PowerPoint Slides for Cambridge IGCSETM Chemistry
Student’s Book
ATOMIC
STRUCTURE
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PowerPoint Slides for Cambridge IGCSETM Chemistry
Student’s Book
What Are Inside Atoms?
Atoms are so tiny that they need to be magnified millions of times
in order to be seen.
However, atoms are themselves made up of smaller particles.
Atoms are made up of subatomic particles:
• Protons Proton
• Neutrons
• Electrons Nucleus
Neutron
Electron
Structure of an atom
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PowerPoint Slides for Cambridge IGCSETM Chemistry
Student’s Book
Structure of an atom
(The relative sizes of the particles are not drawn to scale.)
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PowerPoint Slides for Cambridge IGCSETM Chemistry
Student’s Book
The Periodic Table
• In the Periodic Table, elements are Groups (similar chemical properties)
Periods
arranged in order of increasing
Group 0 / Noble gases VIII
proton number. 1 2
I II H
IlI IV V VI VII He
• There are seven (horizontal) rows 3 4 6 10
5 7 8 9
Li Be B C N O F Ne
of elements called periods and
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
eight (vertical) columns of elements Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
called groups. K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
87 88 89
Fr Ra Ac
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PowerPoint Slides for Cambridge IGCSETM Chemistry
Student’s Book
The Proton Number and Nucleon Number
Helium (He) Lithium (Li) Beryllium (Be)
Contains Contains Contains
• 2 protons • 3 protons • 4 protons
• 2 electrons • 3 electrons • 4 electrons
• 2 neutrons • 4 neutrons • 5 neutrons
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PowerPoint Slides for Cambridge IGCSETM Chemistry
Student’s Book
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PowerPoint Slides for Cambridge IGCSETM Chemistry
Student’s Book
What is a proton number?
The proton number of an atom is
• the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom;
• also called the atomic number;
• represented by the symbol Z.
Why is an atom electrically neutral?
The number of electrons in an atom is the same as the number of protons.
Therefore,
• the negative charges cancel out the positive charges;
• an atom is electrically neutral.
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PowerPoint Slides for Cambridge IGCSETM Chemistry
Student’s Book
Different elements have different proton numbers
• Each element has a unique proton number.
• Some elements can exist in different forms.
Example: Graphite and diamonds appear very
different, but they are made up of carbon
atoms with the proton number 6.
Each element has a specific proton number.
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PowerPoint Slides for Cambridge IGCSETM Chemistry
Student’s Book
What is a nucleon number?
The nucleon number of an atom is
• the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom;
• also called the mass number;
• and is represented by the symbol A.
Nucleon number number of number of
= +
(A) protons neutrons
4 = 2 + 2
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PowerPoint Slides for Cambridge IGCSETM Chemistry
Student’s Book
Representing the proton and nucleon numbers
General symbol for an atom, with nucleon and proton numbers
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PowerPoint Slides for Cambridge IGCSETM Chemistry
Student’s Book
Representing the proton and nucleon numbers
nucleon number
23
(mass number)
• 12 neutrons
• 11 protons
11 Na chemical symbol
of sodium
proton number (atomic number)
• 11 protons
Sodium metal is also represented as sodium-23 or 23 Na
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PowerPoint Slides for Cambridge IGCSETM Chemistry
Student’s Book
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PowerPoint Slides for Cambridge IGCSETM Chemistry
Student’s Book
Isotopes
What are isotopes?
Isotopes are different atoms of the same element that
have the same number of protons but different
numbers of neutrons.
Hydrogen atoms
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PowerPoint Slides for Cambridge IGCSETM Chemistry
Student’s Book
Chlorine consists of two isotopes:
• chlorine-35
• chlorine-37
These isotopes can be represented as
or
Chloride isotope ions are represented as
or
Isotopes of chlorine
Helium (He)
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PowerPoint Slides for Cambridge IGCSETM Chemistry
Student’s Book
Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms
The electrons in an atom move around the nucleus in regions known as electron shells.
Helium (He)
Electron shells in an atom with a proton number of 18
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PowerPoint Slides for Cambridge IGCSETM Chemistry
Student’s Book
What is an electronic configuration?
The arrangement of electrons in an atom can be represented using electronic configuration.
Helium (He)
Arrangement of electrons in a magnesium atom
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PowerPoint Slides for Cambridge IGCSETM Chemistry
Student’s Book
What are outer shell electrons? outer electrons
• The outer shell of an atom shell is the shell furthest away from the
nucleus of the atom.
• The electrons in the outer shell of an atom are known as outer
electrons.
outer shell Helium (He)
Arrangement of electrons of a magnesium atom
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PowerPoint Slides for Cambridge IGCSETM Chemistry
Student’s Book
How do we determine the arrangement of electrons?
Key:
Helium (He)
The arrangement of electrons in the first 20 elements
with proton numbers 1 to 20
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PowerPoint Slides for Cambridge IGCSETM Chemistry
Student’s Book
outer shell electrons = 2
• The Group number shows number of outer shell electrons.
• The Period number shows number of occupied shells.
• For example, Magnesium belongs to
• Group 2;
• Period 3.
• The chemical properties of an element depend on the number of
outer shell electrons. 1st shell Mg
• Thus, the elements in the same group have similar chemical
properties. 2nd shell
3rd shell
Helium (He)
Arrangement of electrons of a magnesium atom
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PowerPoint Slides for Cambridge IGCSETM Chemistry
Student’s Book
What have you learnt?
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PowerPoint Slides for Cambridge IGCSETM Chemistry
Student’s Book
What have you learnt?
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