12

Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION
Misamis Street, Bago-Bantay, Quezon City

UNIFIED SUPPLEMENTARY LEARNING MATERIALS

(USLeM)

INQUIRIES, INVESTIGATION AND IMMERSION

Week 7
Writer/Illustrator Language Editor
Dr. Ellaine I. Dela Cruz Mrs. Raquel M. Santos
Validators Layout Artist
Mr. Virgilio D. Alcayde Mark James B. Lota
Mr. John Keeneth M. Ferrera
MANAGEMENT TEAM
Dr. Malcolm S. Garma
Regional Director
Dr. Genia V. Santos Ms. Charito A. Villanueva
Chief, CLMD EPS, CLMD-ALS
Mr. Dennis M. Mendoza Ms. Nancy C. Mabunga
EPS, CLMD-LRMS Librarian II, CLMD-LRMS

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LESSON: RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS AND PROCESSES

EXPECTATIONS
This Supplementary Learning Material will help you to
● determine the different instruments used in data gathering;
● apply the appropriate instruments for data gathering; and
● appreciate the importance of choosing the appropriate instruments for data
gathering.

PRETEST
DIRECTIONS: Choose the letter of the correct answer for each item. Encircle your
answer.

1. What are the designed tools to help in the collection of data or information for
research?
A. Statistical Tools
B. Research Instruments
C. Conceptual Framework
D. Statement of the Problems
2. Which of the following is a non-experimental method in gathering data which
can be used by a researcher by simply observing the ongoing behavior of
his/her respondents?
A. Test
B. Interview
C. Observation
D. Focus Group Discussion
3. What research instrument involves asking questions to respondents using a set
of constructed or unconstructed questions?
A. Test
B. Rubrics
C. Observation
D. Survey Questionnaire
4. What instrument of data collection is used to gather comparative information
about a specific research subject?
A. Rubric
B. Checklist
C. Rating Scale
D. Survey Questionnaire
5. Which of these research instruments consist a fixed measurement scale, a
detailed description of the characteristics for each level of performance, and a
set of criteria to evaluate the quality of performance?
A. Rubrics
B. Check Lists
C. Rating Scales
D. Survey Questionnaires

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LOOKING BACK
In our last meeting, you learned how to design a research. Let us recall your
understanding of the lesson.

Part I Research Designs

Directions. Choose the appropriate research design for each item. Underline the
correct answer.
1. Jay Dee has conducted various types of qualitative research. Which of these
types of research design Jay Dee has not studied?
ethnography grounded theory case study descriptive

2. Faye has presented her objectives which involved describing subjective

experiences, interpreting meanings, and understanding concepts. What
research design Faye has not used?
qualitative design quantitative design

3. Cyrus has constructed his research objectives which involved measuring

variables, finding frequencies or correlations, and testing hypotheses. What of
these has not been designed by Cyrus?
qualitative design quantitative design

4. Mark is planning to conduct a study. He is solely interested in describing the

situation or case under study. What research design will he use?
descriptive design correlative design experimental design

5. Sandy establishes a relationship between the cause and effect of a situation in

her study. What research design is Sandy using in her study?
qualitative quantitative descriptive experimental
design design design design

Part II. Population and Sampling Techniques

Directions: TRUE OR FALSE. Write T if the statement is TRUE and F if the statement
is FALSE. Write the letter before each number.
1. In probability sampling, each member of a population has a known chance of
participating in the study.
2. In non-probability sampling, sampling group members are chosen non-
randomly, and each member of a population is not necessarily a respondent of
the study.

3. In random simple sampling, there is an equal opportunity to be selected as a

member of the sample group to participate in the study.

4. In purposive sampling, the population is divided into subgroups or strata.

5. In stratified random sampling, the researcher considers one or more

predetermined groups of respondents in a population.

