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MATHEMATICS -II VECTOR CALCULUS

UNIT-I

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VECTOR CALCULUS
Introduction :
Vector calculus is concerned with differentiation and integration of vector fields
primarily in 3-dimensional Euclidean space R3. The term "vector calculus" is sometimes used
as a synonym for the broader subject of multivariable calculus. Vector calculus plays an
important role in differential geometry and in the study of partial differential equations. It is
used extensively in physics and engineering, especially in the description of electromagnetic
fields, gravitational fields and fluid flow. Vector analysis is very important in many fields
of engineering such as mechanical, civil, computer, structural and electrical engineering.
Scalar values, such as mass and temperature convey only a magnitude, but vectors such as
velocity employ both a magnitude and a direction. In physics, the term work is used to
describe the energy that is added to or removed from an object or system when a force is
applied to it. The work done by a force can be described by the dot product of the force
vector and the displacement vector.
Vector finds many applications in Electrical Engineering: The generator that generates
Electrical Energy or the Motor that Generates mechanical power work on the principles of
physics which are based on vector manipulation. Since vectors and matrices are used in linear
algebra, anything that requires the use of arrays that are linear dependent requires vectors. A
few well-known examples in Computer engineering are Internet search, Graph analysis,
Machine learning, Graphics, Bioinformatics, Data mining, Computer vision, Speech
recognition, Compilers, Parallel computing and Scientific computing. Robotics also have
Vector Calculus applications. Vectors can be used by air-traffic controllers when tracking
planes, by meteorologists when describing wind conditions, and by computer programmers
when they are designing virtual worlds.
Definitions :
Scalar : A quantity which is completely specify by its magnitude only.

Ex: Time, Temperature.

Vector : A quantity which is completely specify by its magnitude and direction.
Ex: Force ,Velocity.

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Position Vector: Let A and B are two vectors then the position vector of AB is
AB OB  OA .

If ܽത ൌ ܽଵ ݅ ൅ ܽଶ ݆ ൅ ܽଷ ݇ then ȁܽതȁ=ඥܽଵ ଶ ൅ ܽଶ ଶ ൅ ܽଷଶ

௔ത
If ܽത is any vector then its unit vector is given by ȁ௔തȁ

Dot Product

ܽതǤ ܾത=ȁܽതȁหܾതห cosߠ where ߠ is angle between two vectors

We know ݅Ǥ ݅ ൌ ݆Ǥ ݆ ൌ ݇Ǥ ݇ ൌ ͳ and ݅Ǥ ݆ ൌ ݆Ǥ ݇ ൌ ݇Ǥ ݅ ൌ Ͳ

ഥ ൌ ܽଵ ݅ ൅ ܽଶ ݆ ൅ ܽଷ ݇ǡ ܾത ൌ ܾଵ ݅ ൅ ܾଶ ݆ ൅ ܾ݇ then ܽതǤ ܾത ൌ ܽ1ܾ1൅a2ܾ2൅ܽ3ܾ3

ifܽ

Cross Product

ܽത‫ܾݔ‬ത=ȁܽതȁหܾതห ฎ
݊ sinߠ
݅ ݆ ݇
=อܽଵ ܽଶ ܽଷ อ since ݅‫ ݅ݔ‬ൌ ݆‫ ݆ݔ‬ൌ ݇‫ ݇ݔ‬ൌ Ͳ
ܾଵ ܾଶ ܾଷ
i x j =k; j x k = i; k x i = j; j x i = - k; i x k =- j; k x j = i

Scalar and Vector Point Functions

Consider a region in three dimensional space. To each point P(x,y,z), suppose we associate a
unique real number (called scalar) say I. This I(x,y,z) is called a scalar point function. Scalar
point function defined on the region. Similarly if to each point P(x,y,z) we associate a unique
vector f (x,y,z), f is called vector point functions.

Examples:

For example take a heated solid. At each point P(x,y,z)of the solid, there will be temperature
T(x,y,z). This T is a scalar point function.

Suppose a particle (or a very small insect) is tracing a path in space. When it occupies a
position P(x,y,z) in space, it will be having some speed, say, v. This speed v is a scalar point
function.

Consider a particle moving in space. At each point P on its path, the particle will be having a
velocity v which is vector point function. Similarly, the acceleration of the particle is also a
vector point function.

Tangent vector to a curve in space

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Consider an interval [a,b].

Let ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ‫ݔ‬ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻǡ ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ‫ݕ‬ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻǡ ‫ ݖ‬ൌ ‫ݖ‬ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻbe continuous and derivable for ܽd‫ݐ‬dܾǤ

Then the set of all points ሺ‫ݔ‬ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻǡ ‫ݕ‬ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻǡ ‫ݖ‬ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻሻ is called a curve in a space.

Let A ൌ  ሺ‫ݔ‬ሺܽሻǡ ‫ݕ‬ሺܽሻǡ ‫ݖ‬ሺܽሻሻ and B = ሺ‫ݔ‬ሺܾሻǡ ‫ݕ‬ሺܾሻǡ ‫ݖ‬ሺܾሻሻǤ These A,B are called the end points
of the curve. If A =B, the curve in said to be a closed curve.

Let P and Q be two neighbouring points on the curve.

Let

Gr PQ
Then is along the vector PQ. As Q→P, PQ and hence tends to be along the tangent
Gt Gt
to the curve at P.

Gr d r dr
Hence lt = will be a tangent vector to the curve at P. (This may not be a unit
Gt o 0 G t dt dt
vector)

Suppose arc length AP = s. If we take the parameter as the arc length parameter, we can
dr
observe that is unit tangent vector at P to the curve.
ds

Vector Differential Operator

Def. The vector differential operator ’(read as del) is defined as

w w w
’ {i  j k .
wx wy wz

This operator possesses properties analogous to those of ordinary vectors as well as

differentiation operator.

We will define now some quantities known as “gradient”, “divergence” and “curl”
involving this operator ’. We must note that this operator has no meaning by itself unless it
operates on some function suitably

Gradient of a Scalar Point Function

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Let I(x,y,z) be a scalar point function of position defined in some region of space. Then the
wI wI wI
vector function i j k is known as the gradient of I or ’I
wx wy wz

w w w wI wI wI
’I= ( i  j  k )I = i j k
wx wy wz wx wy wz

Directional Derivative

Let Iሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ǡ ‫ݖ‬ሻ be a scalar function defined throughout some region of space. Let this function
have a value I at a point P whose position vector referred to the origin O is OP = r . Let
I+ΔI be the value of the function at neighbouring point Q. If Δ r . Let Δr be the

length of Δ . gives a measure of the rate at which I change when we move from P to Q.

The limiting value of is called the derivative of I in the direction of PQ or

simply directional derivative of I at P and is denoted by dI/dr.

The physical interpretation of ’I

The gradient of a scalar function I(x,y,z) at a point ܲሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ǡ ‫ݖ‬ሻ݅s a vector along the normal to
the level surfaceIሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ǡ ‫ݖ‬ሻ  ൌ ܿat P and is in increasing direction. Its magnitude is equal to
the greatest rate of increase of I .
Greatest value of directional derivative of ) at a point P = |grad I| at that point.
NOTE:
      
[Link] r = x i  y j  z k . Then d r dx i  dy j  dz k if I is any scalar point function, then

wI wI wI § w) w) w) ·
dI dx  dy  dz ¨¨ i j k ¸. idx  jdy  kdz ’).d r
wx wy wz © wx wy wz ¸¹

2. grad) at any point is a vector normal to the surface )( x, y, z ) c through that point w
P( x, y, z ) where c is a constant.

3. The directional derivative of a scalar point function I at a point ܲሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ǡ ‫ݖ‬ሻ in the direction
of a unit vector e is equal to e . grad I= e . ’I.

[Link] ߠ is angle between two surfaces ‫׎‬ଵ ǡ ‫׎‬ଶ then

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‫ ׎׏‬Ǥ‫׎׏‬
Cos ߠ ൌ ȁ‫׎׏‬భ ȁȁ‫׎׏‬మ ȁ
భ భ

’IǤ
[Link] Normal vector of a surface ‫ ׎‬is ȁ‫׎׏‬ȁ

Solved Problems

ࢌᇲ ሺ࢘ሻ
[Link] that ’[f(r)] = ࢘
࢘where r = xi  yj  zk .

Sol: Since r = xi  yj  zk , we have ‫ݎ‬2ൌ ‫ݔ‬2൅‫ݕ‬2൅‫ݖ‬2

Differentiating w.r.t. ‘‫ ’ݔ‬partially, we get

wr wr x wr y wr z
2r 2x Ÿ .Similarly ,
wx wx r wy r wz r

§ w w w· wr x
’ሾ݂ሺ‫ݎ‬ሻሿ = ¨¨ i  j  k ¸¸ f (r ) ¦if 1
(r ) ¦if 1
(r )
© wx wy wz ¹ wx r

f 1 (r ) f 1 (r )
=
r
¦ix r
.r

1
Note : From the above result, ’ሺ݈‫ݎ݃݋‬ሻ  ൌ r ǡ ’ሺ‫ݎ‬nሻ ൌ ݊‫ݎ‬nെʹ r .
r2

[Link] the directional derivative of f ൌ ࢞࢟ ൅ ࢟ࢠ ൅ ࢠ࢞ in the direction of vector

i  2 j  2k at the point (1,2,0).

Sol: Given ݂ ൌ ‫ ݕݔ‬൅ ‫ ݖݕ‬൅ ‫ݔݖ‬Ǥ

wf wf wf
Grad f = i  j z ( y  z )i  ( z  x) j  ( x  y )k
wx wy wz

If e is the unit vector in the direction of the vector i  2 j  2k , then

i  2 j  2k 1
e (i  2 j  2k )
1 2 2
2 2 2 3

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Directional derivative of f along the given direction =

1
3
>
i  2 j  2k . y  z i  z  x j  x  y k at (1,2,0) @

3. Find the directional derivative of the function ࢞࢟2൅࢟ࢠ2൅ࢠ࢞2 along the tangent to the
curve ࢞ ൌ ࢚ǡ ࢟ ൌ ࢚2ǡ ࢠ ൌ ࢚3at the point (1,1,1).

