Calculus 2 (Integral Calculus)

Unit I – Module 1

This unit discusses the general concepts of Integral Calculus and the general
properties of indefinite and definite integrals.

I. Objectives

After studying these topics student should have understanding on:

1. The basic concepts of indefinite and definite integrals, and their applications of the
different properties of indefinite integrals in solving problems.
2. The application of the power formula in solving the integral of the given function.

II. Subject Matter

A. Introduction

Calculus is divided into two operations which are the differentiation and integration:

1. Differentiation is the process of finding the derivative of a function.

2. Integration is the process of finding the reverse process of differentiation of a function.
The given function is the integrand, the required function is called an integral of the given
derivative and the process of finding is called integration.

B. Common Differentiation Formulas

𝑑
1. (𝑐) = 0
𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑𝑢
2. (𝑐𝑢) = 𝑐
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑𝑢
3. (𝑢𝑛 ) = 𝑛𝑢𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
4. (𝑢𝑣) = 𝑢 + 𝑣 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑 𝑢 𝑣 −𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
5. ( )=
𝑑𝑥 𝑣 𝑣2

𝑑 𝑑𝑢
6. (𝑎𝑢 ) = 𝑎𝑢 𝑙𝑛𝑎
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑𝑢
7. (𝑒 𝑢 ) = 𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1
 𝑑𝑢
𝑑 𝑑𝑥
8. (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑢) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑢𝑙𝑛𝑎

𝑑𝑢
𝑑 𝑑𝑥
9. (𝑙𝑛𝑢) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑢

𝑑 𝑑𝑢
10. 𝑑𝑥 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑𝑢
11. 𝑑𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑𝑢
12. 𝑑𝑥 (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢) = −𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑𝑢
13. 𝑑𝑥 (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑𝑢
14. 𝑑𝑥 (𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑢) = −𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑢 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑𝑢
15. 𝑑𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑢) = −𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢
𝑑 𝑑𝑥 𝜋 𝜋
16. 𝑑𝑥 (𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢) = , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 − 2 ≤ 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 ≤
√1−𝑢2 2

𝑑𝑢
𝑑 𝑑𝑥
17. 𝑑𝑥 (𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢) = − √1−𝑢2 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 0 ≤ 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢 ≤ 𝜋

𝑑𝑢
𝑑 𝑑𝑥 𝜋 𝜋
18. 𝑑𝑥 (𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢) = , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 − 2 ≤ 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 ≤
1+𝑢2 2

𝑑 1
19. 𝑑𝑥 (𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑢) = − 1+𝑢2 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 0 < 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑢 < 𝜋

𝑑 1 1 1
20. 𝑑𝑥 (𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢) = , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 − 𝜋 ≦ 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢 ≤ − 2 𝜋, 0 ≦ 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢 < 2 𝜋
𝑢√𝑢2 −1

𝑑 1 1 1
21. 𝑑𝑥 (𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑢) = − , −𝜋 < 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑢 ≦ − 2 𝜋, 0 < 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑢 ≦ 2 𝜋
𝑢√𝑢2 −1

𝑑 𝑑𝑢
22. 𝑑𝑥 (𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑢) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑢 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑𝑢
23. (𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑢) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑𝑢
24. 𝑑𝑥 (𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑢) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 𝑢 𝑑𝑥

2
C. The Indefinite and Definite Integrals

1. Indefinite Integral

a. Definition of Indefinite Integral

An integral which does not have any upper and lower limit is known as indefinite
integral which practices the antiderivative of another function.
If f(x) is a given function and F(x) is a function whose derivative is f(x), the relation between
the two is expressed by writing 𝐹(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 here the symbol, ∫, is called an integral sign
which indicates that we need to perform the operation of integration upon
𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥, 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑠, we are to find a function whose derivative is 𝑓(𝑥) or whose differential is
𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥.

b. General Properties of Indefinite Integrals

∫ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢 + 𝐶

∫(𝑑𝑢 + 𝑑𝑣 +∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ +𝑑𝑧) = ∫ 𝑑𝑢 +∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∫ 𝑑𝑧

∫ 𝑐𝑑𝑢 = 𝑐 ∫ 𝑑𝑢
𝑢𝑛+1
∫ 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = +𝐶
𝑛+1

Why C is added in integration?