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BRIEF INTRODUCTION

You have learned that research instruments are the tools which researchers can
develop to achieve the objectives of their studies. The research tools are useful to
gather, measure, analyze the data needed for analysis. These include interviews,
tests, survey questionnaires, scales, checklists, rubrics, experiments, and others.
They must be related to the subject of the researcher’s studies. It is important for a
researcher to determine the data to be collected and what instrument to use.

Moreover, researchers construct the instruments to use based on the designs of their
studies. For instance, for a qualitative research, they may conduct the appropriate type
of interview, and for a quantitative research, they may construct the relevant set of
questionnaires. A research instrument is presented in the study of methodology and
is determined by the researcher.

ACTIVITIES

Activity 1. Research instruments for Qualitative Research and Quantitative Types

of Research

Objective: To determine the research instruments used in collecting data, both for
qualitative and quantitative types of research.

Directions: Write the missing word/s in each circle. Give examples of research
instrument for Figure 1 and Figure 2.

Qualitative Quantitative
Research Research
Instruments Instruments
/Methods /Methods

Figure 1. Qualitative Research Instruments Figure 2. Quantitative Research Instruments

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Activity 2. Research Instruments and Processes

Objective: To identify the research instruments used in data gathering.

Directions: State at least one research instrument or method that can be applied in
collecting data for each of the following research designs:

Types of Research Data Collection Instruments

1. Grounded Theory _ _
2. Exploratory _
3. Descriptive _
4. Ethnographic _ _
5. Historical

Activity 3. Application of Research Instruments/Methods

Objective: Apply the appropriate instrument or method on each type of research
design.
Directions: Read and analyze the sentences for each item. Answer the question that
follows.
1. Jericho wants to indicate the degree or frequency of the behaviors, skills and
strategies displayed by the Grade 12 learners, the respondents of his study. What
research instrument will he construct to gather the required data for his study?

2. Jay Dee is conducting a research on personality development. He wants to offer a

Yes/No format to his respondents on demonstration of their interests. What
research instrument can he construct to collect the needed data or information?

3. Teacher Ellaine constructs a statement, and she reads to the respondents,

“Describe your productive experiences in constructing questionnaires for your
collaborative project study”. What research relevant instrument or method she is
using? _ __

Apply your creativity! Added value

To illustrate more, a researcher, can be sure of the reliability of your checklist or rating
scale by putting more styles that can give respondents the chance to identify the skills
they like to improve, or they think is most important in making decisions.

For example:
Put a star ( ) before the skill that will most likely encourage decision making, or
Check the skill (/) you would most like to improve in decision making, or
Encircle the skill ( ) that is the most important in decision making, or

Your answers here.

1. _ _

2. _ _

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REMEMBER

Always consider the collection of data procedure as a very important aspect of

any study. These sets of data are collected and analyzed to answer research
objectives and come up with valid conclusions. The use of appropriate measuring
instruments and processes is important. Remember that these instruments/ methods
are important tools to gather reliable data from participants of a research. As a
researcher, make sure that the instruments are appropriate to the type of research
that is being conducted. This can ensure proper data gathering and valid conclusion
making.

The following are significant characteristics of a good research instrument: (1)

must always be valid and reliable; (2) should be based on conceptual framework; (3)
must gather data suitable for and appropriate to the research topics; (4) can test
hypothesis or can answer proposed research questions/ statement of the problem of
a research; (5) must be free from bias and appropriate for the context, culture, and
diversity of the study; and (6) should have clear and definite instructions when using
the instrument to collect data or information. As a researcher, it is proper to be guided
with these characteristics to come up with organize and effective research instruments
in collecting the needed data and information.

CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING

These activities aim to help you recall what research instruments and methods you
can use to collect data for your statement of the problem or proposed research
objectives.

