Studying notes
Abstract collection |unlimited
Jana Science
Science…
Matter.
All the things can be divided into two types,
1. Matter
2. Energy
The things with the mass and occupy space is called matter.
Example: Stone
Water
The things without mass and do not occupied space are called energy.
Example: Light energy
Electrical energy
Existences of matter as collection of particles with spaces among them are called discon-
tinuous nature of matter.
Matters can be divided into 3 types based on their physical state.
1. Solid
2. Liquid
3. Gas
Note: an accepted theory about nature of matter was put by Greek philosopher Dem-
ocritus {460-370} but later Aristotle said that matter is not made up of particles and his
concept was decline.
Note: Matters are made up of particles and spaces are found between the particles.
Decreasing the volume and increasing the pressure are called compression.
By: Jana (Student of Sri Rama Krishna College)
Science…
Matter
Pure substances Non pure substances/Mixers
Elements Compounds
Heterogeneous mixers
Homogeneous mixers
The substances containing only one component with definite properties are called
pure substances.
Pure substances can be divided into two types.
1. Elements
2. Components
The pure substance with definite properties which cannot be further divided into
other substances with different properties by physical or chemical methods are called
Elements.
Examples for elements.
1. Iron
2. Sulphur
3. Oxygen
4. Mercury
5. Gold
6. Lead
7. Chromium
8. Aluminum
9. Carbon
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
Homogeneous pure substances formed by the combination of two or more elements
in a fixed ratio are called compounds
Example for compounds,
1. Iron sulphite
2. Carbon dioxide(CO2)
3. Copper sulphite
4. Water (H2O)
5. Sodium chloride
By: Jana (Student of Sri Rama Krishna College)
Science…
6. Glucose
7. Sodium hydroxide
8. Calcium carbonate
Following chart shows the several elements found in compounds.
1. Copper Sulphite = Copper+Sulphur+Oxygen
2. Sodium Chloride =Sodium+ Chlorine
3. Sodium hydroxide =Sodium+ Hydrogen+ Oxygen
4. Calcium carbonate=Calcium+Carbon+Oxygen
5. Carbon dioxide=Carbon+ Oxygen
6. Water=Hydrogen+ Oxygen
Note: Pure substances with definite properties which cannot be further divided into an-
other substances by physical or chemical method, is known as Elements.
Give some physical properties of a matter which can be examining the purity.
1. Density
2. Boiling point
3. Melting point
Note: Most of the non-metal cannot conduct electricity while the graphite is a non-metal
that can conduct electricity, because graphite is a form of carbon.
Density
The mass of a unit volume of a substance is known as density.
Mass
Density =
Volume
Note: Mercury is higher density liquid metal.
By: Jana (Student of Sri Rama Krishna College)
Science…
The density of pure substances is always constant.
Density measured by using hydrometer.
1. Gold = 19,300kg m-3
2. Mercury = 13,600kg m-3
3. Lead = 11,300kg m-3
4. Copper = 8,900kg m-3
5. Iron = 7,700kg m-3
6. Aluminium = 2,700kg m-3
7. Water = 1,000kg m-3
Melting point
The fixed temperature at which solid turns into liquid is known as melting point.
The pure substances have a constant melting point.
1. Ice = 0oC
2. Sulphur = 132oC
3. Lead = 317oC
4. Aluminium = 660oC
5. Copper = 1,083oC
6. Iron = 1,539oC
Boiling point
The fixed temperature at which liquid turns into gaseous state is known as boiling
point.
1. Ethyl alcohol = 770oC
2. Water = 100oC
3. Sulphur = 444oC
4. Lead = 1,744oC
5. Iron = 2,900oC
Elements can divided into 02 types as,
1. Metals
2. Non metals
Give some physical properties of metals.
1. Good heat conductors
2. Good electrical conductors
3. Having lustre property
4. Having sonority
5. Having malleability
By: Jana (Student of Sri Rama Krishna College)
Science…
6. Having ductility
Give some physical properties of non-metals.
1. Poor heat conductors
2. Poor electrical conductors
3. Not having lustre property
4. Having brittleness
Sound
The things that can produce sound are called the sources of sound.
Sources of sound can be divided into 03 types.
1. Membrane instruments
2. String instruments
3. Air instruments
The sound is produced by the vibration of particles.
Sound can be divided into 02 types.
1. Natural sound
2. Artificial sound
Examples of natural sounds
1. Sound of waterfall
2. Sound of birds
3. Sound of animals
4. Sound of air
5. Sound of sea waves
By: Jana (Student of Sri Rama Krishna College)
Science…
6. Sound of thunder
Examples of artificial sounds
1. Sound of vehicles
2. Sound of machines
3. Sound of musical instruments
Organisms can produce sound in different methods
1. Humming of bees – by the fast motion of their wings
2. Sound of grass hoppers – by the rubbing of bristle on their legs
3. Sound of human – by the vibration of vocal cord
Frequency of vibration
The number of vibrations of an object with in the one second or unit time is called
the frequency of sound.
The SI unit used to measure the frequency is hurtz (Hz).
By: Jana (Student of Sri Rama Krishna College)
Science…
Membrane instruments
The instruments which can produce sound by vibration of membrane are called
membrane instruments.
The frequency of sound from membrane instruments can be changed by tightening
or loosening their membrane.
High frequency can be produced by stretching (tightening) the membrane.
Air instruments
The instruments which can produce sound by vibrating the air column are called air
instruments.
Frequency of air instruments can be changed by changing the length of air column.
Length of air column frequency
String instruments
The instruments which can produce sound by vibrating strings are called string in-
struments.
The frequency of string instruments can be changed by changing the thingness,
length, tight/loose of strings.
To produce high frequency sound thin and short, tight of string should be used.
By: Jana (Student of Sri Rama Krishna College)
Science…
By: Jana (Student of Sri Rama Krishna College)
Science…
Membrane instrument
The instruments that produce sound by the vibration of membrane are called the
membrane instruments.
The frequency of sound from membrane instruments can be changed by tightening
or loosening their membrane.
High frequency sound can be produced by tightening the membrane.
By: Jana (Student of Sri Rama Krishna College)
Science…
Magnet
Unit 06
The things which attract towards magnet are called magnetic materials.
There are different type of magnets founds based on the shape.
1. Bar magnet
By: Jana (Student of Sri Rama Krishna College)
Science…
By: Jana (Student of Sri Rama Krishna College)