9

Unit # 12:
Geometrical
Optics

12.1: An object 10.0cm in front of a convex

Focal length = 𝑓 = 16.0cm
mirror forms an image 5.0cm behind the
mirror. What is the focal length of mirror? Distance of image = q=?

Given Data: Image height=I =?

Distance of object = p= 10.0 cm Solution:

Distance of image = q= - 5.0cm (due to convex 1 1 1

= +
mirror) 𝑓 𝑝 𝑞

Focal length = 𝑓 =? 1 1 1
− =
𝑓 𝑝 𝑞
Solution:
1 1 1
1 1 1 − =
= + 16 10.5 𝑞
𝑓 𝑝 𝑞
1 1 1 10.5 − 16 1
= + =
𝑓 10 −5 168 𝑞
1 1−2 −5.5 1
= =
𝑓 10 168 𝑞
1 −1 Inverting the equation:
=
𝑓 10
168
q = − 5.5
Inverting the equation:

𝒇 = -10 cm q = - 30.54cm

Ignoring the (-) sign because mirror is concave:

12.2: An object 30.0 cm tall is located 10.5 cm q = 30.54cm

from a concave mirror with focal length 60cm. Find Image height:
(a) Where is image located (b)How high it is? 𝑂 𝑝
=
Given Data: 𝐼 𝑞

Height of object =O= 30.0cm Inverting the expression:

𝐼 𝑞
Distance of object = p = 10.5cm =
𝑂 𝑝
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𝑞
𝐼= 𝑥𝑂 Distance of image = q= - 5.66cm (because the
𝑝
image is behind the mirror)
30.54
𝐼= x 30
10.5 Focal length = 𝑓 =?
𝑰 = 87.26cm Solution:
1 1 1
= +
12.3: An object and its image in the concave 𝑓 𝑝 𝑞
mirror are of the same height, yet inverted, 1 1 1
when the object is 20.0cm from the mirror. = +
𝑓 34.4 −5.66
What is the focal length of the mirror?
1 5.66 − 34.4
=
Given Data: 𝑓 194.70
As the object and image has the same distance 1 −28.74
=
so, 𝑓 194.70
Distance of object=P = 20cm Inverting the equation:

Distance of image=q = 20cm −194.70

𝒇=
28.74
Focal length = 𝑓 =?
𝒇 = -6.77cm
Solution:
1 1 1
= + 12.5: An image of a statue appeared to be 11.5
𝑓 𝑝 𝑞
cm behind a convex mirror with focal length
1 1 1 13.5cm. Find the distance from the statue to
= +
𝑓 20 20 the mirror?
1 1+1 Given Data:
=
𝑓 20
Focal length = 𝑓 = −13.5cm(because the
1 2 image is behind the mirror)
=
𝑓 20
Distance of image = q= -11.5c(because the
1 1 mirror is convex)
=
𝑓 10
Distance of object = p =?
Inverting the equation:
Solution:
𝒇 = 10 cm
1 1 1
= +
12.4: Find the focal length of the mirror that 𝑓 𝑝 𝑞
form an image 5.66cm behind a mirror of a
1 1 1
object placed at 34.4 cm in front of the mirror? = +
−13.5 𝑝 −11.5
Given Data:
1 1 1
= −
Distance of object = p= 34.4 cm −13.5 𝑝 11.5
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1 1 1
+ = 19.3 − 8.7 1
−13.5 11.5 𝑝
=
167.91 𝑞
11.5 − 13.5 1 10.6 1
= =
155.25 𝑝 167.91 𝑞
−2 1 Inverting the equation:
155.25
= 𝑝
167.91
Inverting the equation: q= 10.6

−155.25 q = 15.8cm
2
= 𝑝
Find Image height:
-77.62cm = p
𝑂 𝑝
Ignoring the minus sign: =
𝐼 𝑞
p = 77.62 cm
Inverting the expression:
𝐼 𝑞
=
12.6) An image is produced by a concave 𝑂 𝑝
mirror of focal length 8.70 cm. The object is 𝑞
𝐼= 𝑥𝑂
13.2 cm tall and at a distance 19.3cm from the 𝑝

mirror. (a)Find the location and height of the 15.84

𝐼= x 30
image. (b) Find the height of the image 19.3
produced by the mirror if the object is twice as 𝑰 = 10.83cm
far from the mirror.
Part (b) if object is twice far from the mirror
Given Data:
Height of object =O= 13.2cm
Height of object =O= 13.2cm
Distance of object = p = 2 x (19.3)cm [(Multiply
Distance of object = p = 19.3cm by 2 as the object is twice far from mirror) ]
Focal length = 𝑓 = 8.7cm Distance of object = p = 38.6cm
Distance of image = q=? Focal length = 𝑓 = 8.7cm
Image height=I =? Distance of image = q=?
Solution: Image height=I =?
Part(a): 1 1 1
= +
1 1 1 𝑓 𝑝 𝑞
= +
𝑓 𝑝 𝑞 1 1 1
− =
1 1 1 𝑓 𝑝 𝑞
− =
𝑓 𝑝 𝑞 1 1 1
− =
1 1 1 8.7 38.6 𝑞
− =
8.7 19.3 𝑞
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38.6 − 8.7 1
=
335.82 𝑞
f = R/2
29.9 1
= f = 38/2
335.82 𝑞
Inverting the equation: f= 19cm

335.82 Part(b):
q= 29.9
1 1 1
q = 11.23cm = +
𝑓 𝑝 𝑞
Find Image height: 1 1 1
− =
𝑂 𝑝 𝑓 𝑝 𝑞
=
𝐼 𝑞 1 1 1
− =
Inverting the expression: 19 50 𝑞