Sol: Here ݂ ൌ ‫ݕݔ‬2൅‫ݖݕ‬2൅‫ ݔݖ‬2

wf wf wf
’f = i  j k = y 2  2 xz i  z 2  2 xy j  x 2  2 yz k
wx wy wz

At (1,1,1) , ’f = 3i  3 j  3 k

Let r be the position vector of any point on the curve ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ‫ݐ‬ǡ ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ‫ ݐ‬2ǡ ‫ ݖ‬ൌ ‫ݐ‬3. then

r = xi  y j  z k ti  t 2 j  t 3 k

wr
i  2tj  3t 2 k ( i  2 j  3k ) at (1,1,1)
wt

wr
We know that is the vector along the tangent to the curve.
wt

i  2 j  3k i  2 j  3k
Unit vector along the tangent = e e
1  2 2  32 14

1
Directional derivative along the tangent = ’f .e = ( i  2 j  3k ) .3 ( i  j  k )
14
3 18
(1  2  3)
14 14

4. Find the directional derivative of the function f = ࢞2െ࢟2൅૛ࢠ2 at the point P =(1,2,3) in
the direction of the line PQ where Q = (5,0,4).

Sol: The position vectors of P and Q with respect to the origin are OP = i  2 j  3k and

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OQ = 5 i  4k ; PQ = OQ – OP = 4 i  2 j  k

4i  2 j  k
Let e be the unit vector in the direction of PQ . Then e
21

wf wf wf
grad f = i j k 2 x i  2 yj  4 zk
wx wy wz

The directional derivative of f at P (1,2,3) in the direction of PQ = e .’f

1 1 1
= (4 i  2 j  k ) . (2 x i  2 yj  4 zk ) (8 x  4 y  4 z ) at (1, 2,3) (28)
21 21 21

5. Find the greatest value of the directional derivative of the function f =x2yz3 at (2,1,-1).

Sol: we have

wf wf wf
grad f = i j k 2 xyz3 i  x 2 z 3 j  3x 2 yz 2 k =  4i  4 j  12k at (2,1,-1).
wx wy wz

Greatest value of the directional derivative of f = ’f 16  16  144 = 4 11.

[Link] the directional derivative of ࢞࢟ࢠ2൅࢞ࢠ at (1, 1 ,1) in a direction of the normal to
the surface ૜࢞࢟૛ ൅ ࢟ ൌ ࢠ at (0,1,1).

Sol: Let f(x, y, z) { ͵‫ݕݔ‬2൅‫ ݕ‬െ ‫ = ݖ‬0

Let us find the unit normal e to this surface at (0,1,1). Then

wf wf wf
3y 2 , 6 xy  1, 1.
wx wy wz

’f = 3‫ݕ‬2i+(6‫ݕݔ‬+1)j-k

(’f)(0,1,1) = 3i+j-k = n

n 3i  j  k 3i  j  k
e=
n 9 11 11

Let ݃ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ǡ ‫ݖ‬ሻ  ൌ ‫ݖݕݔ‬2 ൅‫ݖݔ‬, then

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wg wg wg
yz 2  z , xz 2 , 2 xy  x
wx wy wz

’݃ ൌ ሺ‫ݖݕ‬2൅‫ݖ‬ሻ݅ ൅ ‫ ݆ʹݖݔ‬൅ ሺʹ‫ ݖݕݔ‬൅ ‫ݔ‬ሻ݇

And [’g] (1,1,1) = 2i+j+3k

Directional derivative of the given function in the direction of e at (1,1,1) = ’g. e

§ 3i  j  k · 6 1 3 4
=(2i+j+3k). ¨¨ ¸¸
© 11 ¹ 11 11

[Link] the angle between the normal to the surface ࢞࢟ ൌ ࢠ2 at the points (4,1,2) and
(3,3,-3).

Sol: Given surface is ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ǡ ‫ݖ‬ሻ  ൌ ‫ ݕݔ‬െ ‫ݖ‬2

Let n1 and n 2 be the normal to this surface at (4,1,2) and (3,3,-3) respectively.

Differentiating partially, we get

wf wf wf
y, x, 2 z.
wx wy wz

grad f = yi  xj  2 zk

n1 = (grad f) at (4,1,2) = i  4 j  4k

n1 .n2 i  4 j  4k 3i  3 j  6k
cos T = .
n1 n2 1  16  16 9  9  36

(3  12  24) 9
33 54 33 54

8. Find a unit normal vector to the surface x2+y2+2z2 = 26 at the point (2, 2 ,3).

Sol: Let the given surface be f(x,y,z) { x2+y2+2z2 – 26=0. Then

wf wf wf
2 x, 2 y, 4 z.
wx wy wz

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wf
grad f = ¦ i wx ʹ‫ ݅ݔ‬൅ ʹ‫ ݆ݕ‬൅ Ͷ‫݇ݖ‬

Normal vector at (2,2,3) = [’f ](2,2,3) = 4 i +4 j +12 k

’f 4(i  j  3k ) i  j  3k
Unit normal vector = =
’f 4 11 11

9. Find the values of ࢇand ࢈ so that the surfaces ࢇ࢞2െ࢈࢟ࢠ ൌ  ሺࢇ ൅ ૛ሻ࢞ࢇ࢔ࢊ૝࢞2࢟ ൅

ࢠ3ൌ ૝ may intersect orthogonally at the point (1, -1,2).

(or) Find the constants a and b so that surface ࢇ࢞2െ࢈࢟ࢠ ൌ  ሺࢇ ൅ ૛ሻ࢞will orthogonal to
૝࢞2࢟ ൅ ࢠ3ൌ ૝ at the point (1,-1,2).

Sol: Let the given surfaces be ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ǡ ‫ݖ‬ሻ = ࢇ࢞2െ࢈࢟ࢠ ൌ  ሺࢇ ൅ ૛ሻ࢞-------------(1)

And ݃ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ǡ ‫ݖ‬ሻ  ൌ ૝࢞2࢟ ൅ ࢠ3ൌ ૝ ------------(2)

Given the two surfaces meet at the point (1,-1,2).

Substituting the point in (1), we get

ܽ ൅ ʹܾ െ ሺܽ ൅ ʹሻ  ൌ ͲŸܾ ൌ ͳ

wf wf wf
Now 2ax  (a  2), bz and by.
wx wy wz

wf
’f = ¦ i wx [(ʹܽ‫ ݔ‬െ ሺܽ ൅ ʹሻሿ݅ െ ܾ‫ ݖ‬൅ ܾ݇ ൌ  ሺܽ െ ʹሻ݅ െ ʹܾ݆ ൅ ܾ݇

= ሺܽ െ ʹሻ݅ െ ʹ݆ ൅ ݇= n1 , normal vector to surface 1.

wg wg wg
Also 8 xy, 4x 2 , 3z 2 .
wx wy wz

wg
’g = ¦ i wx ͺ‫ ݅ݕݔ‬൅ Ͷ‫ݔ‬2݆ ൅ ͵‫ݖ‬2݇

(’g)(1,-1,2) =െͺ݅ ൅ Ͷ݆ ൅ ͳʹ݇= n 2 , normal vector to surface 2.

Given the surfaces ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ǡ ‫ݖ‬ሻǡ ݃ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ǡ ‫ݖ‬ሻ are orthogonal at the point (1,-1,2).

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>’f @>. ’g @ 0 Ÿ ሺሺܽ െ ʹሻ݅ െ ʹ݆ ൅ ݇ሻǤ ሺെͺ݅ ൅ Ͷ݆ ൅ ͳʹ݇ሻ ൌ Ͳ

Ÿ െ ͺܽ ൅ ͳ͸ െ ͺ ൅ ͳʹŸܽ ൌ ͷȀʹ

‫ ܽ݁ܿ݊݁ܪ‬ൌ ͷȀʹܾܽ݊݀ ൌ ͳǤ

Divergence of a vector

wf wf wf
Let f be any continuously differentiable vector point function. Then i.  j.  k . is
wx wy wz
called the divergence of f and is written as div f .

wf wf wf § w w w·
i.e., div f = i.  j.  k . = ¨¨ i  j  k ¸¸. f
wx wy wz © wx wy wz ¹

Hence we can write div f as

div f = ’. f

This is a scalar point function.

w f1 wf 2 wf 3
NOTE: If the vector f = f1i  f 2 j  f 3 k , then div f =  
wx wy wz

Solenoidal Vector

A vector point function f is said to be solenoidal if ݀݅‫ ݒ‬f =0.

Physical interpretation of divergence:

Depending upon f in a physical problem, we can interpret div f ( ’. f ).

Suppose F (‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ǡ ‫ݖ‬ǡ ‫ݐ‬ሻ is the velocity of a fluid at a pointሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ǡ ‫ݖ‬ሻ and time ‘‫ݐ‬ǯǤ Though time
has no role in computing divergence, it is considered here because velocity vector depends on
time.

Imagine a small rectangular box within the fluid as shown in the figure. We would like to
measure the rate per unit volume at which the fluid flows out at any given time. The

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divergence of F measures the outward flow or expansions of the fluid from their point at
any time. This gives a physical interpretation of the divergence.

