing power. CSOs unite people
to advance shared goals and interests. They have a presence in public life,
expressing the interests and values of their members or others, and are
based on ethical, cultural, scientific, religious or philanthropic
considerations. CSOs include nongovernment organizations (NGOs),
professional associations, foundations, independent research institutes,
community-based organizations (CBOs), faith-based organizations, people’s
organizations, social movements, and labor unions.

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(d) “ Cl
imate Change” – a change in climate that can’ be identified by changes in
the mean and/or variability of its properties and that persists for an
extended period typically decades or longer, whether due to natural
variability or as a result of human activity.
(e) “Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction and Management” or
“CBDRRM” – a process of disaster risk reduction and management in which
at risk communities are actively engaged in the identification, analysis,
treatment, monitoring and evaluation of disaster risks in order to reduce
their vulnerabilities and enhance their capacities, and where the people are
at the heart of decision-making and implementation of disaster risk
reduction and management activities.
(f) “Complex Emergency” – a form of human-induced emergency in which the
cause of the emergency as well as the assistance to the afflicted IS
complicated by intense level of political considerations.
(g) “Contingency Planning” – a management process that analyzes specific
potential events or emerging situations that might threaten society or the
environment and establishes arrangements in advance to enable timely,
effective and appropriate responses to such events and situations.
(h) “Disaster” – a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a
society involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental
losses and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the affected community or
society to cope using its own resources. Disasters are often described as a
result of the combination of: the exposure to a hazard; the conditions of
vulnerability that are present; and insufficient capacity or measures to
reduce or cope with the potential negative consequences, Disaster impacts
may include loss of life, injury, disease and other negative effects on human,
physical, mental and social well-being, together with damage to property,
destruction of assets, loss of services, Social and economic disruption and
environmental degradation.1avvphi1

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(i) “D is
aster Mitigation” – the lessening or limitation of the adverse impacts of
hazards and related disasters. Mitigation measures encompass engineering
techniques and hazard-resistant construction as well as improved
environmental policies and public awareness.
(j) “Disaster Preparedness” – the knowledge and capacities developed by
governments, professional response and recovery organizations,
communities and individuals to effectively anticipate, respond to, and
recover from, the Impacts of likely, imminent or current hazard events or
conditions. Preparedness action is carried out within the context of disaster
risk reduction and management and aims to build the capacities needed to
efficiently manage all types of emergencies and achieve orderly transitions
from response to sustained recovery. Preparedness is based on a sound
analysis of disaster risk and good linkages with early warning systems, and
includes such activities as contingency planning, stockpiling of equipment
and supplies, the development of arrangements for coordination, evacuation
and public information, and associated training and field exercises. These
must be supported by formal institutional, legal and budgetary capacities.
(k) “Disaster Prevention” – the outright avoidance of adverse impacts of
hazards and related disasters. It expresses the concept and intention to
completely avoid potential adverse impacts through action taken in advance
such as construction of dams or embankments that eliminate flood risks,
land-use regulations that do not permit any settlement in high-risk zones,

and seismic engineering designs that ensure the survival and function of a
critical building in any likely earthquake.
(l) “Disaster Response” – the provision of emergency services and public
assistance during or immediately after a disaster in order to save lives,
reduce health impacts, ensure public safety and meet the basic subsistence
needs of the people affected. Disaster response is predominantly focused on
immediate and short-term needs and is sometimes called “disaster relief”.

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(m) “ Di
saster Risk” – the potential disaster losses in lives, health status, livelihood,
assets and services, which could occur to a particular community or a
Society over some specified future time period.
(n) “Disaster Risk Reduction” – the concept and practice of reducing disaster
risks through systematic efforts to analyze and manage the causal factors of
disasters, including through reduced exposures to hazards, lessened
vulnerability of people and property, wise management of land and the
environment, and improved preparedness for adverse events.
(o) “Disaster Risk Reduction and Management” – the systematic process of
using administrative directives, organizations, and operational skills and
capacities to implement strategies, policies and improved coping capacities
in order to lessen the adverse impacts of hazards and the possibility of
disaster. Prospective disaster risk reduction and management refers to risk
reduction and management activities that address and seek to avoid the
development of new or increased disaster risks, especially if risk reduction
policies are not put in place.
(p) “Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Information System” – a
specialized database which contains, among others, information on
disasters

and their human material, economic and environmental impact, risk

assessment and mapping and vulnerable groups.
(q) “Early Warning System” – the set of capacities needed to generate and
disseminate timely and meaningful warning information to enable
individuals, communities and organizations threatened by a hazard to
prepare and to act appropriately and in sufficient time to reduce the
possibility of harm or loss. A people-centered early warning system
necessarily comprises four (4) key elements: knowledge of the risks;
monitoring, analysis and forecasting of the hazards; communication or

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dissemination of alerts and warnings; and local capabilities to respond to
the warnings received. The expression “end-to-end warning system” is also
used
to emphasize that warning systems need to span all steps from hazard
detection to community response.
(r) “Emergency” – unforeseen or sudden occurrence, especially danger,
demanding immediate action.
(s) “Emergency Management” – the organization and management of
resources and responsibilities for addressing all aspects of emergencies, in
particular preparedness, response and initial recovery steps.
(t) “Exposure” – the degree to which the elements at risk are likely to
experience hazard events of different magnitudes.
(u) “Geographic Information System” – a database which contains, among
others, geo-hazard assessments, information on climate change, and climate
risk reduction and management.
(v) “Hazard” – a dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity or
condition that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts,
property damage, loss of livelihood and services, social and economic
disruption, or environmental damage.
(w) “Land-Use Planning” – the process undertaken by public authorities to
identify, evaluate and decide on different options for the use of land,
including consideration of long-term economic, social and environmental
objectives and the implications for different communities and interest
groups, and the subsequent formulation and promulgation of plans that
describe the permitted or acceptable uses.
(x) “Mitigation” – structural and non-structural measures undertaken to
limit the adverse impact of natural hazards, environmental degradation, and
technological hazards and to ensure the ability of at-risk communities to
address vulnerabilities aimed at minimizing the impact of disasters. Such
measures include, but are not limited to, hazard-resistant construction and

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engineering works, the formulation and implementation of plans, programs,
projects and activities, awareness raising, knowledge management, policies
on land-use and resource management, as well as the enforcement of
comprehensive land-use planning, building and safety standards, and
legislation.
(y) “National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Framework” or
“NDRRMF” – provides for comprehensive, all hazards, multi-sectoral, inter-
agency and community-based approach to disaster risk reduction and
management.
(z) “National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan” or “NDRRMP” –
the document to be formulated and implemented by the Office of Civil
Defense (OCD) that sets out goals and specific objectives for reducing
disaster risks together with related actions to accomplish these objectives.

