CHAPTER 1

● Difference between Database and DBMS:

S.
No. Category Database DBMS

Collection of programs
Collection of related data with an
that enables user to
implicit meaning is a database.
1. Definition create & maintain data.

In a database
Besides computers, databases
management system
can even be maintained in
(DBMS), all the records
physical ledgers, books, or
are maintained only on a
papers.
2. Storage computer.

The retrieval of information from

We can retrieve the data
the databases can be done
from the database
manually, through queries, or by
management system
using programs (C, C++, Java,
through queries written
Data etc.).
in SQL.
3. Retrieval

As a computer system is
As databases can be handled
involved in a database
manually or via computers, when
management system,
SQL is not used to retrieve
the retrieval of
information, it can be very slow.
4. Speed information is very quick.

5. Access The databases are not designed The database

for a large number of people who management system is
can access data at the same designed for a large
time, rather it is designed for a number of people who
very small number of people can access the data at
(preferably few people) who the same time.
S.
No. Category Database DBMS

access data at different times.

A database
management system
Data is stored in databases.
(DBMS) manages and
6. Data manipulates data.

Database System: DB and DBMS

 ● Designing a Database: Phases
Requirement specification and analysis
- Requirements are documented
- Identify and document the specific needs and functionalities of the
database, considering user needs, existing data, and future growth.

Conceptual design
 - Using tools for maintain, modify and transform into DB [ER]
- Develop a high-level, non-technical model of the data based on the requirements.
Logical design
- Using data model (RDMS)
- Translate the conceptual model into a technical blueprint for the
database, considering the chosen database management system (DBMS).

Physical design
- Storing and accessing DB
- Map the logical design to the physical storage and access mechanisms of the
chosen DBMS
 CHAPTER 2

● Characteristics of DB / Three-Schema Architecture:

1. Internal Schema:
The internal level has an internal schema, which describes the physical storage structure of the
database. The internal schema uses a physical data model and describes the complete details
of data storage and access paths for the database.

2. Conceptual Schema:
The conceptual level has a conceptual schema, which describes the structure of the whole
database for a community of users. The conceptual schema hides the details of physical
storage structures and concentrates on describing entities, data types, relationships, user
operations, and constraints

3. External Schemas/ view level:

The external or view level includes a number of external schemas or user
views. Each external schema describes the part of the database that a particular
user group is interested in and hides the rest of the database from that
user group.
The 3-schema architecture provides a structured approach to database design by separating
the logical and physical aspects of data into three distinct levels. Overall, the 3-schema
architecture offers a robust and flexible approach for designing and managing complex
databases, especially in multi-user environments.

● Advantages – (How Front & Back Works)

….

● Meta Data – (Will give a scenario and we have to put data & and attributes in
column and row wise )

…….

df
 ● Purpose Of DBMS –
1. Efficient Data Storage and Retrieval: DBMS organizes data in a structured and efficient
way, enabling fast and easy retrieval when needed.

2. Data Integrity and Security: DBMS safeguards data accuracy and consistency by
enforcing data rules and access controls.

3. Concurrent Access and Sharing: DBMS allows multiple users or applications to access
and manipulate data simultaneously without conflicts.

4. Uniform Data Administration: DBMS provides centralized control over the database,
simplifying management tasks like backups, recovery, and user permissions.

However, the purposes of a DBMS extend beyond these four core functionalities. They
also contribute to: Reduced Application Development Time, Improved Data Analysis
and Reporting, Scalability and Flexibility.

● Data Model:
• Data Model:

– Describes details of data organization, storage and relationships

Categories
High-Level or Conceptual Data Models:

• Entity-Relationship Model (ER Model): Represents entities, their attributes, and the
relationships between entities. It is widely used for designing relational databases.

• Object-Oriented Model (OOM): Represents data as objects, combining data and behavior.
It is commonly used in object-oriented databases.

Low-Level or Physical Data Models:

• Relational Model: Represents data as tables (relations) with rows and columns. It
defines the relationships between tables and is widely used in relational database
management systems (RDBMS).

• Network Model: Represents data as records and sets of records connected by links. It is
less common today but was used in some early database systems.
 • Hierarchical Model: Represents data in a tree-like structure, with parent-child
relationships. It was commonly used in early database systems.

● Classification of Database Management Systems:

We have some criteria / Classification -----

1. Number of Sites: This criterion classifies DBMSs based on the number of

physical locations where the database is stored and accessed. There are three
main categories of DBMSs based on the number of sites:

o Centralized DBMS
o Decentralized DBMS
o Federated DBMS

2. Number of Users: This criterion classifies DBMSs based on the number of

concurrent users who can access and manipulate the database. There are two
main categories of DBMSs based on the number of users:

o Single-user DBMS
o Multi-user DBMS

3. Purpose of User: This criterion classifies DBMSs based on the intended use of
the database and the needs of the users. There are four main categories of
DBMSs based on the purpose of the user:

o Operational DBMS (OLTP)

o Data Warehouse DBMS (OLAP

● DBMS Languages:

DBMS languages are the languages used to interact with a database management
system (DBMS). There are four main types of DBMS languages: DDL, SDL, VDL, and
DML. Here is a brief description of each one:

DDL stands for Data Definition Language- It is used to define the structure and
schema of the database, such as tables, columns, constraints, indexes, etc.
SDL stands for Storage Definition Language- It is used to specify how the data is
physically stored and organized in the database, such as file structures, storage
devices, partitions, etc.

VDL stands for View Definition Language- It is used to define the logical views of the
data, such as subsets, projections, joins, etc. Views are virtual tables that do not
store data, but only show a certain perspective of the data.

DML stands for Data Manipulation Language- It is used to manipulate the data in the
database, such as inserting, updating, deleting, and querying data.

● Centralized and Client/Server Architectures for DBMSs

● Centralized architecture for DBMSs is one in which all the data and processing
are done on a single machine, such as a mainframe computer.

● Two-tier client/server architecture for DBMSs is one in which the data is stored
on a central server, but the clients connect to that server to access and
manipulate the data.
● Three-tier client/server architecture for DBMSs is one in which there are three
layers: the presentation layer, the application layer, and the data layer.