Solved Problems

1. Find ࢊ࢏࢜ f when ࢍ࢘ࢇࢊሺ࢞3൅࢟3൅ࢠ3െ૜࢞࢟ࢠሻ

Sol: Let I ൌ ‫ݔ‬3൅‫ݕ‬3൅‫ݖ‬3െ͵‫ݖݕݔ‬

wI wI wI
Then 3x 2  3 yz, 3 y 2  3zx, 3z 2  3xy
wx wy wz

wI wI wI
grad I = i j k = 3 [( x 2  yz )i  ( y 2  zx) j  ( z 2  xy)k ]
wx wy wz

w f1 wf 2 wf 3 w w w
div f =   = [3( x 2  yz )]  [3( y 2  zx )]  [3( z 2  xy)]
wx wy wz wx wy wz

= 3(2x)+3(2y)+3(2z) = 6(x+y+z)

2. If f = ( x  3 y)i  ( y  2 z ) j  ( x  pz )k is Solenoidal, find P.

Sol: Let f = ( x  3 y)i  ( y  2 z ) j  ( x  pz )k = f1i  f 2 j  f 3 k

wf1 wf 2 wf 3
We have 1, 1, p
wx wy wz

w f1 wf 2 wf 3
div f =   = ͳ ൅ ͳ ൅ ‫ ݌‬ൌ ʹ ൅ ‫݌‬
wx wy wz

since f is solenoidal, we have div f = 0 Ÿ 2  p 0Ÿ p 2

3. Find div f = r n r . Find n if it is solenoidal?

Sol: Given f = r n r . where r xi  yj  zk and r r

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We have ‫ݎ‬2ൌ ‫ݔ‬2൅‫ݕ‬2൅‫ݖ‬2

Differentiating partially with respect to ‫ݔ‬, we get

wr wr x
2r 2x Ÿ ,
wx wx r

wr y wr z
Similarly and
wy r wz r

f =rn ( xi  yj  zk )

w n w w
div f = (r x)  (r n y )  (r n z )
wx wy wz

wr wr wr
= nr n1 x  r n  nr n1 y  r n  nr n1 z  r n
wx wy wz

ª x2 y2 z 2 º r2
= nr n1 «   »  3r n nr n1 +͵‫ݎ‬n ൌ ݊‫ݎ‬n൅͵‫ݎ‬nൌ  ሺ݊ ൅ ͵ሻ‫ݎ‬n
¬r r r ¼ r

Let f = r n r be solenoidal. Then ݀݅‫ ݒ‬f ൌ Ͳ

ሺ݊ ൅ ͵ሻ‫ݎ‬nൌ Ͳ Ÿ ݊ ൌ  െ͵

§r ·
4. Evaluate ’. ¨ 3 ¸ where r xi  yj  zk and r r .
©r ¹

Sol: We have r = ‫ ݅ݔ‬൅ ‫ ݆ݕ‬൅ ‫= ݎ݀݊ܽ݇ݖ‬ x2  y2  z2

wr x wr y wr z
, , and
wx r wy r wz r

r
? = r.
r3

‫ݎ‬-3 ൌ ‫ݎ‬-3‫ ݅ݔ‬൅ ‫ݎ‬-3‫ ݆ݕ‬൅ ‫ݎ‬-3‫ ݇ݖ‬ൌ ݂ 1݅ ൅ ݂2݆ ൅ ݂3݇

§ r · w f wf wf
Hence ’. ¨ 3 ¸ = 1  2  3
© r ¹ wx wy wz

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wf1 wr
We have f1= r-3 x Ÿ r 3 .1  x(3)r 4 .
wx wx

wf1 x
? r 3  3xr 4 r 3  3 x 2 r 5
wx y

§r · wf1
’. ¨ 3 ¸ =
©r ¹
¦ wx
3r 3  3r 5 ¦ x 2 = ͵‫ݎ‬-3 െ͵‫ݎ‬-5 ‫ݎ‬2ൌ Ͳ

Curl of a Vector

Let f be any continuously differentiable vector point function. Then the vector function

wf wf wf
defined by i u  j u  k u is called curl of f and is denoted by curl f or (’x f ).
wx wy wz

wf wf wf § wf ·
Curl f = i u
wx
 ju k u
wy wz
¦¨¨ i u wx ¸¸
© ¹

Theorem 1: If f is differentiable vector point function given by = f f1i  f 2 j  f 3 k then

§ wf wf · § wf wf · § wf wf ·
curl f = ¨¨ 3  2 ¸¸i  ¨ 1  3 ¸ j  ¨¨ 2  1 ¸¸k
© wy wz ¹ © wz wx ¹ © wx wy ¹

i j k
w w w
Note : curl f = ’x f
=’
wx wy wz
f1 f2 f3

Note (2) : If f is a constant vector then curl f = o .

Physical Interpretation of curl

If w is the angular velocity of a rigid body rotating about a fixed axis and v is the
velocity of any point ܲሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ǡ ‫ )ݖ‬on the body, then w = Φܿ‫ ݈ݎݑ‬v Ǥ Thus the angular velocity
of rotation at any point is equal to half the curl of velocity vector. This justifies the use of the
word “curl of a vector”.

Any motion in which curl of the velocity vector is a null vector i.e ܿ‫ ݈ݎݑ‬v ൌ 0 is said to be
Irrotational.

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Def: A vector f is said to be Irrotational if ܿ‫ ݈ݎݑ‬f  ൌ  0 Ǥ

If f is Irrotational, there will always exist a scalar functionMሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ǡ ‫ݖ‬ሻsuch that f

ൌ ݃‫݀ܽݎ‬IǤ This I is called scalar potential of f .

It is easy to prove that, if f = ݃‫݀ܽݎ‬Iǡ then curl f = 0.

Hence ’‫ ݔ‬f  ൌ Ͳ œ there exists a scalar function I such that f = ’I.

This idea is useful when we study the “work done by a force later.

Solved Problems

1. Find ࢉ࢛࢘࢒ f where f = ࢍ࢘ࢇࢊሺ࢞3൅࢟3൅ࢠ3െ૜࢞࢟ࢠሻ

Sol: Let I ൌ ࢞3൅࢟3൅ࢠ3െ૜࢞࢟ࢠThen

wI
݃‫݀ܽݎ‬I ൌ ¦ i wx 3( x 2  yz )i  3( y 2  zx ) j  3( z 2  xy)k

i j k
w w w
ܿ‫݀ܽݎ݈݃ݎݑ‬I ൌ ’‫݀ܽݎ݃ݔ‬I ൌ 3
wx wy wz
x 2  yz y 2  zx z 2  xy

=
3[i  x  x  j  y  y  k  z  z ] 0

? ܿ‫ ݈ݎݑ‬f ൌ  0 Ǥ

Note: We can prove in general that ܿ‫݈ݎݑ‬ሺ݃‫݀ܽݎ‬Iሻ ൌ 0 Ǥ ሺ݅Ǥ ݁ሻ݃‫݀ܽݎ‬Iis always irrotational.

[Link] that the vector ( x 2  yz )i  ( y 2  zx) j  ( z 2  xy) k is irrotational and find its
scalar potential.

Sol: let f = ( x 2  yz )i  ( y 2  zx) j  ( z 2  xy) k

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i j k
w w w
Then curl f = = ¦ i (  x  x) 0
wx wy wz
x 2  yz y 2  zx z 2  xy

? f is Irrotational. Then there exists I such that f =’I.

wI wI wI
Ÿi j k = ( x 2  yz )i  ( y 2  zx) j  ( z 2  xy) k
wx wy wz

Comparing components, we get

wI x3
wx
x 2  yz Ÿ I ³ x 2  yz dx
3
 xyz  f1 ( y, z )......(1)

wI y3
y 2  zx Ÿ I  xyz  f 2 ( z, x)......( 2)
wy 3

wI z3
z 2  xy Ÿ I  xyz  f 3 ( x, y )......(3)
wz 3

x3  y3  z 3
From (1), (2),(3), I  xyz
3

1 3
? I ( x  y 3  z 3 )  xyz  cons tan t
3

Which is the required scalar potential.

3. Find constantsࢇǡ ࢈ and ࢉ if the vector

f = (2 x  3 y  az )i  (bx  2 y  3z ) j  (2 x  cy  3z ) k is Irrotational.

Sol: Given f = (2 x  3 y  az )i  (bx  2 y  3z ) j  (2 x  cy  3z ) k

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i j k
w w w
Curl f= =
wx wy wz
2 x  3 y  az bx  2 y  3z 2 x  cy  3z

(c  3)i  (2  a) j  (b  3) k

If the vector is Irrotational then curl f = 0

?2  a 0Ÿa 2, b  3 0 Ÿ b 3, c  3 0 Ÿ c 3

[Link] ࢌሺ࢘ሻ is differentiable, show that ࢉ࢛࢘࢒ሼ r ࢌሺ࢘ሻሽ  ൌ  0 where

r = xi  yj  zk .

Sol: r = r = x 2  y 2  z 2

? ‫ ݎ‬ଶ  ൌ  ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ ݖ‬ଶ 

wr wr x wr y wr z
Ÿ 2r 2x Ÿ , similarly , and
wx wx r wy r wz r

ܿ‫݈ݎݑ‬ሼ r ݂ሺ‫ݎ‬ሻሽ ൌ ܿ‫݈ݎݑ‬ሼ݂ሺ‫ݎ‬ሻሺ xi  yj  zk ሻሽ ൌ ܿ‫ ( ݈ݎݑ‬x. f (r )i  y. f (r ) j  z. f (r ) k ) 

i j k
w w w ªw w º
=
wx wy wz
¦ i « wy [ zf (r )]  wz [ yf (r )]»
¬ ¼
xf (r ) yf (r ) zf (r )

ª wr wr º ª y zº
¦ i « zf 1
(r )
wy
 yf 1 (r ) »
wz ¼
¦ i «¬ zf 1
(r )  yf 1 (r ) » = 0 .
r¼
¬ r

[Link] constants a,b,c so that the vector A=

( x  2 y  az )i  (bx  3 y  z ) j  (4 x  cy  2 z ) k is Irrotational. Also findI such that A =

’I.

