MOVING BOAT METHOD
❑ During flood or for big river like Ganga and
Brahmaputra, it is difficult to keep the boat
stationary. Hence moving boat is appropriate
❑ A special propeller type current meter is used
which is free to rotate about the vertical axis is
attached to a boat
❑ The moving- boat technique measures the
velocity over the width of a segment by
suspending the current meter at a constant
depth during the traverse of the boat across the
stream
❑ During the traverse an echo sounder records the geometry of the cross-section and a
continuously operating current meter senses the combined stream and boat velocities.
❑ A third set of data is obtained either by measuring the angle between the current meter, (which
aligns itself in a direction parallel to the movement of water) and the pre selected path or by
measuring the distance to a fixed point on the bank
FLOW MEASUREMENT:
WEIRS AND FLUME
Weirs and Notches
❑ A notch means an opening provided in the side of a channel
❑ A weir is also a notch but it is made on a large scale.
❑ Weirs can help raise the water level so that boats can pass through, and they can also reduce the flow of water
to prevent flooding
❑ Often made of metallic plate
❑ Used for measure discharge in small canal or
laboratory
❑ Often made of Concrete or masonry
❑ Used in rivers
Difference between Notches and Weirs
Notches Weirs
• A notch may be define as an opening provided in • A structure constructed across a river or
small channel, in such a way the liquid surface in canal to store water on the upstream
the tank or channel is below the top edge of the side
opening
• A notch is usually made of metallic plate • A weir is made of cement concrete or
masonry
• A notch is usually used to measure small • A weir is used to measure large
discharge of small stream or canal discharge of rivers and canals
• Notches are small in size • Weirs are larger in size
❑ Figure shows a channel in which a water is flowing
❑ There is an obstruction in the channel and in this
obstruction a cutoff has been made out of Width b
❑ The liquid flow out of that cut off says that it is till a
height H above the crest of the cutoff.
❑ Aim is to calculate the Flow rate Q based on the
value of H and b
❑ This is a typical picture of streamline (path taken by fluid particle) for
such a flow.
❑ If we analyze the flow like this, it will be complicated
❑ So we have to simplify thing but making some assumption
❑ Let us assume that there is no drawdown and the liquid is coming out horizontally
❑ Let us consider a single streamline within this flow from 1 to 2
❑ We also assume that the height of water in the channel is much larger than the height over the
obstruction. So the velocity at point 1 can be consider to be much lower compared to point 2.
❑ If the pressure is low at point 1, the vertical pressure can be considered as hydrostatic
❑ Since the pressure below and above the jet is atmospheric (depth is small ), so we assume that the pressure at
point 2 is atmospheric
Total Energy at 1 = Total Energy at 2
This is the velocity at Point 2.
It varies with y, the location of the point within the jet
The velocity is maximum when y= 0 , i.e. at the bottom most
point when the jet is coming out
This is minimum when y= H, we can say that the velocity is
close to zero
Now we know the velocity, we can find the discharge .
Q= AV
Let us find Q by considering the flow rate through this jet of
width b and height H
Consider a small strip of thickness dy and height y.
So discharge through this small strip dQ= V times the area ( b dy)
To find total discharge, integrate from y= 0 to y = H
So if I Know b and H which is the height of liquid above the crest, I can find Q
An obstruction is created and Vertical scale is erected upstream so that 0 coincides with the based of the cut off to
measure H
𝟐𝒃 𝟑/𝟐
𝑸 = 𝑪𝒅 𝑯 𝟐𝒈
𝟑
Since we made many assumption, the
actual discharge will be different from the
theoretical discharge hence we introduce
𝐶𝑑
Calibration Chart for Cd
b
B
V NOTCH
𝟖 𝟓/𝟐
𝜶
𝑸= 𝑪𝒅 𝑯 𝟐𝒈 𝒕𝒂𝒏
𝟏𝟓 𝟐
𝑯
b
𝑸= 𝟐𝒈 න 𝒃 𝒉𝟏/𝟐 𝒅𝒉
𝟎
h
For a V-notch with an included angle q, put b = 2(H-h)tan(𝜶 /2)
𝑯 H-h
𝜶 H
𝜶
𝑸 = 𝟐 𝟐𝒈 𝒕𝒂𝒏 න 𝑯 − 𝒉 𝒉𝟏/𝟐 𝒅𝒉
𝟐 𝟎
𝑯 b/2
𝜶 𝟐 𝟑/𝟐
𝟐 𝟓/𝟐
𝑸 = 𝟐 𝟐𝒈 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝑯𝒉 − 𝒉
𝟐 𝟑 𝟑 𝟎
H-h
𝟖 𝜶 𝜶/𝟐
𝑸= 𝑪𝒅 𝑯 𝟓/𝟐 𝟐𝒈 𝒕𝒂𝒏
𝟏𝟓 𝟐
b/2 = (H-h)tan(𝜶 /2)
Typical Discharge Coefficient graph for 90 degree notch
Trapezoidal weir:
❑ Trapezoidal weir is also called as Cippoletti weir. This is trapezoidal in shape and is the modification of
rectangular weir
❑ The sides are inclined outwards with a slope 1:4 (horizontal : vertical)
❑ In cippoletti weir both sides are having equal slope. So, we can divide the trapezoid into rectangle and triangle
portions.
❑ So, Total discharge over trapezoidal weir Q = discharge over rectangular weir + discharge over
triangular weir
𝟐𝒃 𝟑/𝟐 𝟖 𝟓/𝟐
𝜶
𝑸 = 𝑪𝒅 𝑯 𝟐𝒈 + 𝑪 𝑯 𝟐𝒈 𝒕𝒂𝒏
𝟑 𝟏𝟓 𝒅 𝟐
Types of Weirs/ Notches:
Weirs are classified according to:
1. Types of Weirs based on Shape of the Opening
•Rectangular weir
•Triangular weir
•Trapezoidal weir
2. Types of Weirs based on Shape of the Crest
•Sharp-crested weir
•Broad- crested weir
•Narrow-crested weir
•Ogee-shaped weir
Broad-crested weir:
•These are constructed only in rectangular shape and are suitable for the larger flows
.
•Head loss will be small in case of broad crested weir.
𝑸 = 𝑪𝒅 𝑳 𝟐𝒈 𝑯𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟑
Ogee-shaped weir:
❑ Generally ogee shaped weirs are provided for the spillway of a storage dam.
❑ The crest of the ogee weir is slightly rises and falls into parabolic form.
❑ Discharge over ogee weir is also similar to flow over rectangular weir. 𝟐𝒃 𝟑/𝟐
𝑸 = 𝑪𝒅 𝑯 𝟐𝒈
𝟑
Narrow Crested weir:
Incase of Narrow crested weir , 2b < H
It is similar to rectangular weir or notch
𝟐𝒃 𝟑/𝟐
𝑸 = 𝑪𝒅 𝑯 𝟐𝒈
𝟑
Angle View
❑ The water speed up as it goes
through the flume so it avoid
sedimentation
IS 14371: 1996
❑ Free flow equations assume that the hydraulic jump that is occurring is not affected by water
❑ Sometime if the capacity of the channel downstream is poor , the water level downstream will be high
and that can cause the hydraulic inside of the throat to be drown hence correction need to be applied
( if b is really high compare to a )