𝐼 𝑞 50 − 19 1
= =
𝑂 𝑝 950 𝑞
𝑞 31 1
𝐼= 𝑥𝑂 =
𝑝 950 𝑞
11.23
𝐼= 38.6
x 13.2 Inverting the equation:
950
𝑰 = 3.84cm q=
31

q = 30.64cm
12.7) Nabeela uses a concave mirror when Part(c): Nature of image
applying makeup. This mirror has a radius of
curvature of 38.0cm. (a) What is the focal As, q is positive so, the image will be upright.
length of the mirror? (b) Nabeela is located 12.8) An object 4cm high is placed at a distance
50cm from the mirror. Where will her image of 12 cm from a convex lens of focal length
appear? (c) Will the image be upright or 8cm. Calculate the position and size of image.
invited? Also state the nature of image.
Given Data: Given Data:
Radius of curvature= R = 38.0cm Height of object =O= 4cm
Distance of object =p = 50cm Distance of object = p = 12cm
Focal length = f =? Focal length = 𝑓 = 8cm
Distance of image =q =? Distance of image = q=?
Nature of image=? Image height=I =?
Solution:

Part(a):
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Solution: Distance of object = p = 20cm

1 1 1 Focal length = 𝑓 = −15cm
= +
𝑓 𝑝 𝑞
Distance of image = q=?
1 1 1
− = Image height=I =?
𝑓 𝑝 𝑞
1 1 1 Solution:
− =
8 12 𝑞 1 1 1
= +
12 − 8 1 𝑓 𝑝 𝑞
=
96 𝑞 1 1 1
− =
4 1 𝑓 𝑝 𝑞
=
96 𝑞 1 1 1
− − =
Inverting the equation: 15 20 𝑞

96 −20 − 15 1
q= =
4 300 𝑞
q = 24cm −35 1
=
Find Image height: 300 𝑞

𝑂 𝑝 Inverting the equation:

=
𝐼 𝑞 300
q=− 35
Inverting the expression:
q = -8.55cm
𝐼 𝑞
= Find Image height:
𝑂 𝑝
𝑞 𝑂 𝑝
𝐼= 𝑝
𝑥𝑂 =
𝐼 𝑞
24
𝐼= 12
x4 Inverting the expression:

𝑰 = 8cm 𝐼 𝑞
=
𝑂 𝑝
Nature of image: Since the lens is convex and
𝑞
the image is larger than the size of object 𝐼= 𝑥𝑂
𝑝
therefore, the image formed is real, inverted
8.57
and magnified. 𝐼= x 10
20

12.9) An object 10cm high is placed at a 𝑰 = 4.28cm

distance of 20cm from the concave lens of focal
length 15cm. Calculate the position and size of Nature of image: Since the lens is concave and
the image. Also state the nature of image. the object is larger than the size of image
therefore, the image formed virtual, eract and
Given Data: diminish.
Height of object =O= 10cm
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12.10) A convex lens of focal length 6cm is to Refractive index = n = 1.25

be used to form a virtual image three times the
Angle of refraction= ∠r =?
size of object. Where must the lens be placed?
Critical angle = ∠i =?
Given Data:
Solution:
Distance of object = p =?
sin 𝑖
Focal length = 𝑓 = 6cm n = sin 𝑟
sin 𝑖
Distance of image = q= -3p(because image sin r = 𝑛
distance is three times of distance of object)
sin 35
sin r =
Solution: 1.25

0.5735
1 1 1 sin r =
= + 1.25
𝑓 𝑝 𝑞
sin r = 0.4588
1 1 1
= + r = sin-1 0.4588
6 𝑝 −3𝑝
1 1 1 r = 27.31
= −
6 𝑝 3𝑝 ∠r =27.31o
1 3−1
= Calculating the Critical angle
6 3𝑝
Angle if incidence = ∠r = 90o
1 2
=
6 3𝑝 Refractive index = n = 1.25
Cross Multiplication: Critical angle = ∠i =?
1 x 3p = 2 x 6 Solution:
3p = 12 For liquid air interface formula is :
12 sin 𝑟
p= 3 n= sin 𝑖

p=4cm sin i =
sin 𝑟
𝑛

sin 90
sin r = 1.25
12.11) A ray of light from air is incident on a
1
liquid surface at an angle of incidence 35o. sin i =
1.25
Calculate the angle of refraction if the
refractive index of the liquid is 1.25. Also sin i = 0. 8
calculate the critical angle between the liquid
i = sin-1 0. 8
air interface?
i = 53.3
Given Data:
i =53.3o
Angle if incidence = ∠i = 35o
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12.12) The power of convex lens is 5D. At what

distance the object should be placed from the
lens so that its real and two times image is
formed.

Given Data:

Power of lens= P = 5D
𝟏
P=𝒇

𝟏
f=𝑷
𝟏
f=𝟓

f = 0.2m

Convert into cm

As, 1m = 100cm

f = 0.2 x 100cm

f = 20cm

Distance of Image= q = 2p (As, the distance of

image is twice from the distance of object.)

Distance of object = p=?

Solution:
1 1 1
= +
𝑓 𝑝 𝑞
1 1 1
= +
20 𝑝 2𝑝
1 2+1
=
20 2𝑝
1 3
=
20 2𝑝
Cross Multiplication:

1 x 2p = 20 x 3

2p = 60
60
p= 2

p=30cm