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434 Q.-01: Q.-03: Ans. Q.-04: Ans.: Q.-05: Ans.: Computer Networking & Data Communication What is Computer? Computer is an electronic device and a programm: able machine. Who invented Computer? trall depends on your definition of computer. Charles Babbage ip the 1830s devised 4 plan for the first stored-program mechanical computer using data modeled ‘iter the punched card templates used in industrial (Jacquard) looms. The first a rectronie digital computer was the ABC built by John V. Atanasoff and Clifford Berry in 1940 at Towa State University. Several of its ideas were incorporated into the ENIAC which ran from 1945-1955 and is considered the first functionally ‘useful electronic digital computer. What is the main characteristics of a Computer? The two principal characteristics of a computer are: 1. Itresponds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner. 2. It can execute a prerecorded list of instructions. What is the main components of a Computer? {All general-purpose computers require the following hardware components: Memory : Enables a computer to store, at least temporarily, data and programs. Mass storage device : Allows a computer to permanently retain large amounts of data. Common mass storage devices include disk drives and tape drives. Input device : Usually a keyboard and mouse, the input device is the conduit through which data and instructions enter a computer. Output device : A display screen, printer, or other device that lets you see what the computer has accomplished. Central processing unit (CPU): The heart of the computer, this is the component that actually executes instructions. How many types of Computer are there? Computers ean be generally classified by size and power as follows, though there is considerable overlap: ; Cation 435 sonal computer: A small, single-user computer base el ition to the microprocessor, a Personal co; iat noir for displaying information any ‘tomes vie forsee Workstation: A powerful, Single-user computer, A Workstation is tke _ a computer, but ithasa a aan Mctoprocessor and a higher-quality Te Minicomputer: A multi-user computer “*Pable of supporting from 10 to hundreds sers simultaneously, tundreds o iframe: A powerful multi-user ¢ M amiet ee ialiaseee Seamer Aa extremely f tions of instructions per second, ona microprocessor. aAkeybo; ‘omputer, Capable of su y. porting many hundreds what is Computer Science? quté: Ans Computer science, the study of computational techni the ques to foundation of our t ing have permeat main a dynamic, —provides a bro T careers in com solve problems, is a technological society, ted all aspects of our vibrant field for the ad computer science puter, scientific, and In ecent years, developments in comput lives. Computer science is likely to re foreseeable future. Computer Science. background and prepares students for engineering areas. What is Information System? Information Systems—focuses on business applications combine computer science with busine: management, or operations research, Q68: What is Software Engineering? Aas: Software Engineering — focus on the developmer and allows students to ‘SS expertise, such as accounting, Provides a broad computer science background with a nt and maintenance of software products. * What is Computer Science Education? Computer Science Edu t ication—allows students to earn secondary education ‘caching certification while developing strong technical expertise in computer science, 2-010: What is the Applications? a. Ans, ‘plications —permits students to specialize in application areas of their ache Application Areas range from engineering and science disciplines to the humanit ‘nd scientific and technical communication. a What is Computer Ethics? : ich deals with how Computer ethies is a branch of practical philosophy which deals wit bo S™uting professionals should make decision. 0 2s ki Ans. What is Computer Graphics? ing ers that is not The erm computer graphics includes almost everything on comput a comp” 436 hics, and peopl an do some graphics, ple very computer © es ty — aye ey a ont their computer through ico pictures ave even come to rather than just by typing- 7 2-013: Who made the fest perm aie intellec 4 by Intel, using their frst - om ; ate _ Ans. One ofthe erles persone! Sor scor- the four-bit 4 The Ala buil by commercially produced mit ecessful personal cOmPUISE and the computer aes wallen wrote Microsoft's (then known as Micro-Soft) first Bill Gates and Paul Al vs | software product for - "BASIC for the Altair. | ever get in 1983. Running and made filing stories telephone line. Q.-014: What was the first laptop? The TRS-80 Model 10 comes as cle on 4 AA batteries, it was popular wit from the field much easier, provider Q.