First of all, remember that you only need to add C; if you are integrating without limits
(i.e. you do not have the two numbers at the top and bottom of the integration symbol).

To understand why C is added in integration without limits, remember that

integration is the inverse of differentiation. This means that is we differentiate expression A
and get back expression B, then we could use integration on B if we want to go backwards
and figure out what A was originally. For example

Expression A → x 2 + 3x + 4

Differentiate A with respect to x to get:

Expression B → 2x + 3

We differentiated A by differentiating each small part of it separately and adding

them together at the end. So, x2 differentiated to 2, 3x differentiated to 3, and 4
differentiated to 0. Adding these together gives us expression B.

3
 But what if we did not know what expression A was and we wanted to use B to figure
A out? We could look at the 2x and know it must have come from x2 and we could also look
at 3 and know that it came from 3x. But how could we figure out that A include a + 4 at the
end?

The answer is that without having a bit of extra information, we cannot know about
the + 4. This is because when we differentiate any constant it goes to 0. So, any expression
that is exactly the same as A but with a different constant would also differentiate to B. This
means we cannot know which of these equations the original was. For example, the
following expressions all differentiate to B:

Expression C → x 2 + 3x + 2

Expression D → x 2 + 3x + 30

Expression E → x 2 + 3x − 5

Expression F → x 2 + 3x

You can see that all expressions that differentiate to B start with x2 + 3x and then have
a constant added on the end. So, when we integrate B, we can say that we get x2 + 3x + an
unknown constant. The + C is just how we write the “plus an unknown constant” in an
appropriate mathematical way.

Reference: MyTutor Retrieved from [Link]

Level/Maths/Why-do-I-have-to-add-c-when-I-integrate/

4
c. Evaluate the following problems:

1. ∫(𝑥 − 7)𝑑𝑥

2. ∫(𝑥 + 1)(2 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥

3. ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

4. ∫(2𝑥 − 1)2 𝑑𝑥

1⁄
5. ∫ 𝑥 − 2 𝑑𝑥

5
 𝑑𝑥
6. ∫ 𝑥 3

1
7. ∫ (3𝑥 3 + 1 + 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥

3
8. ∫(4 − 7𝑥)( √𝑥)𝑑𝑥

1
9. ∫ (√𝑥 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
√

√𝑥−1
10. ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2

6
2. Definite Integral

a. Definition of Definite Integral

Definite integral is defined as any function that can be expressed either as the limit of
a sum of if there exists an antiderivative F for the interval [a, b], which then the definite
integral of the function and is the difference of the values at points a and b.

y
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)

0 a b x

The definite integral can be interpreted as the area of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) between x = a and x = b.

𝑏 𝑛

∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∑ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑖=1

Where “a” is called the lower limit of the integral and “b” is called the upper limit of
the integral, and “a” and “b” are also called as the interval of integration.

b. General Properties of Definite Integrals

𝑏
1. If 𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 0 then ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 is the area under the graph between x = a and x = b.
𝑏
Otherwise, ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠) − (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠)

𝑏 𝑏
2. ∫𝑎 𝐶𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶 ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
3. ∫𝑎 [𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑎 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

𝑎 𝑏
4. ∫𝑏 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = − ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

7
c. Evaluate the following integrals:
1
1. ∫0 9𝑥 2

1
2. ∫0 (2 + 3𝑥 − 5𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥

3
3. ∫0 (1 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥

8
 5
4. ∫1 (4 − 2𝑥)𝑑𝑥

1 3
5. ∫−1(1 − √𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

References:

1. Differential and Integral Calculus by Feliciano and Uy

2. Differential and Integral Calculus 6th edition by Clyde E. Love and Earl D. Rainville
3. Element of the Differential and Integral Calculus by Grainville, Smith and Longley
4. Calculus with Analytic Geometry by Leithed
5. Calculus and Analytic Geometry by Thomas