The NDRRMP shall provide for the identification of hazards, vulnerabilities

and risks to ‘be managed at the national level; disaster risk reduction and
management approaches and strategies to be applied m managing said
hazards and risks; agency roles, responsibilities and lines of authority at all
government levels; and vertical and horizontal coordination of disaster risk
reduction and management in the pre-disaster and post-disaster phases. It
shall be in conformity with the NDRRMF.
(aa) “Post-Disaster Recovery” – the restoration and improvement where
appropriate, of facilities, livelihood and living conditions. of disaster-affected
communities, including efforts to reduce disaster risk factors, in accordance
with the principles of “build back better”.
(bb) “Preparedness” – pre-disaster actions and measures being undertaken
within the context of disaster risk reduction and management and are based
on sound risk analysis as well as pre-disaster activities to avert or minimize
loss of life and property such as, but not limited to, community organizing,

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training, planning, equipping, stockpiling, hazard mapping, insuring of
assets, and public information and education initiatives. This also includes
the development/enhancement of an overall preparedness strategy, policy,
institutional structure, warning and forecasting capabilities, and plans that
define measures geared to help at-risk communities safeguard their lives
and assets by being alert to hazards and taking appropriate action in the
face of an imminent threat or an actual disaster.
(cc) “Private Sector” – the key actor in the realm of the economy where the
central social concern and process are the mutually beneficial production
and distribution of goods and services to meet the physical needs of human
beings. The private sector comprises private corporations, households and
nonprofit institutions serving households.
(dd) “Public Sector Employees” – all persons in the civil service.
(ee) “Rehabilitation” – measures that ensure the ability of affected
communities/areas to restore their normal level of functioning by rebuilding
livelihood and damaged infrastructures and increasing the communities’
organizational capacity.
(ff) “Resilience” – the ability of a system, community or society exposed to
hazards to resist, absorb, accommodate and recover from the effects of a
hazard in a timely and efficient manner, including through the preservation
and restoration of its essential basic structures and functions.
(gg) “Response” – any concerted effort by two (2) or more agencies, public or
private, to provide assistance or intervention during or immediately after a
disaster to meet the life preservation and basic subsistence needs of those
people affected and in the restoration of essential public activities and
facilities.
(hh) “Risk” – the combination of the probability of an event and its negative
consequences.
(ii) “Risk Assessment” – a methodology to determine the nature and extent of
risk by analyzing potential hazards and evaluating existing conditions of

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vulnerability that together could potentially harm exposed people, property,
services, livelihood and the environment on which they depend. Risk
assessments with associated risk mapping include: a review of the technical
characteristics of hazards such as their location, intensity, frequency and
probability; the analysis of exposure and vulnerability including the
physical, social, health, economic and environmental dimensions; and the
evaluation of the effectiveness of prevailing and alternative coping capacities
in respect to likely risk scenarios.
(jj) “Risk Management” – the systematic approach and practice of managing
uncertainty to minimize potential harm and loss. It comprises risk
assessment and analysis, and the implementation of strategies and specific
actions to control, reduce and transfer risks. It is widely practiced by
organizations to minimize risk in investment decisions and to address
operational risks such as those of business disruption, production failure,
environmental damage, social impacts and damage from fire and natural
hazards.
(kk) “Risk Transfer” – the process of formally or informally shifting the
financial consequences of particular risks from one party to another
whereby a household, community, enterprise or state authority will obtain
resources from the other party after a disaster occurs, in exchange for
ongoing or compensatory social or financial benefits provided to that other
party.
(ll) “State of Calamity” – a condition involving mass casualty and/or major
damages to property, disruption of means of livelihoods, roads and normal
way of life of people in the affected areas as a result of the occurrence of
natural or human-induced hazard.
(mm) “Sustainable Development” – development that meets the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their
own needs. It contains within it two (2) key concepts: (1) the concept of
“needs”, in particular, the essential needs of the world’s poor, to which

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overriding priority should be given; and (2) the idea of limitations imposed
by the state of technology and social organizations on the environment’s
ability to meet present and future needs. It is the harmonious integration of
a sound and viable economy, responsible governance, social cohesion and
harmony, and ecological integrity to ensure that human development now
and through future generations is a life-enhancing process.
(nn) “Vulnerability” – the characteristics and circumstances of a community,
system or asset that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard.
Vulnerability may arise from various physical, social, economic, and
environmental factors such as poor design and construction of buildings,
inadequate protection of assets, lack of public information and awareness,
limited official recognition of risks and preparedness measures, and
disregard for wise environmental management.
(oo) “Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups” – those that face higher exposure
to disaster risk and poverty including, but not limited to, women, children,
elderly, differently-abled people, and ethnic minorities.
Section 4. Scope. – This Act provides for the development of policies and
plans and the implementation of actions and measures pertaining to all
aspects of disaster risk reduction and management, including good
governance, risk assessment and early warning, knowledge building and
awareness raising, reducing underlying risk factors, and preparedness for
effective response and early recovery.
Section 5. National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council. – The
present National Disaster Coordinating Council or NDCC shall henceforth be
known as the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council,
hereinafter referred to as the NDRRMC or the National Council.
The National Council shall be headed by the Secretary of the Department of
National Defense (DND) as Chairperson with the Secretary of the
Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) as Vice
Chairperson for Disaster Preparedness, the Secretary of the Department of