-015: What was the first computer bug and whe! appear? ‘Ans.: Grace Hopp’ Mark II Calculator, a massive by Howard Aiken. She remove' with an entry (along with the mo "computer bug." Q.-016: What is Operating System? ‘Ans.: Operating system (OS) provides a set of functions needed and used by most applications, and provide the necessary linkages to control a computer's hardware. On the first computers, without an operating system, each program would have to have drivers for your video card, memory card, and other peripherals. The evolution of the computer applications and their complexity led to the OS necessities. lose to itas you will ‘th newspaper reporters d they had access to a nn did computer viruses first Ans.: er found a moth had landed in between the solenoid contacts in the analog computer at Harvard University, designed .d the squashed moth and annotated her log book th fastened to the page) that referred to the first Q.-017: What types of processors are there? Ans.: The processor is used to power the computer. Some processor speeds include 486, Pentium, Pentium II, and MMX. The latest is Pentium 4. The speed of the processor ae shout every 12-18 months and is measured in MegaHlertz (MHz) or GigaHertz (GHz). Manufacturers of | i te ial ; processors for Windows computers Q.-018: What is RAM? Ans.: RAM stands for Random Act i cess Memory and is the pri computer stores information as it is proceed — = . Q.-019: What is a hard disk? Ans.: The hard disk is an i a a a _ a internal storage device which holds programs and data used ae see es ; i Bee of magnetic platters with read/write heads that float ‘ord and play back data. In many respects, it is similar t0 i ers Computer Networking and Data Communication wen 437 , ono h turntable. It is Susceptible to str whi oho piysically damage the disk. The diss eneloons ch COU case the it dust-free. The minimum hard disk size that you sheet casing to oP tet is 40 GB with 60 GB now standard, should get on a new co! uter write informati vy does a comp! Tmation to the hard disk? orate cassette tape, a computer writes information to the hard iki i rot Oeer, One file's data may be scattered around the disk. As files ae "i aa blank spaces may appear around the disk, a Ong jarring, noe Be is a 3.5" diskette called a floppy disk it eh ver take a 3.5" diskette apart, inside you wil a4 thin a i {18 [genetic media. Floppies for older computers came in two sizes antes che see chart below). The most widely used format today is3.5" High Density although zip disks (10 MB) or Super Disks (120 MB) may supercede it Floppy disks are ood for backup of data files in the event of a hard di : sk fail change of data with other computer users. fear ot for easy Size Density Storage Capacity 5.25" Double Density (DD) 360 KB 525" High Density (HD) 1.2 MB 35" Double Density (DD) 720 KB 35" High Density (HD) 1.44 MB Q-022: What kinds of keyboards are there? Ans: The standard microcomputer keyboard consists of 104 keys arranged in the standard typewriter or QWERTY layout. A separate numeric keypad is at the right side of the keyboard and can be toggled on or off by pressing the "Num Lock" key. Q-023: What is a mouse? As: A mouse is a handheld device for moving the pointer around the screen. It is a primary component of the Windows GUI (pronounced "goo-ey" ~ Graphical User Interface) environment. The use of the mouse in Windows allows the user to Point at and click on various icons for programs and data files rather than having ‘o type in commands to copy files, open programs, etc. as in the older DOS. Qw024; Re Who invented the mouse? Douglas Engelbart, then at the Stanford Research Institute (SRI), demonstrated Amouse-keyboard component at a computer conference in 1968 in San Francisco. ie °S:What kinds of "mice" are there? i "* Thestandard PC mouse consists of two buttons, each of which functions differently in Windows. single elick of the left button on an icon selects the item, a double Click (clicking twice in rapid succession) will open the file or program, 1 © "ale click of the right button will open a pop-up menu offering choices rela Computer Hardware and Networking 438 i is a roller between the two to the item clicked. The newer IntelliMouse inc ne ib move tho poleter buttons for easy scrolling of windows. Instead of MNT nouse. This ig roll arrow on the screen, one can roll the t rata ean nelpfl when looking at web sites. In addition to the Mouse, ics tablets there are touchpads, large and small trackballs, and graphics ta Q.