Introduction: Review
Different Types of an Engine
Internal Combustion Engine (IC Engine) External Combustion Engine
• Combustion of fuel takes place • Combustion of fuel takes place
inside the cylinder outside the cylinder
• Temperature and pressure is • Temperature and pressure is
higher lower
• Working fluid may be petrol, • Working fluid is steam
diesel, various type of gases
• Required less space • Required large space
• Capital cost is low • Capital cost is high
• Starting of this engine is easy • Starting of this engine
and quick required time
• Thermal efficiency is high • Thermal efficiency is low
• Fuel cost is high • Fuel cost is low
Introduction: Review
Different Configurations of an Engine Classifications of Engine
Introduction: Review
Internal Combustion Engine in an N-Cylinder Engine
Single V-Twin Triple Straight-4 Straight-5
V-5 V-6 V-8
Introduction: Review
4 - Stroke IC Engine: Basic Parts and Process
Introduction: Review
2 - Stroke IC Engine: Basic Parts and Process
Introduction: Review
Petrol and Diesel IC Engine: Differentiation
Petrol / Gasoline Engine (Spark-Ignition Engine) Diesel Engine (Compression-Ignition Engine)
Introduction: Review
Combustion Engine Processes Summary
Thermodynamic Principles
Heat Engines
QH
W
QL
Thermodynamic Principles
Petrol / Gasoline Engine (Spark-Ignition Engine)
Engine Process: Otto Cycle
Thermodynamic Principles: Petrol / Gasoline Engine (Spark-Ignition Engine)
The Ideal Air Standard Otto Cycle S1 = S2
1 - 2: Isentropic Compression
r = V1 / V2
2 - 3: Constant Volume Heat Addition Q23 = m Cv (T3-T2)
Considering air as perfect gas
3 - 4: Isentropic Expansion S3 = S4
V1 / V2 = V4 / V3
4 - 1: Constant Volume Heat Rejection Q41 = m Cv (T1-T4)
Considering air as perfect gas
Thus, the following relationship represents the Otto Cycle:
Compression ratio: V1 / V2 = V4 / V3
𝑊 Q23 + Q41 𝑄41 𝑄14
Efficiency: notto = = 1+ = 1-
𝑄23 Q23 = 𝑄23 𝑄23
T4 − T1
Compression ratio: 8 – 10 for Petrol Engines notto = 1-
T3 − T2
𝑇2 𝑇3 𝑉2 𝑘−1
Isentropic Process: = =( ) 1
𝑇1 𝑇4 𝑉1
State 1 to 2, and State 3 to 4
notto = 1 - 𝑘−1
𝑟
Thermodynamic Principles
Diesel Engine (Compression-Ignition Engine)
Engine Process: Diesel Cycle
Thermodynamic Principles: Diesel Engine (Compression-Ignition Engine)
The Ideal Air Standard Diesel Cycle S1 = S2
1 - 2: Isentropic Compression
r = V1 / V2
2 - 3: Constant Pressure Heat Addition Q23 = m Cp (T3-T2)
Considering air as perfect gas a = V3 / V2
3 - 4: Isentropic Expansion S3 = S4
4 - 1: Constant Volume Heat Rejection Q41 = m Cv (T1-T4)
Considering air as perfect gas
Thus, the following relationship represents the Otto Cycle:
Compression ratio: r = V1 / V2
Cut-off ratio: a = V3 / V2
𝑊 Q23 + Q41 𝑄41 𝑄14
Efficiency: ndeisel= 𝑄23 = 1+ =1-
Q23 = 𝑄23 𝑄23
Compression ratio: 15 – 20 for Diesel Engines
1 T4 − T1
Cut-off ratio: 1 – 2.5 ndeisel = 1 - ( )
𝑘 T3 − T2
Isentropic Process: 𝑇4 𝑉3 𝑘−1 𝑎
=( ) = ( ) 𝑘−1
𝑇2= (T1)𝑘−1 𝑇3 𝑉4 𝑟 1 𝑎𝑘 −1
ndeisel = 1 - ( )
State 1 to 2 State 3 to 4 𝑟 𝑘−1 k (a−1)