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Sol: Given vector is A = ( x  2 y  az )i  (bx  3 y  z ) j  (4 x  cy  2 z ) k

Vector A is Irrotational Ÿ ܿ‫ ݈ݎݑ‬A  ൌ  0 

i j k
w w w
Ÿ 0
wx wy wz
x  2 y  az bx  3 y  z 4 x  cy  2 z

Ÿ (c  1)i  (a  4) j  (b  2) k 0

Ÿ (c  1)i  (a  4) j  (b  2) k = 0i  0 j  0 k

Comparing both sides,

ܿ ൅ ͳ ൌ Ͳǡ ܽ െ Ͷ ൌ Ͳǡ ܾ െ ʹ ൌ Ͳ

ܿ ൌ  െͳǡ ܽ ൌ Ͷǡ ܾ ൌ ʹ

Now A = ( x  2 y  4 z )i  (2 x  3 y  z ) j  (4 x  y  2 z ) k , on substituting the values of

ܽǡ ܾǡ ܿ

we have A = ’I.

wI wI wI
Ÿ A = ( x  2 y  4 z )i  (2 x  3 y  z ) j  (4 x  y  2 z ) k = i j k
wx wy wz

Comparing both sides, we have

wI ௫మ
‫ ݔ‬൅ ʹ‫ ݕ‬൅ Ͷ‫ Ÿݖ‬I= +ʹ‫ ݕݔ‬൅ Ͷ‫ݔݖ‬+݂ଵ ሺ‫ݕ‬ǡ ‫)ݖ‬
wx ଶ

wI
ʹ‫ ݔ‬െ ͵‫ ݕ‬െ ‫ Ÿݖ‬I= ʹ‫ ݕݔ‬െ ͵‫ݕ‬2Ȁʹ െ ‫ ݖݕ‬൅ ݂ଶ ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫)ݖ‬
wy

wI
Ͷ‫ ݔ‬െ ‫ ݕ‬൅ ʹ‫Ÿ ݖ‬I= Ͷ‫ ݖݔ‬െ ‫ ݖݕ‬൅ ‫ ݖ‬2൅ ݂ଷ ሺ‫ݕ‬ǡ ‫)ݔ‬
wz

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Hence I ൌ ‫ݔ‬2Ȁʹ െ ͵‫ݕ‬2Ȁʹ ൅ ‫ݖ‬2൅ʹ‫ ݕݔ‬൅ Ͷ‫ ݔݖ‬െ ‫ ݖݕ‬൅ ܿ

Laplacian Operator

w § wI wI wI · w 2I § w2 w2 w2 ·
’.’I= ¦ i . ¨¨ i j k ¸ ¦ wx 2 ¨¨ 2  2  2 ¸¸I ’ 2I
wx © wx wy wz ¸¹ © wx wy wz ¹

w2 w2 w2
Thus the operator ’2 {   is called Laplacian operator.
wx 2 wy 2 wz 2

Note : (i). ’2I= ’.(’I) ൌ ݀݅‫ݒ‬ሺ݃‫݀ܽݎ‬Iሻ

(ii). If ’2 I=0 then I is said to satisfy Laplacian equation. This I is called a harmonic
function.

Solved Problems

[Link] that ࢊ࢏࢜Ǥ ሺࢍ࢘ࢇࢊ࢘mሻ ൌ ࢓ሺ࢓ ൅ ૚ሻ࢘mെ૛ሺ࢕࢘ሻ’2ሺ࢘mሻ  ൌ ࢓ሺ࢓૚ሻ࢘mെ૛ሺ࢕࢘ሻ

’2ሺ࢘nሻ  ൌ ࢔ሺ࢔ ൅ ૚ሻ࢘nെ૛

Sol: Let r xi  yj  zk and r = r then ‫ݎ‬2ൌ ‫ݔ‬2൅‫ݕ‬2൅‫ݖ‬2.

wr wr x
Differentiating w.r.t. ǯ‫ ’ݔ‬partially, wet get 2‫ݎ‬ = 2‫ = Ÿ ݔ‬.
wx wx r

wr y wr z
Similarly = and =
wy r wz r

w wr x
Now ݃‫݀ܽݎ‬ሺ‫ݎ‬mሻ = ¦ i wx (r m
) = ¦ i mr m 1
wx
= ¦ i mr m 1 = ¦ i mr m2 x
r

w ª wr º
? ݀݅‫ݒ‬ሺ݃‫ ݎ݀ܽݎ‬ሻ  ൌ
m
¦ wx [mr m2
x] =m ¦ «(m  2)r m 3 x  r m2 »
¬ wx ¼

>
ൌ ݉ ¦ (m  2)r m4 x 2  r m2 @ m>(m  2)r ¦ x ¦ r @
m 4 2 m 2

ൌ ݉ሾሺ݉ െ ʹሻ‫ݎ‬mെͶሺ‫ݎ‬2ሻ ൅ ͵‫ݎ‬mെʹሿ

ൌ ݉ሾሺ݉ െ ʹሻ‫ݎ‬mെʹ ൅ ͵‫ݎ‬mെʹሿ

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ൌ ݉ሾሺ݉ െ ʹ ൅ ͵ሻ‫ݎ‬mെʹሿ ൌ ݉ሺ݉ ൅ ͳሻ‫ݎ‬mെʹǤ

‫’݁ܿ݊݁ܪ‬2ሺ‫ݎ‬mሻ  ൌ ݉ሺ݉ ൅ ͳሻ‫ݎ‬mെʹ

d 2 f 2 df 2 1
2. Show that ’2[f(r)]=  f 11 (r )  f (r ) where r = r .
dr 2 r dr r

w wr x
Sol: ݃‫݀ܽݎ‬ሾ݂ሺ‫ݎ‬ሻሿ  ൌ ’݂ሺ‫ݎ‬ሻ ൌ ¦ i wx [ f (r )] ¦ i f 1
(r )
wx
¦i f 1
(r )
r

w ª xº
? ݀݅‫ݒ‬ሾ݃‫݂݀ܽݎ‬ሺ‫ݎ‬ሻሿ  ൌ ’ [݂ሺ‫ݎ‬ሻሿ  ൌ ’Ǥ ’݂ሺ‫ݎ‬ሻ=
2
¦ wx «¬ f 1
(r ) »
r¼

w 1 w
r [ f (r ) x]  f 1 (r ) x (r )
wx wx
= ¦ r 2

§ wr · § x·
r ¨ f 11 (r ) x  f 1 (r )¸  f 1 (r ) x¨ ¸
© wx ¹ ©r¹
=¦ 2
r

x § x·
rf 11 (r ) x  r f 1 (r )  f 1 (r ) x¨ ¸
r ©r¹
= ¦ 2
r

x
¦ rf 11
(r ) x  rf 1 (r )  x 2 1
r f r
2
.
r r

f 11 r 2 3 1 1
2
r  f r  3 f 1 r r2
r r r
2 1
f 11 r  f r
r

3. If I satisfies Laplacian equation, show that ’I is both solenoidal and irrotational.

Sol: Given ’2I ൌ ͲŸ݀݅‫ݒ‬ሺ݃‫݀ܽݎ‬Iሻ ൌ ͲŸ݃‫ ݀ܽݎ‬I is solenoidal

We know that ܿ‫݈ݎݑ‬ሺ݃‫݀ܽݎ‬Iሻ  ൌ  0 Ÿ݃‫݀ܽݎ‬I is always irrotational

4. Prove that curl grad I = 0.

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Sol: Let I be any scalar point function. Then

wI wI wI
.grad I i j k
wx wy wz

i j k
w w w
curl ( gradI )
wx wy wz
wI wI wI
wx wy wz

§ w 2I w 2I · § w 2I w 2I · § w 2I w 2I ·
= ¨ wywz  wzwy ¸ 
i j¨
w w

w w

¸ ¨k
w w

w w
¸ 0
© ¹ © x z z x ¹ © x y y x ¹

Note : Since Curl ( gradI ) 0 , we have grad I is always irrotational.

5. Prove that ࢊ࢏࢜ curl f 0

Pr oof : Let f f 1i  f 2 j  f 3 k

i j k
w w w
? curl f ’u f
wx wy wz
f1 f2 f3

§ wf3 wf 2 · § wf3 wf1 · § wf wf ·

¨  ¸i ¨  ¸ j ¨ 2  1 ¸k
© wy wz ¹ © wx wz ¹ © wx wy ¹

w § wf3 wf 2 · w § wf3 wf1 · w § wf 2 wf1 ·

? div curl f ’.(’u f ) ¨  ¸   ¨  ¸
wx © wy wz ¹ wy ¨© wx wz ¸¹ wz © wx wy ¹

w 2 f 3 w 2 f 2 w 2 f 3 w 2 f1 w 2 f 2 w 2 f1
     0
wxwy wxwz wywx wywz wzwx wzwy

Note : Since div(curl f ) 0, we have curl f is always solenoidal.

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VECTOR INTEGRATION

Line Integral


Any integral which is to be evaluated over a Curve C is called Line integral of F .

  
Note : Work done by F along a curve ܿ is ³ F .d r
c

Solved Problems

    
1. If F = (x2-27) i -6yz j +8xz2 k , evaluate d r from the point (0,0,0) to the point
(1,1,1) along the Straight line from (0,0,0) to (1,0,0), (1,0,0) to (1,1,0) and (1,1,0) to
(1,1,1).

   
Sol : Given F = (x2-27) i -6yz j +8xz2 k

Now r = x i + y j + z k Ÿ dr dxi + dy j + dz k


? F Ǥ d r  ൌ  ሺ‫ݔ‬2െʹ͹ሻ݀‫ݔ‬Ȃሺ͸‫ݖݕ‬ሻ݀‫ ݕ‬൅ ͺ‫ݖݔ‬2݀‫ݖ‬

(i) Along the straight line from O = (0,0,0) to A = (1,0,0)

Here ‫ ݕ‬ൌ Ͳ ൌ ‫ ݕ݀݀݊ܽݖ‬ൌ ݀‫ ݖ‬ൌ ͲǤ Also ‫ ݔ‬changes from 0 to 1.