-026: Do I have to use a mouse? Not always. Almost all functions that with keyboard commands. If you have you can do with a mouse can be replaced problems using a mouse or tend to type on the keyboard lot, keyboard commands will save you time. Fo ae keybon ‘| equivalents, observe the menus when you click on them. syboard equivalent, it will be notated to the right of the menu item. Ans. Q.-027: What is a modem? / : ‘Ans.: The term modem stands for modulator/demodulator. A modem is a device that "translates the digital signals of the computer to analog signals that the telephone lines can understand. Q.-028: How can I protect my computer from power surges? Ans.: One of the best things that you can do for your computer is to purchase a surge protector. This is different than a power strip. While both may offer a single on- off switch and multiple electrical outlets, only the surge protector will prevent your computer from lightning or fluctuations in the electrical current in your home, ‘A power strip will only shut off if the circuit is overloaded. If you have a modem, Purchase a surge protector that includes outlets for phone plugs. If a bolt of lightning hits your phone line and the phone jack is not protected, you could lose your modem. For a little extra money, you can purchase a UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply) which will keep your computer running long enough in case of a Power outage so that you can save data and properly shut down the computer. Q.-029: How many type of ports in a PC? Ans.: These are typical type of PC Ports: PS/2 Mouse Port USB Port Parallel (Printer) Port Game Stick Port Keyboard Port USB Port Serial Port Video (Monitor) Port Audio Line Out (Speakers) Microphone Audio Line In A fe ata imal waist ee Mnicatic ie sos ion sf r vhat is COM Port? : ands for communicati (p30 coM Pott stands nications port and is also r otc i Se 2 per internal eriDnerals Nec Every Computer has at least cme et modem OF Seaemnal COM por’ Wt wvsically altaching external peripheral Weed 8 ental modems Scanners and digital c: The COMpaaee ne nine pins. ing extey ‘amcras, wnat is 2 Parallel Port? v i $ Iso referred to as the pri ir arallel port is a S the printer port sin é ‘ gs into it. Many other peripherals, have are bite Juding external CD-ROM drives and ZIP drives, While pl el devices into the parallel port makes them extremely easy to set i ee ae Mr as fast as when used with a SCSI interfac ieee te si e t Malet ports easily identiied by it 25 holes, = 2; What does SCSI ean 4 “cst (pronounced "scuz-2y") stands for Small Com Fe puter System i Ans rfuce is most often used for connecting CD-RO} oni haiti IM drives and scanners t 7 to the computer but can also be used for hard disks when a faster data access is required. quasss What is @ USB Port? USB stands for Universal Serial Bus and is a common component on new computers. The port looks like a flat slot and there are usually two of them together. Up to 127 devices can be chained together and attached to the computer. Many new computer peripherals (digital cameras, scanners, speakers) come with USB adapters that allow the user to plug the unit into the computer and use it immediately without having to install expansion cards inside the computer and make manual adjustments to the computer settings. Ans 034: What is the difference between internal and external components? Ans: Internal components are devices that are either built-in to the motherboard of the computer, added in on an expansion card, or a device attached to the motherboard by way of ribbon cables. External devices are added to the computer system by plugging them into one of the ports on the back of the computer. Sound cards are always internal devices and scanners are always external devices, while modems and CD-ROM drives can be either internal or external. Modems are sometimes easier to use if they are external because you can physically turn them off to 4 Teset them, mst What is a Motherboard? The motherboard is the main circuit board of the computer and as such acts as the “circulation system" of the computer. All signals used by the computer i: arsed by the motherboard. Memory chips, the er poe expansi Quigg, and cables to disk drives all attach to the motherboare Ans, hat is a Sound Card? ee nds from a A sound card is an expansion card that is required in order to Computer Hardware and Networking CD-ROM or any audio file. Sound cards offer outlets for plugging in headphones or microphones. Q.-037: How do I start up my PC? First, turn on the power switch. The computer will make some beeps while it goes through a self-check of the system components. If you want to change any of the setup options, such as setting a password for the system, changing the sequence for booting up the computer, or reconfiguring any other hardware, you should press the key or whatever key is recommended by your hardware supplier to access the BIOS settings. The BIOS includes very basic information about the hardware to get the computer started before the operating system, software takes over. Once the operating system takes over, more detaileq information about the hardware is loaded into the computer's RAM and Windows starts up. Q.