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Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) as Vice Chairperson for Disaster
Response, the Secretary of the Department of Science and Technology
(DOST) as Vice Chairperson for Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, and the
Director-General

of the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) as Vice

Chairperson for Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery.
The National Council’s members shall be the following:
(a) Secretary of the Department of Health (DOH);
(b) Secretary of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources
(DENR);
(c) Secretary of the Department of Agriculture (DA);
(d) Secretary of the Department of Education (DepED);
(e) Secretary of the Department of Energy (DOE);
(f) Secretary of the Department of Finance (DOF);
(g) Secretary of the Department of Trade and Industry (DT!);
(h) Secretary of the Department of Transportation and Communications
(DOTC);
(i) Secretary of the Department of Budget and Management (DBM);
(j) Secretary of the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH);
(k) Secretary of the Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA);
(l) Secretary of the Department of Justice (DOJ);
(m) Secretary of the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE);
(n) Secretary of the Department of Tourism (DOT);
(o) The Executive Secretary;
(p)Secretary of the Office of the Presidential Adviser on the Peace Process
(OPAPP);
(q) Chairman, Commission on Higher Education (CHED);
(r) Chief of Staff, Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP);

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(s)
Chief, Philippine National Police (PNP);
(t) The Press Secretary;
(u) Secretary General of the Philippine National Red Cross (PNRC);
(v) Commissioner of the National Anti-Poverty Commission-Victims of
Disasters and Calamities Sector (NAPCVDC);

(w) Chairperson, National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women;

(x) Chairperson, Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council
(HUDCC);
(y) Executive Director of the Climate Change Office of the Climate Change
Commission;
(z) President, Government Service Insurance System (GSIS);
(aa) President, Social Security System (SSS);
(bb) President, Philippine Health Insurance Corporation (PhilHealth);
(cc) President of the Union of Local Authorities of the Philippines (ULAP);
(dd) President of the League of Provinces of the Philippines (LPP);
(ee) President of the League of Cities of the Philippines (LCP);
(ff) President of the League of Municipalities of the Philippines (LMP);
(gg) President of the Liga ng Mga Barangay (LMB);
(hh) Four (4) representatives from the CSOs;
(ii) One (1) representative from the private sector; and
(jj) Administrator of the OCD.

The representatives from the CSOs and the private sector shall be selected
from among their respective ranks based on the criteria and mechanisms to
be set for this purpose by the National Council.

Section 6. Powers and Functions of the NDRRMC. – The National Council,

being empowered with policy-making, coordination, integration, supervision,

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monitoring and evaluation functions, shall have the following
responsibilities:

(a) Develop a NDRRMF which shall provide for a comprehensive, all-hazards,

multi-sectoral, inter-agency and community-based approach to disaster risk
reduction and management. The Framework shall serve as the principal
guide to disaster risk reduction and management efforts in the country and
shall be reviewed on a five(5)-year interval, or as may be deemed necessary,
in order to ensure its relevance to the times;

(b) Ensure that the NDRRMP is consistent with the NDRRMF;

(c) Advise the President on the status of disaster preparedness, prevention,

mitigation, response and rehabilitation operations being undertaken by the
government, CSOs, private sector, and volunteers; recommend to the
President the declaration of a state of calamity in areas extensively
damaged; and submit proposals to restore normalcy in the affected areas, to
include calamity fund allocation;

(d) Ensure a multi-stakeholder participation in the development, updating,

and sharing of a Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Information
System and Geographic Information System-based national risk map as
policy, planning and decision-making tools;

(e) Establish a national early warning and emergency alert system to provide
accurate and timely advice to national or local emergency response
organizations and to the general public through diverse mass media to
include digital and analog broadcast, cable, satellite television and radio,
wireless communications, and landline communications;

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(f)
Develop appropriate risk transfer mechanisms that shall guarantee social
and economic protection and increase resiliency in the face of disaster;

(g) Monitor the development and enforcement by agencies and organizations

of the various laws, guidelines, codes or technical standards required by this
Act;

(h) Manage and mobilize resources for disaster risk reduction and
management including the National Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Fund;

(i) Monitor and provide the necessary guidelines and procedures. on the
Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Fund (LDRRMF) releases as
well as utilization, accounting and auditing thereof;

(j) Develop assessment tools on the existing and potential hazards and risks
brought about by climate change to vulnerable areas and ecosystems in
coordination with the Climate Change Commission;

(k) Develop vertical and horizontal coordination mechanisms for a more

coherent implementation of disaster risk reduction and management
policies and programs by sectoral agencies and LGUs;

(l) Formulate a national institutional capability building program for disaster

risk reduction and management to address the specific’ weaknesses of
various government agencies and LGUs, based on the results of a biennial
baseline assessment and studies;

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(m)
Formulate, harmonize, and translate into policies a national agenda for
research and technology development on disaster risk reduction and
management;

(n) In coordination with the Climate Change Commission, formulate and

implement a framework for climate change adaptation and disaster risk
reduction and management from which all policies, programs, and projects
shall be based;

(o) Constitute a technical management group composed of representatives of

the abovementioned departments, offices, and organizations, that shall
coordinate and meet as often as necessary to effectively manage and sustain
national efforts on disaster risk reduction and management;

(p) Task the OCD to conduct periodic assessment and performance

monitoring of the member-agencies of the NDRRMC, and the Regional
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Councils (RDRRMCs), as defined
in the NDRRMP; and

(q) Coordinate or oversee the Implementation of the country’s obligations

with disaster management treaties to which it IS a party and see to It that
the country’s disaster management treaty obligations be incorporated in its
disaster risk reduction and management frameworks, policies, plans,
programs and projects.

Section 7. Authority of the NDRRMC Chairperson. – The Chairperson of the

NDRRMC may call upon other instrumentalities or entities of the
government and nongovernment and civic organizations for assistance In
terms of the use of their facilities and resources for the protection and

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preservation of life and properties in the whole range of disaster risk
reduction and management. This authority includes the power to call on the
reserve force as defined in Republic Act No. 7077 to assist in relief and
rescue during disasters or calamities.