 1
ª x3 º1 1  80
? ³ F . dr = ³ (x -27)dx = «  27 x» =  27
2

OA o ¬3 ¼0 3 3

(ii) Along the straight line from A = (1,0,0) to B = (1,1,0)

Here ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ͳǡ ‫ ݖ‬ൌ Ͳ Ÿ ݀‫ ݔ‬ൌ Ͳǡ ݀‫ ݖ‬ൌ ͲǤ ‫ ݕ‬changes from 0 to 1.

 1
? ³ F . dr = ³ (6 yz)dy 0
AB y 0

(iii) Along the straight line from B = (1,1,0) to C = (1,1,1)

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‫ ݔ‬ൌ ͳ ൌ ‫ݕ‬ Ÿ
݀‫ ݔ‬ൌ ݀‫ ݕ‬ൌ Ͳܽ݊݀‫ ݖ‬changes from 0 to 1.

 1 1
ª 8z3 º 1 8
? ³ F . dr = ³ 8xz dz
2
³ 8xz dz
2
« 3 »0
BC z 0 z 0 ¬ ¼ 3


88
(i)  (ii )  (iii ) Ÿ ³ F . d r =
C
3

   
2. If F ൌ ሺ૞࢞࢟ െ ૟࢞2ሻ i ሺ૛࢟ െ ૝࢞ሻ j ǡ evaluate
൅ ³
C
F . d r along the curve C in xy-

plane࢟ ൌ ࢞3from (1,1) to (2,8).

  
Sol: Given F ൌ ሺͷ‫ ݕݔ‬െ ͸‫ݔ‬2ሻ i ൅ ሺʹ‫ ݕ‬െ Ͷ‫ݔ‬ሻ j ǡ-------(1)


Along the curve‫ ݕ‬ൌ ‫ݔ‬3ǡ ݀‫ ݕ‬ൌ ͵‫ݔ‬2݀‫ݔ‬

  
? F ൌ ሺͷ‫ݔ‬4െ͸‫ݔ‬2ሻ i ൅ ሺʹ‫ݔ‬3െͶ‫ݔ‬ሻ j ǡሾܲ‫ ݕ݃݊݅ݐݐݑ‬ൌ ‫ݔ‬3݅݊ሺͳሻሿ


݀ r ൌ  dxi ൅ dy j ൌ dxi  ൅ ͵‫ݔ‬2݀‫ ݔ‬j 

?
  
ª  º
 F . ݀ r ൌ  ሾሺͷ‫ݔ‬4െ͸‫ݔ‬2) i ൅(2x3-4x) j ]. « dx i  3x 2 dx j »
¬ ¼

ൌ  ሺͷ‫ݔ‬4Ȃ ͸‫ݔ‬2ሻ݀‫ ݔ‬൅ ሺʹ‫ݔ‬3 Ȃ Ͷ‫ݔ‬ሻ͵‫ݔ‬3݀‫ݔ‬

ൌ  ሺ͸‫ݔ‬5൅ͷ‫ݔ‬4െͳʹ‫ݔ‬3 െ͸‫ݔ‬2)݀‫ݔ‬

 2
Hence ³ F . d r = ³ (6 x5  5 x 4  12 x3  6 x 2 )dx
y x3 1

§ x6 x5 x4 x3 · 2
= ¨ 6.  5.  12.  6. ¸ x 6  x5  3x 4  2 x3
© 6 5 4 4¹ 1

= 16(4+2-3-1) – (1+1-3-2) = 32+3 = 35

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3. Find the work done by the force F = zi + x j + y k , when it moves a particle along the

 
arc of the curve r  ൌ ࢉ࢕࢙࢚ i  ൅ ࢙࢏࢔࢚ j െ ࢚ k ࢌ࢘࢕࢓࢚ ൌ ૙࢚࢕࢚ ൌ 2S 

   
Sol : Given force F  ൌ ‫ ݖ‬i  ൅ ‫ ݔ‬j  ൅ ‫ ݕ‬k and the arc is r  ൌ ܿ‫ ݐݏ݋‬i  ൅ ‫ ݐ݊݅ݏ‬j െ ‫ ݐ‬k 

݅Ǥ ݁Ǥ ǡ ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ܿ‫ݐݏ݋‬ǡ ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ‫ݐ݊݅ݏ‬ǡ ‫ ݖ‬ൌ  െ‫ݐ‬


? ݀ r ൌ  ሺെ‫ ݐ݊݅ݏ‬i  ൅ ܿ‫ ݐݏ݋‬j െ k ሻ݀‫ݐ‬

  
? F . d r = (-t i +cost j +sin t k ). (-sin t i + cost j - k )dt = (t sin t + cos2 t – sin t)dt

2S  2S

Hence work done = ³

0
[Link] = ³ (t sin t + cos2 t – sin t ) dt
0

2S 2S 2S
1  cos 2t
= >t ( cos t )@0
2S
 ³ ( sin t )dt  ³ dt  ³ sin t dt
0 0
2 0

2S
1 § sin 2t · 2S 2S
=  2S  (cos t )  ¨ t  ¸  cos t
0 0
2© 2 ¹0

1
=  2S  (1  1)  (2S )  (1  1) 2S  S S
2

Surface Integral

Any integral which is to be evaluated over a surface S is called surface integral

 
and it is denoted by ³ F . n ds
S


Let F = F1 i+F2 j+F3 k, where F1 ,F2 ,F3 are continuous and differentiable functions of
x,y,z.

Then ³ [Link] = ³³ F dydz  F dxdz  F dxdy

S
1 2 3
s

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F .n
Note: [Link] R be the projection of S on xy [Link] ³ [Link] = ³³ n.k dxdy
S R

F .n
2. Let R be the projection of S on yz [Link] ³ [Link] = ³³
S n.i
dydz
R

F .n
3. Let R be the projection of S on zx [Link] ³ [Link] = ³³ n. j dxdz
S R

Solved Problems

[Link] ³ [Link] where F = zi + xj  3y2zk and S is the surface x2 + y2 = 16

included in the first octant between z = 0 and z = 5.

Sol: The surface S is x2 + y2 = 16 included in the first octant between z = 0 and z = 5.

Let φ = x2 + y2 = 16

wI wI wI
Then ’I ൌ i  j k 2xi  2y j 
wx wy wz

unit normal

’I xi  y j
n ( x 2 + y 2 = 16)
’M 4

Let R be the projection of S on yz-planeThen

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dydz
S
³ [Link] = ³³ F.n n . i
R
……………. *

Given F = zi + xj  3y2zk

1
F.n (xz  xy)
4

x
and n.i
4

In yz-plane, x = 0, y = 4

In first octant, y varies from 0 to 4 and z varies from 0 to 5.

S
³ [Link]
4 5
= ³
y 0
³
z 0
(y  z)dz dy = 90.

2 : If F  ൌ ࢠ࢏ ൅ ࢞࢐  ૜࢟2ࢠ࢑, evaluate ³ [Link] where S is the surface of the cube
S

bounded by ࢞ ൌ ૙ǡ ࢞ ൌ ࢇǡ ࢟ ൌ ૙ǡ ࢟ ൌ ࢇǡ ࢠ ൌ ૙ǡ ࢠ ൌ ࢇ

Sol: Given that S is the surface of the ‫ ݔ‬ൌ Ͳǡ ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ܽǡ ‫ ݕ‬ൌ Ͳǡ ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ܽǡ ‫ ݖ‬ൌ Ͳǡ ‫ ݖ‬ൌ ܽǡ
and

 F  ൌ ‫ ݅ݖ‬൅ ‫ ݆ݔ‬െ ͵‫݇ݖʹݕ‬

we need to evaluate ³ [Link] .

S

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(I)For OABC

Equation is z = 0 and dS = dxdy

n k
a a

S
³ [Link] = ³
x 0
 ³ (yz) dxdy = 0
y 0
1

(II)For PQRS

Equation is z = a and dS = dxdy

n k

a a
a4
³ [Link] =
S2
³
x 0 y 0
³ y(a)dy dx
2

(III)For OCQR

Equation is x = 0, and n i , dS = dydz

a a

³ [Link] =
S3
³
y 0 z 0
³ 4xzdydz 0

(IV)For ABPS

Equation is x = a, and n i , dS = dydz

a a

³ [Link] =
S3
³
y 0 z 0
³ 4azdz dy 2a 4

(V)For OASR Equation is y = 0, and n  j , dS = dxdz

a a

³ [Link] =
S5
³
y 0 z 0
³ y2dzdx 0

(VI)For PBCQ Equation is y = a, and n  j , dS = dxdz

a a

³ [Link] = 
S6
³
y 0 z 0
³ y2dzdx 0

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Adding (i) to (vi)

a4 3a 4
we get ³ [Link] = 0 + + 0 + 2a + 0  a4 =
4

S 6 2 2

Volume Integrals

   
Let V be the volume bounded by a surface r f (u,v). Let F ( r ) be a vector point function

define over V. Divide V into m sub-regions of volumes GV1 , GV2 ,....GV p ....GVm

 m 
Let Pi ( r i ) be a point in G Vi .Then form the sum I m = ¦ F (r )G V . Let ݉ o f in such a way
i 1
i i

 
that G Vi shrinks to a point,. The limit of Im if it exists, is called the volume integral of F ( r )
  
in the region V is denoted by ³ F (r ) dv or ³ F dv.
V V

   
Cartesian Form : Let F r F1 i  F2 i  F3 k where F1, F2, F3 are functions of x,y,z. We
   
know that dv = dx dy dz. The volume integral given by ³ Fdv ³ ³ ³ (F1 i  F2 i  F3 k ) dx dydz
v

  
= i ³ ³ ³ F dxdydz + j ³ ³ ³ F2 dxdydz + k ³ ³ ³ F3 dxdydz
1

Solved Problems

ഥ ൌ ૛࢞ࢠ࢏ െ ࢞࢐ ൅ ࢟૛ ࢑ evaluate ‫ࡲ ׬‬

[Link] ࡲ ഥ ࢊ࢜࢕࢜ࢋ࢘ࢂ where V is the region bounded by

the surfaces ࢞ ൌ ૙ǡ ࢞ ൌ ૛ǡ ࢟ ൌ ૙ǡ ࢟ ൌ ૟ǡ ࢠ ൌ ࢞૛ ǡ ࢠ ൌ ૝.