-038: How do I shut down my PC? Ans.: The only time that you should ever turn off the power switch is when you see the "It is now safe to turn off your computer" message or if your computer "locks up.” To properly shut down your computer, click on the Start button and select "Shut Down." This will give you the option to restart or shut down your computer. The computer will close any open programs that you are using and ask you to save any unsaved data before it shuts down. You will want to restart your computer if you get error messages such as "invalid page fault" or "program error in module xyz" to clear the memory and reset the computer. The second time to turn off the power switch is when the computer stops responding to keyboard or mouse commands. You may lose data in open applications if you have to do this so be sure to save your data frequently. Q.-039: What is a Warm Boot? What is a Cold Boot? Ans.: —Youperform a cold boot every time you turn on the power switch of your computer. To "boot" the computer means to start it up and reset the memory and BIOS. Pressing the Ctrl-Alt-Delete keys simultaneously while the computer is running performs a warm boot. You may need to do this if the computer stops responding because of memory problems or the "Blue Screen of Death" appears. The computer needs to be reset before you can continue. If the warm boot fails to restart the computer, you will need to resort to a cold boot by shutting off the power switch, waiting ten seconds and then turning it back on, Q.-040: What are DOS and Windows? Ans.: DOS stands for Disk Operating System. The most prevalent form of DOS is manufactured by Microsoft. The last version of DOS to be marketed separately was 6.22 and was used in conjunction with Windows 3.11. Windows 95 includes DOS. The main difference between Windows and DOS is the ability to "multitask" or use {wo or more programs or data files simultaneously. This is especially useful if you are working in one program and need to look something up in another ic ya! ae ns ot! 04 Ans oe See vommunication 441 oe want to copy data from ONE file to anor what is POST? 7 1: power on Self Test. , What are Directories and Fotderyy 2: Dieta folders ae _ «fling c natin as your hard disk organized by keeping Sytem files to, eth "ormepart enc and separate from data files. Some Pes OF files inctuge eis — files (file names end in .exe), dynamic link ibrar © xecutable or ; y libraries Program programs to do routines, and initialization files (ia) icharecalledupesee programs t0 store startup settinas “tn}) which Hh are used by certain 3; Why can’t I use my Software str, Most software programs are coy compacted when packaged for s, installed onto the computer's har ROM programs do work directt aight out of the box? ™Mplex and large in Size. The programs are ale or downloading and therefore need to be td drive before they can be used, Some CD- 'y Off the disc and do not need to be installed, © executable porti ‘on of the program (exe files) so they can be used directly from the hand drive Q-044: Why do T need to backup my computer? Ans.t ns, Sets, What i As mentioned previously, Program files and data are ‘Sa mechanical device that ‘Ong magnetic forces. Viruses Stored on the computer’s is susceptible to physical may infect your ‘computer - Most programs come with installation disks, whether they are CD-ROMs or floppies. Your computer manufacturer or retailer should have supplied you with an original Windows program disc — if not, insist that they supply ce et If they refuse, don’t buy the computer. A Windows a Program is supplied with every installation and can be found by ae ly Computer, right clicking on the C drive and selecting Properties / Tool Ban, Backup any data that you store on the drive that can’t be ee d. saree can be restored from the original program disks. You can use floppies, tap units, or special high capacity disks such as ZIP disks. 'S a computer virus? infects the computer A computer ae is a malicious computer program ST ae display on yanety or hard disk, Some are comical and will cote data on the computer. Fut Monitor while most are designed to do sie lig evi he iformation ceded at viruses are especially damaging since they teri He norman Needed to start up and access your Soe ee ea less like a game. Worms are “structive programs disguised as something | the computer's memory or hard om written to replicate themselves unti becomes r crashes and Ve is Completely used up at which time the compute! inoperable, 442 Compunes ~~ getting a computer virus? fware for your computer, buy a virus protection me are Norton AntiVirus and McAfee ViruScan, ‘without first checking the files or disks with q Judes downloaded files from the Internet ~ download and activate the virus protection protection programs are from McAfee Q.