Section 8. The Office of Civil Defense. – The Office of Civil Defense (OCD)
shall have the primary mission of administering a comprehensive national
civil defense and disaster risk reduction and management program by
providing leadership in the continuous development of strategic and
systematic approaches as well as measures to reduce the vulnerabilities and
risks to hazards and manage the consequences of disasters.

The Administrator of the OCD shall also serve as Executive Director of the
National Council and, as such, shall have the same duties and privileges of
a department undersecretary. All appointees shall be universally
acknowledged experts in the field of disaster preparedness and management
and of proven honesty and integrity. The National Council shall utilize the
services and facilities of the OCD as the secretariat of the National Council.

Section 9. Powers and Functions of the OCD. – The OCD shall have the
following powers and functions:
(a) Advise the National Council on matters relating to disaster risk reduction
and management consistent with the policies and scope as defined in this
Act;

(b) Formulate and implement the NDRRMP and ensure that the physical
framework, social, economic and environmental plans of communities,
cities, municipalities and provinces are consistent with such plan. The
National Council shall approve the NDRRMP;

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(c)
Identify, assess and prioritize hazards and risks in consultation with key
stakeholders;

(d) Develop and ensure the implementation of national standards in carrying

out disaster risk reduction programs including preparedness, mitigation,
prevention, response and rehabilitation works, from data collection and
analysis, planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation;

(e) Review and evaluate the Local Disaster risk Reduction and Management
Plans (LDRRMPs) to facilitate the integration of disaster risk reduction
measures into the local Comprehensive Development Plan (CDP) and
Comprehensive Land-Use Plan (CL UP);

(f) Ensure that the LGU’s, through the Local Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Offices (LDRRMOs) are properly informed and adhere to the
national standards and programs;

(g) Formulate standard operating procedures for the deployment of rapid

assessment teams, information sharing among different government
agencies, and coordination before and after disasters at all levels;

(h) Establish standard operating procedures on the communication system

among provincial, city, municipal, and barangay disaster risk reduction and
management councils, for purposes of warning and alerting them and for
gathering information on disaster areas before, during and after disasters;

(i) Establish Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Training Institutes in

such suitable location as may be deemed appropriate to train public and
private individuals, both local and national, in such subject as disaster risk

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reduction and management among others. The Institute shall consolidate
and prepare training materials and publications of disaster risk reduction
and management books and manuals to assist disaster risk reduction and
management workers in the planning and implementation of this program
and projects. The Institute shall conduct research programs to upgrade
know ledge and skills and document best practices on disaster risk
reduction and management. The Institute is also mandated to conduct
periodic awareness and education programs to accommodate new elective
officials and members of the LDRRMCs;

(j) Ensure that all disaster risk reduction programs, projects and activities
requiring regional and international support shall be in accordance with
duly established national policies and aligned with international
agreements;

(k) Ensure that government agencies and LGUs give top priority and take
adequate and appropriate measures in disaster risk reduction and
management;

(l) Create an enabling environment for substantial and sustainable

participation of CSOs, private groups, volunteers and communities, and
recognize their contributions in the government’s disaster risk reduction
efforts;

(m) Conduct early recovery and post-disaster needs assessment

institutionalizing gender analysis as part of it;

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(n)
Establish an operating facility to be known as the National Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management Operations Center (NDRRMOC) that shall be
operated and staffed on a twenty-four (24) hour basis;

(o) Prepare the criteria and procedure for the enlistment of accredited
community disaster volunteers (ACDVs). It shall include a manual of
operations for the volunteers which shall be developed by the OCD in
consultation with various stakeholders;

(p) Provide advice and technical assistance and assist in mobilizing

necessary resources to increase the overall capacity of LGUs, specifically the
low income and in high-risk areas;

(q) Create the necessary offices to perform its mandate as provided under
this Act; and

(r) Perform such other functions as may be necessary for effective operations
and implementation of this Act.
Section 10. Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Organization at the
Regional Level. – The current Regional Disaster Coordinating Councils shall
henceforth be known as the Regional Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Councils (RDRRMCs) which shall coordinate, integrate,
supervise, and evaluate the activities of the LDRRMCs. The RDRRMC shall
be responsible in ensuring disaster sensitive regional development plans,
and in case of emergencies shall convene the different regional line agencies
and concerned institutions and authorities.

The RDRRMCs shall establish an operating facility to be known as the

Regional Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Operations Center
(RDRRMOC) whenever necessary.

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The civil defense officers of the OCD who are or may be designated as
Regional Directors of the OCD shall serve as chairpersons of the RDRRMCs.
Its Vice Chairpersons shall be the Regional Directors of the DSWD, the
DILG, the DOST, and the NEDA. In the case of the Autonomous Region in
Muslim Mindanao (ARMM), the Regional Governor shall be the RDRRMC
Chairperson. The existing regional offices of the OCD shall serve as
secretariat of the RDRRMCs. The RDRRMCs shall be composed of the
executives of regional offices and field stations at the regional level of the
government agencies.

Section 11. Organization at the Local Government Level. – The existing

Provincial, City, and Municipal Disaster Coordinating Councils shall
henceforth be known as the Provincial, City, and Municipal Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management Councils. The Barangay Disaster Coordinating
Councils shall cease to exist and its powers and functions shall henceforth
be assumed by the existing Barangay Development Councils (BDCs) which
shall serve as the LDRRMCs in every barangay.

(a) Composition: The LDRRMC shall be composed of, but not limited to, the
following:
(1) The Local Chief Executives, Chairperson;
(2) The Local Planning and Development Officer, member;
(3) The Head of the LDRRMO, member;
(4) The Head of the Local Social Welfare and Development Office, member;
(5) The Head of the Local Health Office, member;
(6) The Head of the Local Agriculture Office, member;
(7) The Head of the Gender and Development Office, member;
(8) The Head of the Local Engineering Office, member;

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(9)
The Head of the Local Veterinary Office, member;
(10) The Head of the Local Budget Office, member;
(11) The Division Head/Superintendent of Schools of the DepED, member;
(12) The highest-ranking officer of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP)
assigned in the area, member;
(13) The Provincial Director/City/Municipal Chief of the Philippine National
Police (PNP), member;
(14) The Provincial Director/City/ Municipal Fire Marshall of the Bureau of
Fire Protection (BFP), member;
(15) The President of the Association of Barangay Captains (ABC), member;
(16) The Philippine National Red Cross (PNRC), member;
(17) Four (4) accredited CSOs, members; and
(18) One (1) private sector representative, member.

