Hydraulic and Pneumatic
Actuators
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Hydraulic and Pneumatic Actuators
Actuators
Linear Rotary Double acting cylinder
Semi-rotary
• Single acting Gear
Special Types
• Double acting • Telescoping Vane
Single acting spring return
• Tandem Piston
• Double rod
Rotary Semi-rotary
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Actuator
• Is a device that convert fluid energy into mechanical/ motion.
• Actuators mainly classified into two
1. Linear: Translational/ straight motion
• Single acting: the pressure input is one
• Double acting:
2. Rotary: Rotational/ angular motion
• Semi rotary: its rotational but the rotation is not continuous(360 deg)
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Linear Actuator
Single Acting Double Acting
• Actuated/ Extended by pressure • Both extending and retracting
and returned by a spring. done by pressure.
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Special Linear Actuators
Telescoping: increases height Tandem: increases pressure of Double Rod: a single cylinder
of the cylinder without the cylinder without working on both strokes (i.e.
increasing cylinder stroke. increasing cylinder bore. extending and retracting)
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Cylinder Cushioning
• A method of slowing down the
piston as it retract, at the end of
the stroke, so it prevents excessive
impact on cylinder end cap.
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Rotary (Hydraulic motors) Actuators
• As the fluid enters the chambers, it pushes against the pistons, vanes or gear
causing them to move. This movement creates a rotational force that is
transferred to a shaft connected to the motor. The rotational force can then be
used to drive other mechanical components, such as gears, belts, or wheels.
• They are commonly used in various applications where high torque and low
speed is required.
• The direction of rotation reversed by reversing direction of flow.
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Hydraulic Motor Types: Gear motor
• Gear motor:
• Motor torque is proportional to differential pressure across gears.
• Volumetric displacement is fixed.
• Up to 140bar, 2400rpm and 150 gpm
• Simple design and low cost
• Internal gear designs work with greater pressure, speed and displacement.
• Screw types are known for their extremely quit operation.
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Hydraulic Motor Types: Vane motor
• Torque developed by hydraulic pressure acting on the exposed surface of
vanes.
• Operate 175bar, 4000rpm and 250gpm
• Vane motors are universally balanced design. So, they have fixed
displacement.
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Hydraulic Motor Types: Piston motor
• Torque generated by pressure acting on the pistons, and its proportional to the
area of the pistons and swash plate angle.
• Piston motors are most efficient and can operate at higher speed and pressure.
• 345bar, 12000rpm and 450gpm
• By adjusting the angle of swash plate between 7.5-30deg we can vary torque
and speed.
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Semi-Rotary Actuators
• Single Vane • Double Vane • Helical screw
• Analogous to screw nut
• 280 deg, • 100 deg,
• The guide rods prevent the
• torque up to 40kNm • torque up to 80kNm
piston from rotating
• Used in low pressure application
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Applications of Semi-Rotary Actuators
• Moving objects through controlled angle
• Butterfly vales, bend and form tubes and bars
• Lifting, tilting, opening, closing applications
• Conveyers, valve operators, printing presses, etc…
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Motor Performance-Volumetric efficiency
• Volumetric efficiency (amount of leakage)
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑄
𝜂 = ∗ 100% = ∗ 100%
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑄
• The inefficiencies caused by manufacturing tolerance and motor casing flexing
under design pressure
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Motor Performance-Mechanical efficiency
• Mechanical efficiency (amount of energy loss)
𝜂 = ∗ 100% = ∗ 100%
𝑄 𝑚 ⁄𝑟𝑒𝑣 × 𝑝(𝑝𝑎)
𝑇 =
2𝜋
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑇 =
𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑁( )
𝑠
Caused by friction and flow turbulence
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Pump performance-Overall efficiency
• Overall efficiency
× ( ⁄ )
( ⁄ )
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