Given ‫ܨ‬ത ൌ ʹ‫ ݅ݖݔ‬െ ‫ ݆ݔ‬൅ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ݇ .

The volume integral is given by

ഥ ݀‫ ݒ‬ൌ ‫׬‬ଶ ‫׬ ଺׬‬ସ మ ሺʹ‫ ݅ݖݔ‬െ ‫ ݆ݔ‬൅ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ݇ሻ݀‫ݖ݀ݕ݀ݔ‬

‫ܨ ׬‬ ଴ ௬ୀ଴ ௭ୀ௫

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ଶ ଺ ସ ଶ ଺ ସ
= ݅ ‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬௬ୀ଴ ‫׬‬௭ୀ௫ మ ሺʹ‫ݖݔ‬ሻ݀‫ ݖ݀ݕ݀ݔ‬െ ݆ ‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬௬ୀ଴ ‫׬‬௭ୀ௫ మ ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ݀‫ ݖ݀ݕ݀ݔ‬൅
ଶ ଺ ସ
݇ ‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬௬ୀ଴ ‫׬‬௭ୀ௫ మሺ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ሻ݀‫ݖ݀ݕ݀ݔ‬

ଶ ଺ ଶ ଺ ଶ ଺
=݅ ‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬௬ୀ଴ ‫ݔ‬ሺͳ͸ െ ‫ ݔ‬ସ ሻ ݀‫ ݕ݀ݔ‬െ ݆ ‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬௬ୀ଴ ‫ݔ‬ሺͶ െ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ሻ ݀‫ ݕ݀ݔ‬൅ ݇ ‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬௬ୀ଴ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ሺ‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ

Ͷሻ ݀‫ݕ݀ݔ‬

ଶ ଺ ଶ ଺ ଶ ଺
=݅ ‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬௬ୀ଴ሺͳ͸‫ ݔ‬െ ‫ ݔ‬ହ ሻ ݀‫ ݕ݀ݔ‬െ ݆ ‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬௬ୀ଴ሺͶ‫ ݔ‬െ ‫ ݔ‬ଷ ሻ ݀‫ ݕ݀ݔ‬൅ ݇ ‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬௬ୀ଴ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ሺ‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ

Ͷሻ ݀‫ݕ݀ݔ‬

ଶ ଶ ଶ
=݅ ‫׬‬଴ ͸ሺͳ͸‫ ݔ‬െ ‫ ݔ‬ହ ሻ ݀‫ ݔ‬െ ݆ ‫׬‬଴ ͸ሺͶ‫ ݔ‬െ ‫ ݔ‬ଷ ሻ ݀‫ ݔ‬൅ ݇ ‫׬‬଴ ͹ʹሺ‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ Ͷሻ ݀‫ݔ‬

ଶ ଶ ଶ
= ݅ ‫׬‬଴ ሺͻ͸‫ ݔ‬െ ͸‫ ݔ‬ହ ሻ ݀‫ ݔ‬െ ݆ ‫׬‬଴ ሺʹͶ‫ ݔ‬െ ͸‫ ݔ‬ଷ ሻ ݀‫ ݔ‬൅ ݇ ‫׬‬଴ ሺ͹ʹ‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ ʹͳͺሻ ݀‫ݔ‬

= ͳʹͺ݅ െ ʹͶ݆ െ ͵ͺͶ݇

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Vector Integral Theorems

Introduction

In this chapter we discuss three important vector integral theorems: (i) Gauss
divergence theorem, (ii) Green’s theorem in plane and (iii) Stokes theorem. These theorems
deal with conversion of

(i)
 

³
S
F . n ݀‫ ݏ‬into a volume integral where S is a closed surface.

(ii)
 

³
C
F .d r into a double integral over a region in a plane when C is a closed

curve in the plane and.

(iii)
 
³
S
(’ u A) . n ݀‫ ݏ‬into a line integral around the boundary of an open two sided

surface.

Gauss Divergence Theorem

(Transformation between surface integral and volume integral)


Let S be a closed surface enclosing a volume V. If F is a continuously differentiable vector
point function, then

 

³ div Fdv
V
³ F . n dS
s


When n is the outward drawn normal vector at any point of S.
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Solved Problems

1. Verify Gauss Divergence theorem for taken over the

surface of the cube bounded by the planes x = y = z = a and coordinate planes.

Sol: By Gauss Divergence theorem we have

³ F .ndS ³ divFdv
S V

§ wf · w f1 wf 2 wf 3
Now ݀݅‫ ݒ‬f = ¦ i.¨¨ ¸¸  
© wx ¹ wx wy wz

ൌ ͵‫ݔ‬2െʹ‫ݔ‬2൅ͳ

Here the cube bounded by the planes x = y = z = a and coordinate planes.

Hence

‫ܽ݋ݐͲݔ‬

‫ܽ݋ݐͲݕ‬

‫ܽ݋ݐͲݖ‬

a a
ª a3 º a
ª a3 º a § a3 · a § a3 · 2 a5
³0 ³0 «¬ 3  a »¼dydz ³0 «¬ 3 »¼ 0 ©¨ 3 ¹¸ ³0 ©¨ 3  a ¹¸ a
 a ( y ) dz  a a dz
3
 a3 ……(1)

Verification: We will calculate the value of ³ F .ndS over the six faces of the cube.
S

(i)
For S1 = PQAS; unit outward drawn normal

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‫ ݔ‬ൌ ܽǢ ݀‫ ݏ‬ൌ ݀‫ݖ݀ݕ‬Ǣ Ͳ ൑ ‫ ݕ‬൑ ܽǡ Ͳ ൑ ‫ ݖ‬൑ ܽ



? F .n x3  yz a 3  yz sin cex a
a a
? ³ ³ F .ndS ³ ³ (a  yz)dydz
3

S1 z 0y 0

(ii)
For S2 = OCRB; unit outward drawn normal ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ͲǢ ݀‫ ݏ‬ൌ ݀‫ݖ݀ݕ‬Ǣ Ͳ ൑ ‫ ݕ‬൑
ܽǡ ‫ ݕ‬൑ ‫ ݖ‬൑ ܽ

(iii)
For S3 = RBQP; z = a; ݀‫ ݏ‬ൌ ݀‫ݕ݀ݔ‬Ǣ  
Ͳ ൑ ‫ ݔ‬൑ ܽǡ Ͳ ൑ ‫ ݕ‬൑ ܽ

a a
? ³ ³ F ndS ³ ³ adxdy a 3 .....(4)
S3 y 0x 0

(iv)
For S4 = OASC; z = 0; , ݀‫ ݏ‬ൌ ݀‫ݕ݀ݔ‬Ǣ
Ͳ ൑ ‫ ݔ‬൑ ܽǡ Ͳ ൑ ‫ ݕ‬൑ ܽ

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(v)
For S5 = PSCR; y = a; , ݀‫ ݏ‬ൌ ݀‫ݔ݀ݖ‬Ǣ
Ͳ ൑ ‫ ݔ‬൑ ܽǡ Ͳ ൑ ‫ ݖ‬൑ ܽ

³ (2ax z)
2 a
z 0 dx
x 0

(vi)
For S6 = OBQA; y = 0; , ݀‫ ݏ‬ൌ ݀‫ݔ݀ݖ‬Ǣ

Ͳ ൑ ‫ ݔ‬൑ ܽǡ Ͳ ൑ ‫ ݕ‬൑ ܽ

2. Use divergence theorem to evaluate where and S is

the surface bounded by the region x2+y2=4, z=0 and z=3.

Sol: We have
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w w w
divF ’.F (4 x)  (2 y 2 )  (z 2 ) 4  4 y  2 z
wx wy wz

2 ª 4 x2 º
³ «21u 2
2 «
³ dy  12(0) »dx
»¼
¬ 0

[Since the integrans in first integral is even and in 2nd integral it is on add function]

2 2
42 ³ 4  x dx 42 u 2³ 4  x 2 dx
2

2 0

3. Verify divergence theorem for 2x2y i -y2 j +4xz2 k taken over the region of first octant
of the cylinder y2+z2=9 and x=2.
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(or) Evaluate ³ ³ F .ndS , where

s
F =2x2y i -y2 j +4xz2 k and S is the closed surface of the

region in the first octant bounded by the cylinder y2+z2 = 9 and the planes xൌ ૙ǡ ࢞ ൌ
૛ǡ ࢟ ൌ ૙ǡ ࢠ ൌ ૙

w w w
Sol: Let F =2x2y i -y2 j +4xz2 k ?’. F (2 x 2 )  ( y 2 )  (4 xz 2 ) 4 xy  2 y  8 xz
wx wy wz

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{ Since (x[f(x)]n dx = }

2
ª x2 º
« 18( x  x )  72 2 » 18(2  4)  36(4) 36  144 180...(1)
2

¬ ¼0

³ F .ndS = ³ F .ndS + ³ F .ndS +……+ ³ F .ndS

s s1 s2 s5

Where S1 is the face OAB, S2 is the face CED, S3 is the face OBDE, S4 is the face OACE and
S5 is the curved surface ABDC.

(i)

On S1 : x 0, n i ? F.n 0 Hence F .ndS ³

s1

(ii) On S2 : x 2, n i ? F .n 8y

3 9 z 2 9 z 2
§ y2 ·
3
? ³ F .ndS ³ ³ 8 ydydz ³ 8 ¨ ¸ dz
0 ©
s2 0 0
2 ¹0

(iii) On S3 : y 0, n  j. ? F.n 0 Hence ³ F .ndS

s3

’( y 2  z 2 ) 2 y j  2 zk y j  zk y j  zk
(v) On S5 : y  z 2 2
9, n
’( y 2  z 2 ) 4 y  4z
2 2
4u9 3

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 y 3  4 xz 3 z 1
F .n and n.k 9  y2
3 3 3

Hence

3
Tofind ³ y 3 ( 9  y 2 ) dy
0

sub
y 3sin T
dy 3cos T
S
3 2

³ y ( 9  y ) dy ³ sin T dT
3 2 3

0 0

sub
sin 3 T 3sin T  sin 3T

We get

S
3 2

³ y ( 9  y ) dy ³ sin T dT 18
3 2 3

0 0

Hence

³ F .nds
S3

= 180 … … (2)

Hence the Divergence theorem is verified from the equality of (1) and (2).