(b) The LDRRMCs shall have the following functions:

(1) Approve, monitor and evaluate the implementation of the LDRRMPs and
regularly review and test the plan consistent with other national and local
planning programs;

(2) Ensure the integration of disaster risk reduction and climate change
adaptation into local development plans, programs and budgets as a
strategy in sustainable development and poverty reduction;
(3) Recommend the implementation of forced or preemptive evacuation of
local residents, if necessary; and
(4) Convene the local council once every three (3) months or as necessary.

Section 12. Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office

(LDRRMO). –

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(a)
There shall be established an LDRRMO in every province, city and
municipality, and a Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
Committee (BDRRMC) in every · barangay which shall be responsible for
setting the direction, development, implementation and coordination of
disaster risk management programs within their territorial jurisdiction.

(b) The LDRRMO shall be under the office of the governor, city or municipal
mayor, and the punong barangay in case of the BDRRMC. The LDRRMOs
shall be initially organized and composed of a DRRMO to be assisted by
three (3) staff responsible for: (1) administration and training; (2) research
and planning; and (3) operations and warning. The LDRRMOs and the
BDRRMCs shall organize, train and directly supervise the local emergency
response teams and the ACDVs.

(c) The provincial, city and municipal DRRMOs or BDRRMCs shall perform
the following functions with impartiality given the emerging challenges
brought by disasters of our times:
(1) Design, program, and coordinate disaster risk reduction and
management activities consistent with the National Council’s standards and
guidelines;
(2) Facilitate and support risk assessments and contingency planning
activities at the local level;

(3) Consolidate local disaster risk information which includes natural

hazards, vulnerabilities, and climate change risks, and maintain a local risk
map;
(4) Organize and conduct training, orientation, and knowledge management
activities on disaster risk reduction and management at the local level;
(5) Operate a multi-hazard early warning system, linked to disaster risk
reduction to provide accurate and timely advice to national or local

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emergency response organizations and to the general public, through
diverse mass media, particularly radio, landline communications, and
technologies for communication within rural communities;
(6) Formulate and implement a comprehensive and – integrated LDRRMP in
accordance with the national, regional and provincial framework, and
policies on disaster risk reduction in close coordination with the local
development councils (LDCs);
(7) Prepare and submit to the local sanggunian through the LDRRMC and
the LDC the annual LDRRMO Plan and budget, the proposed programming
of the LDRRMF, other dedicated disaster risk reduction and management
resources, and other regular funding source/s and budgetary support of the
LDRRMO/BDRRMC;
(8) Conduct continuous disaster monitoring and mobilize instrumentalities
and entities of the LGUs, CSOs, private groups and organized volunteers, to
utilize their facilities and resources for the protection and preservation of life
and properties during emergencies in accordance with existing policies and
procedures;
(9) Identify, assess and manage the hazards vulnerabilities and risks that
may occur in their locality;
(10) Disseminate information and raise public awareness about those
hazards. vulnerabilities and risks, their nature, effects, early warning signs
and counter-measures;
(11) Identify and implement cost-effective risk reduction
measures/strategies;

(12) Maintain a database of human resource, equipment, directories, and

location of critical infrastructures and their capacities such as hospitals and
evacuation centers;
(13) Develop, strengthen and operationalize mechanisms for partnership or
networking with the private sector, CSOs, and volunteer groups;

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(14)
Take all necessary steps on a continuing basis to maintain, provide, or
arrange the provision of, or to otherwise make available, suitably-trained
and competent personnel for effective civil defense and disaster risk
reduction and management in its area;
(15) Organize, train, equip and supervise the local emergency response
teams and the ACDV s, ensuring that humanitarian aid workers are
equipped with basic skills to assist mothers to breastfeed;
(16) Respond to and manage the adverse effects of emergencies and carry
out recovery activities in the affected area, ensuring that there is an efficient
mechanism for immediate delivery of food, shelter and medical supplies for
women and children, endeavor to create a special place where internally-
displaced mothers can find help with breastfeeding, feed and care for their
babies and give support to each other;
(17) Within its area, promote and raise public awareness of and compliance
with this Act and legislative provisions relevant to the purpose of this Act;
(18) Serve as the secretariat and executive arm of the LDRRMC;
(19) Coordinate other disaster risk reduction and management activities;
(20) Establish linkage/network with other LGUs for disaster risk reduction
and emergency response purposes;
(21) Recommend through the LDRRMC the enactment of local ordinances
consistent with the requirements of this Act;
(22) Implement policies, approved plans and programs of the LDRRMC
consistent with the policies and guidelines laid down in this Act;
(23) Establish a Provincial/City/Municipal/Barangay Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management Operations Center;

(24) Prepare and submit, through the LDRRMC and the LDC, the report on
the utilization of the LDRRMF and other dedicated disaster risk reduction
and management resources to the local Commission on Audit (COA), copy

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furnished the regional director of the OCD and the Local Government
Operations Officer of the DILG; and
(25) Act on other matters that may be authorized by the LDRRMC.

(d) The BDRRMC shall be a regular committee of the existing BDC and shall
be subject thereto. The punong barangay shall facilitate and ensure the
participation of at least two (2) CSO representatives from existing and active
community-based people’s organizations representing the most vulnerable
and marginalized groups in the barangay.

Section 13. Accreditation, Mobilization, and Protection of Disaster Volunteers

and National Service Reserve Corps, CSOs and the Private Sector. – The
government agencies, CSOs, private sector and LGUs may mobilize
individuals or organized volunteers to augment their respective personnel
complement and logistical requirements in the delivery of disaster risk
reduction programs and activities. The agencies, CSOs, private sector, and
LGUs concerned shall take full responsibility for the enhancement, welfare
and protection of volunteers, and shall submit the list of volunteers to the
OCD, through the LDRRMOs, for accreditation and inclusion in the
database of community disaster volunteers.