-046: How do I keep from If you buy no other piece of so! program. Some common prograi Don't share floppies or other files virus protection program. This inc know the source of the file before you plug-in for your browser. Two good virus (ViraScan) and Symantec (Norton AntiVirus). Ans.: Q.-047: Can T get a virus by reading e-mail? ble files, This includes macros used ‘Ans.: No. Viruses are always program or exccutal by word processing programs and spreadsheet programs. Q.-048: What is the “Blue Screen of Death"? ‘Ans. The Blue Sereen of Death signals a major prob! involving video or hard disk problems. lem with the computer, usually Q.-049: How do I download files? ‘Ans.: Downloading files from the Internet is similar to copying files from your hard disk toa floppy disk. The procedure is simple with the World Wide Web. Clicking ona link for a program will start the process. When you are prompted, you will select the folder where the file will be saved after it is downloaded. Q.-050: How do I install software? e used. From My ‘Ans.: Programs need to be installed to the hard disk before they can bi Computer or Windows Explorer locate the file named "[Link]" or "[Link]." Double click on the file and follow the prompts to complete the installation of the software. Q.-051: What is a computer "Bug"? Ans.: A computer bug is a problem in the programming that is unknown at the time of release of the program. As users use various aspects of the program and put it through its paces, problems in the program come to the fore and are referred to as bugs. These bugs are then solved and program patches or upgrades are released to registered users to repair the problem. Q.-052: What is a kilobyte? Ans.: A kilobyte (derived from the SI prefix kilo-, meaning 100) is a unit of information me eort equal to either 1024 or 100 bytes. It is commonly abbreviated KB. KB, Kbyl, Kit or, very informally, kb, K or k. The term "kilobyte" was digital computers to a value of 1024 bytes (2"°), because the binary nature o puters lends itself to quantities that are powers of d 2° is roughly one thousand. Se Q.-053: What is a megabyte? Ans.: A is it of i i megabyte is a unit of information or computer storage equal to approximately eo Cation jllion bytes. It is common}, i woo 2 pao NOnly abbreviat 948,576 bytes (1,024°, 2): This definition 4. MB Mb is used for me. computer memory (as computer addresses ae air eee tno di natu oS a facture memory in Poweropiye Powers of two, making it Loner Pacites) and file storage, st gigabyte (derived from the SI pref gj a 'X 8iga-) is a unit of ss orage equal to one billion (that is, oe fe oF infor ion) bytes, 1,073,741 824 bytes, equal 0 1024, oF 2» yoy gre computer Bene Sizes, and most often used in conpuiee the definition used for science, and most aspects of computer Operating system: Teaneeting, computer that this unit should instead be called a pibibyte(abinenes re LEC recommends ‘iat i with SI units used for bus speeds and the like, ™ation or computer What is Binary prefix? Incomputing, binary prefixes can be used to quantify large m oftwo are more usefil than powers often Each ccaai ee Bee NS py 1024 (2") rather than the 100 (10°) us Despite ambiguity, binary prefixes are often writt. Pronounced identi prefixes, rather than using the IEC system, es 088 Ans (-056 What is IEC standard prefixes? ans: In 1999, the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) published Amendment 2 to "IEC 6027-2: Letter symbols to be used in electrical technology — Part 2: Telecommunications and electronics". This standard, which was approved in 1998, introduced the prefixes kibi-, mebi-, gibi-, tebi-, pebi-, exbi-, to be used in specifying binary multiples of a quantity. The names come from the first two letters of the original SI prefixes followed by bi which is short for "binary", Italso clarifies that, from the point of view of the IEC, the SI prefixes only have their base-10 meaning and never have a base-2 meaning. Q-057: What is a bit? Ans: A bit (binary digit) refers to a digit in the binary numeral system, which consists of base 2 digits (ie. There are only 2 possible values: 0 or 1). For example, the number 1010111 is 8 bits long. Binary digits are almost always used as — Unit of information storage and communication in digital oe ai information theory. Information theory also often uses the natural . ; a - cither a nit or a nat. Quantum computing also uses qubits, a Poeun information with a probability of being true. The bits 7 ae pararit the information capacity of one binary digit. thas the ee it, b. The unit is also known as the shannon, with symbol Sh- Quosg, ng, | Vat is the integral data types? fer to any data type which can * lM computer science, the term integer is used 10 1° "epresent some subset of the mathematical integers: Q.