4. Verify Gauss divergence theorem for taken over the cube

bounded by ࢞ ൌ ૙ǡ ࢞ ൌ ࢇǡ ࢟ ൌ ૙ǡ ࢟ ൌ ࢇǡ ࢠ ൌ ૙ǡ ࢠ ൌ ࢇǤ

Sol: We have
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w 3 w w
’.F ( x )  ( y 3 )  ( z 3 ) 3x 2  3 y 2  3z 2
wx wy wz

To evaluate the surface integral divide the closed surface S of the cube into 6 parts.

i.e.,

S1 : The face DEFA ; S4 : The face OBDC

S2 : The face AGCO ; S5 : The face GCDE

S3 : The face AGEF ;S6: The face AFBO

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a a
? ³ ³ F .nds ³ ³ a3 i  y 3 j  z 3 k .idydz
s1 z 0y 0

a a

³ ³ [Link] ³ ³
s2 z 0y 0
y 3 j  z 3 k . i dydz 0

a a a a a

³ ³ [Link] ³ ³ x3 i  a3 j  z 3 k . jdxdz a3 ³ ³ dxdz a3 ³ adz a 4 z

a
0
s3 z 0x 0 z 0x 0 0

a5

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?The Gauss divergence theorem is verified.

5. Compute over the surface of the sphere x2+y2+z2 = 1

Sol: By divergence theorem ³ F .ndS =

S

?
§ w w w · 2
VI ¨ i  j  k ¸ x  y  z 1
2 2
2( xi  y j  zk )
© wx wy wy ¹

2( xi  y j  zk )
? Unit normal vector =n= xi  y j  zk Since x 2  y 2  z 2 =1
2 x y z
2 2 2

? F .n = F .( xi  y j  zk ) (ax 2  by 2  cz 2 ) (a xi  by j  czk ).( xi  y j  zk )

i.e., F axi  by j  czk ’.F a bc

Hence by Gauss Divergence theorem,

6. Use divergence theorem to evaluate ³ ³ F .d S where F =x3i+y3j+z3k and S is the surface

s

of the sphere x2+y2+z2 = r2

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w 3 w w
Sol: We have V .F ( x )  (y3 )  (z3 ) 3( x 2  y 2  z 2 )
wx wy wz

By divergence theorem,

= ³ ³ ³ 3( x  y  z )dxdydz
2 2 2

Applying spherical coordinates,

S
a a
ªS º
3³ ³ r 4 sin T (2S  0)drdT 6S ³r 0 ¬ ³0
r 4
« sin T dT » dr
r 0T 0 ¼

7. Verify divergence theorem for over the surface S of the solid cut
off by the plane x+y+z=a in the first octant.

Sol: By Gauss theorem, ³ F .ndS ³ divFdv

s v

wI wI wI
1, 1, 1
wx wy wz
wI
? gradI ¦ i wx i  j  k

Let R be the projection of S on xy-plane

Then the equation of the given plane will be x+y=a Ÿ y=a-x

Also when y=0, x=a

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F .ndxdy
? ³ F .ndS ³³
s R n.k

§ 5 3 2 3·
a
a4
? ³ F .ndS ³0 ¨©  3 x  3ax  2a x  3 a ¸¹dx
2 2
, on simplification…(1)
s
4

Given F x2 i  y 2 j  z 2 k

w 2 w w
?div F ( x )  ( y 2 )  ( z 2 ) 2( x  y  z )
wx wy wz

a a x ax y

Now ³³³ divF .dv 2³ ³ ³ ( x  y  z )dxdydz

x 0y 0 z 0

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Hence from (1) and (2), the Gauss Divergence theorem is verified.

8. Use Gauss Divergence theorem to evaluate S is

the closed surface bounded by the xy-plane and the upper half of the sphere x2+y2+z2=a2

above this plane.

Sol: Divergence theorem states that

w w w
Here ’.F ( yz 2 )  ( zx 2 )  (2 z 2 ) 4 z
wx wy wz

? ³ ³ F .ds ³ ³ ³ 4 zdxdydz
s V

Introducing spherical polar coordinates x r sin T cos I , y r sin T sin I ,

z r cosT then dxdydz r 2 drdT dI

a S 2S
? ³ ³ F .ds 4 ³ ³ ³ (r cosT )(r
2
sin T drdT dI )
s r 0 T I 0 0

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9. Use Divergence theorem to evaluate ³ ³ xi  y j  z 2 k .nds. Where S is the surface

bounded by the cone x2+y2=z2 in the plane z = 4.

Sol: Given S is the surface bounded by the cone x2+y2=z2

in the plane z = 4. Let

w w w
’.F ( x)  ( y)  ( z 2 ) 1  1  2 z 2(1  z )
wx wy wz

On the cone, x2  y 2 z 2 and z=4 Ÿ x2  y 2 16

4 16  x 2 4
2³ ³ [4  8]dxdy 2 u12³ [ y]0 16 x dx
2

0 0 0

S
[ putx 4sin T Ÿ dx 4 cos T dT . Also x 0 Ÿ T 0 and x 4 ŸT ]
2

S S
2 2
? ³ ³ ³ ’.Fdv 96 u 4 ³ 4 1  sin 2 T cos T dT 96 u 4 ³ cos 2 T dT
V 0 0

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Green’s Theorem in a Plane(Transformation b/w Line Integral and Surface Integral )

If S is Closed region in xy plane bounded by a simple closed curve C and if M and N are
continuous functions of x and y having continuous derivatives in R, then

§ wN wM ·
³ Mdx  Ndy ³³ ¨© wx 
C R
wy
¸dxdy. Where C is traversed in the anti clock-wise direction
¹

Solved Problems

[Link] Green’s theorem in plane for where C is the

region bounded by y=
= and y= .

Sol: Let M=3 - and N=4y-6xy. Then

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We have by Green’s theorem,

§ wN wM ·
³ Mdx  Ndy ³³ ¨© wx 
C R
¸dxdy.
wy ¹

§ wN wM ·
Now ³³ ¨© wx 
R
wy
¸dxdy
¹
³³ 16 y  6 y dxdy
R

x
1 x
§ y2 ·
1
=10³³ ydxdy =10 ³ ³ ydydx 10 ³ ¨ ¸ dx
x 0©
R x 0 y x2
2 ¹2
x

=5

….(1)

Verification:

We can write the line integral along c

=[line integral along y= (from O to A) + [line integral along =x(from A to O)]

= + (say)

Now =

ª 2 º
0 0
3 1 5
And l2 ³1 «¬ 3x  8x dx  4 x  6 x 2 2 x dx »¼ ³
1
3x 2  11x  2 dx
2

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§ wN wM ·
From(1) and (2), we have ³ Mdx  Ndy ³³ ¨© wx 
C R
wy
¸dxdy.
¹

Hence the verification of the Green’s theorem.

[Link] .over triangle enclosed by the ࢒࢏࢔ࢋ࢙࢟ ൌ

ଶ୶
૙ǡ ࢞ ൌ ǡ ࢟ ൌ using Green’s theorem.
஠

Sol : Let M=y- Then

=1 and =-

§ wN wM ·
? By Green’s theorem ³ Mdx  Ndy ³³ ¨© wx 
C R
wy
¸dxdy.
¹

Ÿ ³ ( y  sin x)dx  cos xdy ³³ (1  sin x)dxdy

c R

=-

=-

S
2 S
2
= ª x  cos x  x º¼ 0  ³ 1( cos x  x)dx
S ¬ 0

3.A Vector field is given by F (sin y )i  x(1  cos y ) j

Evaluate the line integral over the circular path + , z=0

(i) Directly (ii) By using Green’s theorem

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Sol: (i) Using the line integral

= ³ sin ydx  x cos ydy  xdy ³ d ( x sin y)  xdy

c c

Given Circle is + . Take x=aa and y=a so that dx=-aa and

dy=a and

2 1 S
=0+ 4a . . S a2
2 2

(ii)Using Green’s theorem

Let M= and N=x Then

= and =

By Green’s theorem,

§ wN wM ·
³ Mdx  Ndy ³³ ¨© wx 
C R
wy
¸dxdy
¹

? ³ sin
iin yydx  x(1  cos y)dy ³³ ( cos y  1  cos y)dxdy ³³ dxdy
c R

= ³ ³ dA
R
A S a 2 ( area of circle = S a 2 )

We observe that the values obtained in (i) and (ii) are same to that Green’s theorem is
verified.

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[Link] that area bounded by a simple closed curve C is given by and

hence find the area of

x2 y 2
(i)The ellipse x= a cos T , y bsinT (i.e)  1
a 2 b2

(ii )The Circle x=

§ wN wM ·
Sol: We have by Green’s theorem ³ Mdx  Ndy ³ ³ ¨© wx 
C R
wy
¸dxdy
¹

Here M=-y and N=x so that

³ xdy  ydx 2³ dxdy

c R
2 A where A is the area of the surface.