A national roster of ACDVs, National Service Reserve Corps, CSOs and the
private sector shall be maintained by the OCD through the LDRRMOs.
Accreditation shall be done at the municipal or city level.
Mobilization of volunteers shall be in accordance with the guidelines to be
formulated by the NDRRMC consistent with the provisions of this Act. Any
volunteer who incurs death or injury while engaged in any of the activities
defined under this Act shall be entitled to compensatory benefits and
individual personnel accident insurance as may be defined under the
guidelines.

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Section 14. Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction Education into the School
Curricula and Sangguniang Kabataan (SK) Program and Mandatory Training
for the Public Sector Employees. – The DepED, the CHED, the Technical
Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA), in coordination with
the OCD, the National Youth Commission (NYC), the DOST, the DENR, the
DILG-BFP, the DOH, the DSWD and other relevant agencies, shall integrate
disaster risk reduction and management education in the school curricula
of secondary and tertiary level of education, including the National Service
Training Program (NSTP), whether private or public, including formal and
nonformal, technical-vocational, indigenous learning, and out-of-school
youth courses and programs.

The NDRRMC, the RDRRMCs, the LDRRMCs, the LDRRMOs, the BDRRMCs
and the SK councils shall encourage community, specifically the youth,
participation in disaster risk reduction and management activities, such as
organizing quick response groups, particularly in identified disaster-prone
areas, as well as the inclusion of disaster risk reduction and management
programs as part of the SK programs and projects.

The public sector employees shall be trained in emergency response and

preparedness. The training is mandatory for such employees to comply with
the provisions of this Act.

Section 15. Coordination During Emergencies. – The LDRRMCs shall take

the lead in preparing for, responding to, and recovering from the effects of
any disaster based on the following criteria:

(a) The BDC, if a barangay is affected;

(b) The city/municipal DRRMCs, If two (2) or more barangays are affected;

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(c)
The provincial DRRMC, if two (2) or more cities/municipalities are affected;
(d) The regional DRRMC, if two (2) or more provinces are affected; and
(e) The NDRRMC, if two (2) or more regions are affected.
The NDRRMC and intermediary LDRRMCs shall always act as support to
LGUs which have the primary responsibility as first disaster responders.
Private sector and civil society groups shall work in accordance with the
coordination mechanism and policies set by the NDRRMC and concerned
LDRRMCs.

Section 16. Declaration of State of Calamity. – The National Council shall

recommend to the President of the Philippines the declaration of a cluster of
barangays, municipalities, cities, provinces, and regions under a state of
calamity, and the lifting thereof, based on the criteria set by the National
Council. The President’s declaration may warrant international
humanitarian assistance as deemed necessary.

The declaration and lifting of the state of calamity may also be issued by the
local sanggunian, upon the recommendation of the LDRRMC, based on the
results of the damage assessment and needs analysis.

Section 17. Remedial Measures. – The declaration of a state of calamity

shall make mandatory the Immediate undertaking of the following remedial
measures by the member-agencies concerned as defined in this Act:

(a) Imposition of price ceiling on basic necessities and prime commodities by

the President upon the recommendation of the implementing agency as
provided for under Republic Act No. 7581, otherwise known as the “Price
Act”, or the National Price Coordinating Council;

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(b)
Monitoring, prevention and control by the Local Price Coordination Council
of overpricing/profiteering and hoarding of prime commodities, medicines
and petroleum products;
(c) Programming/reprogramming of funds for the repair and safety
upgrading of public infrastructures and facilities; and
(d) Granting of no-interest loans by government financing or lending
institutions to the most affected section of the population through their
cooperatives or people’s organizations.

Section 18. Mechanism for International Humanitarian Assistance. – (a) The

importation and donation of food, clothing, medicine and equipment for
relief and recovery and other disaster management and recovery-related
supplies is hereby authorized in accordance with Section 105 of the Tariff
and Customs Code of the Philippines, as amended, and the prevailing
provisions of the General Appropriations Act covering national internal
revenue taxes and import duties of national and local government agencies;
and
(b) Importations and donations under this section shall be considered as
importation by and/or donation to the NDRRMC, subject to the approval of
the Office of the President.

Section 19. Prohibited Acts. – Any person, group or corporation who

commits any of the following prohibited acts shall be held liable and be
subjected to the penalties as prescribed in Section 20 of this Act:

(a) Dereliction of duties which leads to destruction, loss of lives, critical

damage of facilities and misuse of funds;
(b) Preventing the entry and distribution of relief goods in disaster-stricken
areas, including appropriate technology, tools, equipment, accessories,
disaster teams/experts;

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(c) Buying, for consumption or resale, from disaster relief agencies any relief
goods, equipment or other and commodities which are intended for
distribution to disaster affected communities;
(d) Buying, for consumption or resale, from the recipient disaster affected
persons any relief goods, equipment or other aid commodities received by
them;
(e) Selling of relief goods, equipment or other aid commodities which are
intended for distribution to disaster victims;
(f) Forcibly seizing relief goods, equipment or other aid commodities intended
for or consigned to a specific group of victims or relief agency;
(g) Diverting or misdelivery of relief goods, equipment or other aid
commodities to persons other than the rightful recipient or consignee;
(h) Accepting, possessing, using or disposing relief goods, equipment or
other aid commodities not intended for nor consigned to him/her;
(i) Misrepresenting the source of relief goods, equipment or other aid
commodities by:
(1) Either covering, replacing or defacing the labels of the containers to
make it appear that the goods, equipment or other aid commodities came
from another agency or persons;
(2) Repacking the! goods, equipment or other aid commodities into
containers with different markings to make it appear that the goods came
from another agency or persons or was released upon the instance of a
particular agency or persons;
(3) Making false verbal claim that the goods, equipment or other and
commodity m its untampered original containers actually came from
another agency or persons or was released upon the instance of a particular
agency or persons;
(j) Substituting or replacing relief goods, equipment or other aid
commodities with the same items or inferior/cheaper quality;

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(k) Illegal solicitations by persons or organizations representing others as
defined in the standards and guidelines set by the NDRRMC;
(l) Deliberate use of false at inflated data in support of the request for
funding, relief goods, equipment or other aid commodities for emergency
assistance or livelihood projects; and
(m) Tampering with or stealing hazard monitoring and disaster preparedness
equipment and paraphernalia.