-058: What is Pointers? Ans.: Q.-059: What is defference between bytes a Ans.: d by an unsigned integer of specified eger that the hardware supports A pointer is often, but not always, represent ddress of whatever the pointer width. This is often, but not always, the widest inte directly. The value of this integer is the memory 4 points to. nd octets? initially meant ‘the smallest addressable unit of memory’. In the aa ge and Dit bytes have all been used. There ave also ben computers that could address individual bits (‘bit-addressed machine ), or that could only address 16- or 32-bit quantities ( ‘word-addressed machine’). The term byte was usually not used at all in connection with bit- and word-addressed machines. The term octet always refers to an 8-bit quantity. It is mostly used in the field of computer networking, where computers with different byte widths might have to communicate. Q.-060: What do you understand by LISP? Ans.:. Lisp is a family of computer programming languages with a long history and a distinctive fully-parenthesized syntax. Originally specified in 1958, Lisp is the second-oldest high-level programming language in widespread use today; only Fortran is older. Q.-060: What do you mean by Program? Ans.: In practical terms, a computer program might include anywhere from a dozen instructions to many millions of instructions for something like a word processor ora web browser. A typical modern computer can execute billions of instructions every second and nearly never make a mistake over years of operation. Q.-061: How does computer work? Ans.: Q.-062: Explain Multitaski Ans.: A general purpose computer has four main sections: the arithmetic and logic unit (ALU), the control unit, the memory, and the input and output devices (collectively termed I/O). These parts are interconnected by busses, often made of groups of wires. The control unit, ALU, registers, and basic I/O (and often other hardware closely linked with these) are collectively known as a central processing unit (CPU). Barly CPUs were comprised of many separate components but since the mid-1970s CPUs have typically been constructed on a single integrated circuit called a microprocessor. 2 In computing, multitasking is a method by which multiple tasks, also known as Processes, share common processing resources such as a CPU. Q.-063: Explain Multiprocessing? Ans.: na ie a generic term for the use of two or more central processing ithin a single computer system. There are many variations on this jc theme, and the definition of mung, 445 pas! a Multipro, ae a ite defined lip San Vary with jnone package, Iple packages in one a Cores on one context, mostly . Stem unit, ete + Multiple chi _ what do you understand by Programmi 1 etc,), le chips v * programming language is an arttiia Ng languages? ( jpehavior of ripe Particularly a compute that can he used to es, are ler. Prog, conti pyuman languags defined through the ug Programming ee rol the getermine structure and Meaning respect SC OF syntactic and sem guages, like to facilitate communication about the a Programmi ‘antic rules, to & langu, jnformation, and to express algori k Of or, Uages are used Banizing and 5 ; ma sprogramming language" cly. Some authors reste sting ' langua Testrict the term aigorithms: sometimes the term “computer ie that can express all possible artificial languages. ‘Anguage" is used for more limited 98: What do you understand by computing? qt ? & Originally, the word computing w: : ‘48 synonymou: Wind a science and technology th: ymous wi ith : at deals with the orien nye amd calculating, i icp original sens mathematical calculations, ‘Computing" has Bees eae of computing usage of computing machines, the electrical processes caniet ne sad : ; : in computing hardware itself, and the theoretical concepts i governing th science). ig them (computer q.té6: What do you mean by computing hardware? us: Computing hardware has been an important component of the process of calculation and data storage since it became useful for numerical values to be processed and shared. (467: Explain punched card technology? 