(i)For the ellipse x= and y= and

d

(ii)Put a=b to get area of the circle A=

5. Verify Green’s theorem for where C is bounded by y=x and

y=

§ wN wM ·
Sol: By Green’s theorem, we have ³ Mdx  Ndy ³ ³ ¨© wx 
C R
¸dxdy
wy ¹

Here M=xy + and N=

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The line y=x and the parabola y= intersect at O and A

Now ³ Mdx  Ndy ³ Mdx  Ndy  ³ Mdx  Ndy......(1)

c c1 c2
…..(1)

Along the line integral is

³ Mdx  Ndy ³ [ x( x )  x ]dx  x d ( x )³ ( x x  2 x )dx ³ (3x  x 4 )dx

2 4 2 2 3 4 3 3

c1 c1 c 0

= = …….(2)

Along from to the line integral is

³ Mdx  Ndy ³ ( x.x  x )dx  x dx

2 2

c2 c2

= =0-1=-1 ….(3)

From (1), (2) and (3), we have

…(4)

Now

§ wN wM ·
³ ³ ¨© wx  ¸dxdy = ³ ³ (2 x  x  2 y)dxdy
R
wy ¹ R

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= = ….(5)

§ wN wM ·
From
m ³ Mdx  Ndy = ³ ³ ¨© wx 
c R
wy
¸ dxdy
¹

Hence the Green’s Theorem is verified.

6. Verify Green’s theorem for where c is the region

bounded by x=0, y=0 and x+y=1.

Sol : By Green’s theorem, we have

§ wN wM ·
³ M dx  Ndy ³ ³ ¨© wx 
c R
wy
¸dxdy
¹

Here M=3 and N=4y-6xy

wM wN
? 16 y and 6 y
wy wx

Now ³ Mdx  Ndy ³ Mdx  Ndy  ³ Mdx  Ndy  ³ Mdx  Ndy...(1)

c OA AB BC

Along OA, y=0

Along AB, x+y=1 and x=1-y and y varies from 0 to 1.

³
AB
Mdx  Ndy = ³ [3( y  1) 2  8 y 2 ](dy )  [4 y  6 y ( y  1)]dy
0

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Along BO, x=0 and limits of y are from 1 to 0

from (1), we have

1 1 x
§ wN wM ·
Now ³ ³ ¨  ¸dxdy ³ ³ (6 y  16 y)dxdy
R©
wx wy ¹ x 0y 0

=10

=5

=- =

§ wN wM ·
From (2) and (3), we have ³ M dx  Ndy ³ ³ ¨© wx 
c R
wy
¸dxdy
¹

Hence the Green’s Theorem is verified.

7. Apply Green’s theorem to evaluate

the boundary of the area enclosed by the x-axis and upper half of the circle

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Sol: Let M= and N= Then

§ wN wM ·
³ M dx  Ndy ³ ³ ¨© wx 
c R
wy
¸dxdy
¹

³ [(2x  y 2 )ddx  ( x 2  y 2 )dy ] ³ ³ (2 x  2 y)dxdy

2
[(2 x
c R

=2 ³ ³ ( x  y )dy
R

=2

[Changing to polar coordinates (r, , r varies from 0 to a and varies from 0 to ]

a S
? ³ [(2 x  y )dx  ( x  y )dy ] 2³ r dr ³ (cos T  sin T )dT
2 2 2 2 2

c 0 0

=2.

8. Verify Green’s theorem in the plane for

Where C is square with vertices (0,0), (2,0), (2,2), (0,).

Sol: The Cartesian form of Green’s theorem in the plane is

§ wN wM ·
³ M dx  Ndy ³ ³ ¨© wx 
c R
¸dxdy
wy ¹

Here M= and N=

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-3 and

Evaluation of

To Evaluate , we shall take C in four different segments

viz (i) along OA(y=0) (ii) along AB(x=2) (iii) along BC(y=2) (iv) along CO(x=0).

(i)Along OA(y=0)

…..(1)

(ii)Along AB(x=2)

….(2)

(iii)Along BC(y=2)

2
§ x3 · §8 · 40
= ¨  4x2 ¸  ¨  16 ¸ ......(3)
© 3 ¹0 ©3 ¹ 3

(iv)Along CO(x=0)

…..(4)

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Adding(1),(2),(3) and (4), we get

8 16 40 8 24
³
c
x 2  xy3 dx  y 2  2 xy dy   
3 3 3 3 3
8 …(5)

§ wN wM ·
Evaluation of ³ ³ ¨© wx 
R
¸dxdy
wy ¹

Here x ranges from 0 to 2 and y ranges from 0 to 2 .

§ wN wM · 2 2

³ ³R ¨© wx  wy ¸¹dxdy = ³0 ³0 (2 y  3xy )dxdy

2

2
= ³ (4 y  6 y 2 )dy
2
2 y 2  2 y 3
0
0

= -8+16=8 …(6)

From (5) and (6), we have

§ wN wM ·
³ M dx  Ndy ³ ³ ¨© wx 
c R
¸dxdy
wy ¹

Hence the Green’s theorem is verified.

Stoke’s Theorem (Transformation between Line Integral and Surface Integral)

Let S be a open surface bounded by a closed, non intersecting curve C. If is any

differentiable vector point function then

= direction and

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Solved Problems

1. Apply Stokes theorem, to evaluate ³ ( ydx  zdy  xxdz) where

c
c is the curve of

intersection of the sphere and x+z=a.

Sol: The intersection of the sphere the plane x+z=a is a circle in

the plane x+z=a with AB as diameter.

Equation of the plane is x+z=a

?OA OB a i.e., A (a, 0, 0) and B=(0,0,a)

? Length of the diameter AB a2  a2  0 =aa

Radius of the circle, r=

Let

Let be the unit normal to this surface.

Then s=x+z-a, ’S = i  k

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Hence

=- ds =

=-

[Link] by Stokes theoremǡ ࡯࢛࢘࢒ࢍ࢘ࢇࢊ ൌ 

Sol: Let S be the surface enclosed by a simple closed curve C.

§ iiwwI wI wI ·
=³¨  j  k ¸ . idx  jdy  kdz
c ©
wx wy wz ¹

§ wI wI wI ·
=³¨ d
c ©
w
wxx
dxx 
wy
dy 
d dz ¸
wz ¹ ³ dI >I @ p
where P is any point

on C.

3. Verify Stokes theorem for , Where S is the circular disc

Sol: Given that . The boundary of C of S is a circle in xy plane.

We use the parametric co-ordinates x=cos

dx=-sin and dy =cos

= =

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=2 =2

w
Now

We have (k .n)ds dxdy and R is the region on xy-plane

Put x=r cos

r is varying from 0 to 1 and 0

? . .rdr d

L.H.S=R.H.S. Hence the theorem is verified.

[Link] Stokes theorem for over the upper half surface of

the sphere bounded by the projection of the xy-plane.

Sol: The boundary C of S is a circle in xy plane i.e =1, z=0

The parametric equations are x=

³ F .d r ³ F dx  F dy  F dz ³ (2x  y)dx  yz dy  y zdz

2 2
1 2 3
c c c

2S 2S 2S
 ³ (2 cos T  sin T ) sin T dT ³ sin T dT  ³ sin 2T dT
2

0 0 0

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Again =

. =

Where R is the projection of S on xy plane and

Now

= 2 =

Stokes theorem is verified.

[Link] by Stokes theorem where C is the

boundary of the triangle with vertices (0,0,0), (1,0,0) and (1,1,0).

Sol: Let

Then

By Stokes theorem,

Where S is the surface of the triangle OAB which lies in the xy plane. Since the z Co-
ordinates of ܱǡ ‫ܤ݀݊ܽܣ‬

Are zero. Therefore . Equation of OA is y=0 and

that of OB, y=x in the xy plane.

= 2

ds=curl

? the

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1 1
= OA u AB = u 1u 1
2 2

6: Verify Stoke’s theorem for taken round the rectangle

bounded by the lines x=

Sol: Let ABCD be the rectangle whose vertices are (a,0), (a,b), (-a,b) and (-a,0).

Equations of AB, BC, CD and DA are x=a, y=b, x=-a and y=0.

We have to prove that

= …..(1)

(i) Along AB, x=a, dx=0

from (1),

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(ii)Along BC, y=b, dy=0

x a a
ª x3 2 º
³ ³ ( x  b )dx « 3  b x» =
2 2
from (1),
BC x a ¬ ¼x a

(iii) Along CD, x=-a, dx=0

0
0
ª y2 º
from (1), ³ ³ 2aydy
CD y b
2a« »
¬ 2 ¼y
 ab 2
b

(iv)Along DA, y=0, dy=0

a
x a
ª x3 º 2a 3
³ ³
2
from (1), x dx «3»
DA x a ¬ ¼x a
3

(i)+(ii)+(iii)+(iv) gives

-- + ….(2)

Consider

Vector Perpendicular to the xy-plane is

Since the rectangle lies in the xy plane,

and ds =dx dy

b a b
= =4 ³ y > x @ dy 4 ³ 2aydy
y 0 a y 0

= ...(3).Hence from (2) and (3),

Stoke’s theorem verified.

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[Link] Stoke’s theorem for where S is the surface

of the cube x =0, y=0, z=0, x=2, y=2,z=2 above the xy plane.

Sol: Given where S is the surface of the cube.

x=0, y=0, z=0, x=2, y=2, z=2 above the xy plane.

By Stoke’s theorem, we have

…..(1)

To find

. (dxx

Sis the surface of the cube above the xy-plane

Along

……..(2)

Along

……. .(3)

Along

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2 2

= ³ 4dy >4 y@ 8 ……(4)

0 0

Along

. …..(5)

Above the surface When z=2

Along ….(6)

Along y changes from 0 to 2

2
2 2
ª y2 º
³ F .d r ³ (2 y  4)dy 2 « »  4 > y @0
2
4  8 12 ….(7)
0 0 ¬ 2 ¼0

Along x changes from 2 to 0

….(8)

Along y changes from 2 to 0.

0
0
ª y2 º
³ (2 y  4) 2 « »  4 > y @2
0
12 …..(9)
2 ¬ 2 ¼2

(2)+(3)+(4)+(5)+(6)+(7)+(8)+(9) gives

…..(10)

By Stokes theorem, We have

= ds=-4

Hence Stoke’s theorem is verified.

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