Section 20. Penal Clause. – Any individual, corporation, partnership,

association, or other juridical entity that commits any of the prohibited acts
provided for in Section 19 of this Act shall be prosecuted and upon
conviction shall suffer a fine of not less than Fifty thousand pesos
(Php50,000.00) or any amount not to exceed Five hundred thousand pesos
(php500,000.00) or imprisonment of not less than six (6) years and one (1)
day or more than twelve (12) years, or both, at the discretion of the court,
including perpetual disqualification from public office if the offender IS a
public officer, and confiscation or forfeiture in favor of the government of the
objects and the instrumentalities used in committing any of herein
prohibited acts.
If the offender is a corporation, partnership or association, or other juridical
entity, the penalty shall be imposed upon the officer or officers of the
corporation, partnership, association or entity responsible for the violation
without prejudice to the cancellation or revocation of these entities license or
accreditation issued to them by any licensing or accredited body of the
government. If such offender is an alien, he or she shall, in addition to the
penalties prescribed in this Act, be deported without further proceedings
after service of the sentence.
However, the prosecution for offenses set forth in Section 19 of this Act shall
be without prejudice to any liability for violation of Republic Act No. 3185,

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as
amended, otherwise known as the Revised Penal Code, and other civil
liabilities.
Section 21. Local Disaster Risk” Reduction and Management Fund
(LDRRMF). – The present Local Calamity Fund shall henceforth be known as
the Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Fund (LDRRMF). Not
less than five percent (5%) of the estimated revenue from regular sources
shall be set aside as the LDRRMF to support disaster risk management
activities such as, but not limited to, pre-disaster preparedness programs
including training, purchasing life-saving rescue equipment, supplies and
medicines, for post-disaster activities, and for the payment of premiums on
calamity insurance. The LDRRMC shall monitor and evaluate the use and
disbursement of the LDRRMF based on the. LDRRMP as incorporated in the
local development plans and annual work and financial plan. Upon the
recommendation of the LDRRMO and approval of the sanggunian
concerned, the LDRRMC may transfer the said fund to support disaster risk
reduction work of other LDRRMCs which are declared under state of
calamity.
Of the amount appropriated for LDRRMF, thirty percent (30%) shall be
allocated as Quick Response Fund (QRF) or stand-by fund for relief and
recovery programs in order that situation and living conditions of people In
communities or areas stricken by disasters, calamities, epidemics, or
complex emergencies, may be normalized as quickly as possible.
Unexpended LDRRMF shall accrue to a special trust fund solely for the
purpose of supporting disaster risk reduction and management activities of
the LDRRMCs within the next five (5) years. Any such amount still not fully
utilized after five (5) years shall revert back to the general fund and will be
available for other social services to be identified by the local sanggunian.

Section 22. National Disaster Risk” Reduction and Management Fund. –

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(a)
The present Calamity Fund appropriated under the annual General
Appropriations Act shall henceforth be known as the National Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management Fund (NDRRM Fund) and it shall be used for
disaster risk reduction or mitigation, prevention and preparedness activities
such as but not limited to training of personnel, procurement of equipment,

and capital expenditures. It can also be utilized for relief, recovery,

reconstruction and other work or services in connection with natural or
human induced calamities which may occur during the budget year or those
that occurred in the past two (2) years from the budget year.
(b) The specific amount of the NDRRM Fund and the appropriate recipient
agencies and/or LGUs shall be determined upon approval of the President of
the Philippines in accordance with the favorable recommendation of the
NDRRMC.
(c) Of the amount appropriated for the NDRRM Fund, thirty percent (30%)
shall be allocated as Quick Response Fund (QRF) or stand-by fund for relief
and recovery programs in order that situation and living conditions of people
in communities or areas stricken by disasters, calamities, epidemics, or
complex emergencies, may be normalized as quickly as possible.
(d) All departments/agencies and LGUs that are allocated with DRRM fund
shall submit to the NDRRMC their monthly statements on the utilization of
DRRM funds and make an accounting thereof in accordance with existing
accounting and auditing rules.
(e) All departments, bureaus, offices and agencies of the government are
hereby authorized to use a portion of their appropriations to implement
projects designed to address DRRM activities in accordance with the
guidelines to be issued by the NDRRMC in coordination with the DBM.

Section 23. Funding of the OCD. – As lead agency to carry out the
provisions of this Act, the OCD shall be allocated a budget of One billion

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pesos (Php1, 000,000,000.00) revolving fund starting from the effectivity of
this Act.

Section 24. Annual Report. – The National Council, through the OCD, shall
submit to the Office of the President, the Senate and the House of
Representatives, within the first quarter of the succeeding year, an annual
report relating to the progress of the implementation of the NDRRMP.
Section 25. Implementing Rules and Regulations. – The NDRRMC. through
its Chairperson. Shall issue the necessary rules and regulations for the
effective implementation of this Act within ninety (90) days after approval of
this Act. The OCD. In consultation with key stakeholders. Shall take the
lead in the preparation of the implementing rules and regulations with the
active involvement of the technical management group of the NDRRMC.

Section 26. Congressional Oversight Committee. – There is hereby created a

Congressional Oversight Committee to monitor and oversee the
implementation of the provisions of this Act. The Committee shall be
composed of six (6) members from the Senate and six (6) members from the
House of Representatives with the Chairpersons of the Committees on
National Defense and Security of both the Senate and the House of
Representatives as joint Chairpersons of this Committee. The five (5) other
members from each Chamber are to be designated by the Senate President
and the Speaker of the House of Representatives respectively. The minority
shall be entitled to pro rata represent3tion but shall have at least two (2)
representatives from each Chamber.