Part I. Matching Type

Directions: Match research instrument/method in column A to its description in
column B. Write only the letter before each number.
.
Column A Column B

Research Description
Instrument/Method
1. Interview A. gathering of information through verbal
interaction with respondents
2. Observation B. correlational tool of observing the ongoing
behavior of respondents
3. Survey Questionnaire C. measurement procedure of asking questions to
respondents using a structured set of questions
4. Numerical Scale D. creating a YES/NO format in demonstrating
specific criteria; and recording observations on an
individual, a group or a whole
5. Checklist E. requiring the respondents to provide feedback in
terms of numerical values
6. Rating Scale F. gathering comparative information about a
specific research subject

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 7. Likert Scale G. evaluating respondent’s performance by giving a
set of criteria
8. Rubrics H. allowing respondents to indicate how much they
agree or disagree with an assertion or a
statement
9. Unstructured Interview I. formal set of questions posed to each interviewee
and recorded using a standardized procedure
10. Structured Interview J. less formal set of questions in which the
interviewer changes the sequence and wording of
the questions

Part II. Critical Thinking Questions

Objective: Enhance critical thinking and decision-making skills in constructing
research instruments.

Directions: Read and analyze the sentences and answer the questions that follow.
(Rubrics: Focused on the problem 50%ꓹ Useful ideas 50%)

1. Teacher James, an ICT Coordinator, simply observes the ongoing behavior of his
students in response to the implementation of Digital Modular Distance Learning,
as a Distance Delivery Modality which he has been using since First Grading. What
research instrument is he using? Explain the importance of this instrument to
Teacher James’s study.

2. As a researcher, how should you write research instruments to capture precise

information for your study? Explain thoroughly.

3. As a researcher, why is there a need to develop good quality descriptors for

assessment when using checklists, rating scales and rubrics in gathering
information?

Modify and be creative!

You may start constructing your research instruments to gather the data needed to
solve your objectives or statement of the problem (SOP). You may write them on your
notebooks.

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POSTTEST
MULTIPLE CHOICE
Directions: Encircle the letter of the correct answer for each item.

1. The following can be contributing factors on the reliability of a research

instrument except

A. the mood and behavior of the respondents.

B. the construction of words used in the questions.
C. the locations and environments on where to conduct the survey.
D. the researcher’s subjective opinions and statements.

2. Ana is soliciting information from respondents through a verbal interaction.

What research instrument/method is she using in her study?

A. Interview
B. Observation
C. Rating Scale
D. Survey Questionnaire

3. Joanna used an instrument to measure the number of occurrences on the

specific field of interest of the participants. What measuring instrument was
constructed?

A. Rubric
B. Rating Scale
C. Survey Questionnaire
D. Focus Group Discussion

4. Which is NOT true about some of the characteristics of a research instrument?

A. contains clear and definite instructions to use the instrument

B. must gather data suitable for and relevant to the research topic
C. can test hypothesis and/or answer proposed research questions
D. open for bias and inappropriate for the context, culture, and diversity
of the study

5. Manny uses instrument to gather statistical information about the attributes,

attitudes, or behaviors of his respondents by a structured set of questions.
What instrument/method is he using?

A. Rubric
B. Checklist
C. Rating Scale
D. Survey Questionnaire

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References:

Damilig, A.D, Asturias, P.M., and Samar, G.L. (2016). Practical Research I. Hunt
Publishing Center.

Formplus (2021). What is a Survey Rating Scale? + [Types & Question Examples
[Link]

Formplus (2021). 7 Data Collection Methods & Tools for Research.

[Link]

LearnAlberta (n.d.). Assessment Strategies and Tools: Checklists, Rating Scales and
Rubrics.
[Link]

McCombes, S. (2019). How to create a research design.

[Link]

Oden, C. (n.d.). Types of Research Instruments for Your Final Year Project.
[Link]

QuestionPro (2021). Research Design: Definition, Characteristics and Types. Retrieved from
[Link]

Teachers College, Columbia University (2021). Research Instrument Examples

[Link]
submission---documents/Published_Study-[Link]

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