Section 27. Sunset Review. – Within five (5) years after the effectivity of this
Act, or as the need arises, the Congressional Oversight Committee shall
conduct a sunset review. For purposes of this Act, the term “sunset review”
shall mean a systematic evaluation by the Congressional Oversight

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Committee of the accomplishments and impact of this Act, as well as the
performance and organizational structure of its implementing agencies, for
purposes of determining remedial legislation.

Section 28. Repealing Clause. – Presidential Decree No. 1566 and all other
laws, decrees, executive orders, proclamations and other executive
issuance’s which are inconsistent with or contrary to the provisions of this
Act are hereby amended or repealed accordingly.
Section 29. Separability Clause. – If any provision of this Act shall be held
unconstitutional or invalid, the other provisions not otherwise affected shall
remain m full force and effect.

Section 30. Effectivity Clause. – This Act shall take effect fifteen (15) days
following its complete publication in the Official Gazette or in two (2)
national newspapers of general circulation.

Approved:

(SGD) PROSPERO C. NOGRALES (SGD) JUAN PONCE ENRILE

SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE OF PRESIDENT OF THE
REPRESENTATIVES SENATE

This Act which is a consolidation of Senate Bill No. 3086 and House Bill No,
6985 was finally passed by the Senate and the House of Representatives on
February 1, 2010.

Approved: May 27, 2010

(SGD) MARILYN B. BARUA YAP (SGD) EMMA LIRIO-REYES

SECRETARY GENERAL SECRETARY SENATE

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 (SGD) PRESIDENT GLORIA MACAPAGAL- ARROYO
PRESIDENT OF THE PHILIPPINES

LEGAL AUTHORITY

PD 1566 JUNE 11, 1978

Strengthening the Philippine Disaster Control Capability and Establishing

the National Program on Community Disaster Preparedness.

Sec. 1 Declaration of Principles

Responsibility for leadership rests on the provincial governor, city mayors,

and municipal mayors, (and barangay chairman), each according to his area

of responsibility.

Each political and administrative subdivision of the country shall utilize all

available resources in the area before asking for assistance from

neighbouring entities or higher authority.

The primary responsibility rests on the government agencies in the affected

areas in coordination with the people themselves.

Self-reliance shall be developed by promoting and encouraging the spirit of

self-help and mutual assistance among the local officials and their

constituents.

The national government exists to support the local governments in times of

emergencies and according to their level of assignment, all national

government offices in the field shall support the operations of the local

government.

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It is

responsibility of all government departments, bureaus, agencies and

instrumentalities to have documented plans of their emergency functions

and activities.

Highest policy making, coordinating and supervising body at the national

level for disaster management in the country.

Advises the president on the status of national disaster preparedness and

management plan

• Recommends to the president the declaration of state of calamity and

release of national calamity fund as needed.

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 Activity 7

Directions: Answer the following questions.

I. Give the names of the National Council of the NATIONAL DISASTER

RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT of the Philippines.

(a) Secretary of the Department of

Health (DOH);
(b) Secretary of the Department of
Environment and Natural Resources
(DENR);
(c) Secretary of the Department of
Agriculture (DA);
(d) Secretary of the Department of
Education (DepED);
(e) Secretary of the Department of
Energy (DOE);
(f) Secretary of the Department of
Finance (DOF);
(g) Secretary of the Department of
Trade and Industry (DTI);
(h) Secretary of the Department of
Transportation and
Communications (DOTC);
(i) Secretary of the Department of
Budget and Management (DBM);
(j) Secretary of the Department of
Public Works and Highways
(DPWH);
(k) Secretary of the Department of
Foreign Affairs (DFA);

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 (l)
Secretary of the Department of
Justice (DOJ);
(m) Secretary of the Department of
Labor and Employment (DOLE);
(n) Secretary of the Department of
Tourism (DOT);
(o) The Executive Secretary;

(p)Secretary of the Office of the

Presidential Adviser on the Peace
Process (OPAPP);
(q) Chairman, Commission on
Higher Education (CHED);
(r) Chief of Staff, Armed Forces of
the Philippines (AFP);

(s) Chief, Philippine National Police

(PNP);
(t) The Press Secretary;

(u) Secretary General of the

Philippine National Red Cross
(PNRC);
(v) Commissioner of the National
Anti-Poverty Commission-Victims of
Disasters and Calamities Sector
(NAPCVDC);
(w) Chairperson, National
Commission on the Role of Filipino
Women;
(x) Chairperson, Housing and Urban
Development Coordinating Council
(HUDCC);
(y) Executive Director of the Climate
Change Office of the Climate
Change Commission;
(z) President, Government Service
Insurance System (GSIS);

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II.
(aa) President, Social Security
System (SSS);

(bb) President, Philippine Health

Insurance Corporation (PhilHealth);

(cc) President of the Union of Local

Authorities of the Philippines
(ULAP);

(dd) President of the League of

Provinces of the Philippines (LPP);

(ee) President of the League of Cities

of the Philippines (LCP);

(ff) President of the League of

Municipalities of the Philippines
(LMP);

(gg) President of the Liga ng Mga

Barangay (LMB);

(hh) Four (4) representatives from

the CSOs;

(ii) One (1) representative from the

private sector;
(jj) Administrator of the OCD.

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 Activity 8

Directions: Answer the following questions.

1. Enumerate the different natural Calamities in Zamboanga City

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

2. Locate the flood prone area in Zamboanga City. Place the pictures.

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 Answer Key: Self-Check 1.1

1. C
2. A
3. A
4. B
5. B
6. C
7. C
8. D
9. B
10. B
11. C
12. C
13. B
14. C
15. D
16. B
17. C
18. D
19. B
20. A
21. B
22. A
23. C
24. B
25. C
26. B
27. A
28. C
29. B
30. D

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References:
A. Books

B. Legal Laws

C. E-References

[Link]
that-must-be-retained/

[Link]
[Link]

Date Document No. ZCSPC – LM2020

NSTP I Developed: Issued by: APPROVED
CODE September 4, ZCSPC
2020
NSTP I
COURSE Date Revised:

Compiled by:
ANDIE F. MANSO
NSTP Director

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