4s: Punched cards (or Hollerith cards, or IBM cards), are pieces of stiff paper tha: contain digital information represented by the presence or absence of holes in predefined positions. Now an obsolescent recording medium, punched cards were widely used throughout the nineteenth century for controlling textile looms and through the twentieth century in unit record machines for input, processing, and data storage. Digital computers used punched cards as the primary medium for ae input of both computer programs and data. “468: What is an Analog computer? : Ans, An analog computer is a form of computer that uses ee Phenomena to model the problem being solved, or me at sat ae kind of physical quantity to represent another. Modeling a real phy 69, “computer is called simulation. Ang. * What is Super computer? ve Supercomputer is a computer that leads the wor , — Particularly speed of calculation, at the time of its in i icity, jn terms of processing capa ah duction. The term "Super 446 td newspaper in 1920 to refer to ing" first used by New York Worl i P a ees built tabulators IBM made for Columbia University. large custom-bui Q.-070: What is the full form of BIOS? Basic Input Output System. Ans.: .-071: What is the CMOS memory? : oi Mos isan abbreviation for Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor. CMOs at see NMOS and PMOS, negative and rangement of both ° ee ts. CMOS memory draws very little current be maintained for very a long period of time while the computer is off with a rechargeable lithium LT rah memory is used to store system configuration information, such as disl ive parameters, memory configuration, and the date-time, some of which you enter in the CMOS Setup program. It is used by the Basic Input Output System (BIOS), a program permanently lash memory on recent motherboards and in read-only memory to configure the computer. The CMOS Setup is uses a complimentary n positive Metal Oxide transistor circuit (nano-Amps). Values stored in it can stored in the fl (ROM) on older motherboards, part of the BIOS program. The CMOS memory is usually located with the real-time clock in the motherboard chipset or in a separate real-time clock chip. It is located in the chipset on most recent motherboards. For example, the CMOS memory is located in the VT82C596B Southbridge chip in the VIA MVP3C chipset on the Epox MVP3G2 Super7 Motherboard and in the AMD-756 Southbridge in the AMD-750 chipset on the MSI MS-6167 Athlon motherboard. Q.-072: How do I access the CMOS setup utility for a Compaq computer? Ans.: Older computers, like the Deskpro 286 or 386, use Diagnostics disk like older IBM and some clone computers. Place the floppy in the drive, reboot the computer, and choose computer setup from the menu. For newer computers, like the ProLinea, Deskpro, Deskpro XL, Deskpro XE, or Presario, turn on the power and press the F10 key when the cursor appears in the upper right hand corner of an otherwise blank screen. The screen happens right after the Compaq splash screen and 2 beeps while booting-up. Q.-073: How can the CMOS be cleared (e.g. a password is set in CMOS and is Ans.: unkown or forgotten)? There may be a CMOS discharge jumper three pins. Moving the discharge jumper near the battery. Most of them have jumper form one set of pi ill dis foes pins to the other will discharge the ‘memory. When the computer reboots, the BIOS will enter it's default ttl, can't find this jumper, The 4 44; if yor poard manufacturer and downty thin, ig : mot an't identify the jumper, put] the in the mother, te NY and track, ie 30. TB for 10 or more minutes, '*"Yifit istemorat if available. an are causes of CMOS checksum a and let the CMos ym : cmos checksum is generated by adding aly ‘ors? ws qne after the other. That is, byte o Of the bytes (or bj Ne is added to b of bytes | and 2, ete. The carry bit Yte 2, byte 3 j : a din the CMOS. During the boot. S are drop S added is to the . The re : UP pros esult (check, 7 a checksum is generated by the BIOS from the ery OST Power-On Selttes) gaved the last time the CMOS Setup on the CMos a compare sine two numbers don't agree it ig an ieee BIOS default nee ee peen corrupted (one or more bits in the CMOS cheats ett the CMOS has supposed t0) and a checksum error is issued by the Bley we” they weren't %& A bad battery. - Causes include: % A battery that has become discharged, % A disconnected battery, % ee ao board in such a manner (cock-eyed) as to % A power surge. % Lightning. %} Static electricity. % Grounding the CMOS circuitry. % A bad motherboard. % A bad real-time clock. (075: Every time I boot up my PC the date is 1/1/1998, the time is 0:0. The CMOS battery is coin-shaped... Coin-shaped batteries on most motherboareds. should be a CR2032. Make are i is properly installed and + is up. If you have a multimeter or you have i i who has a multimeter, remove the battery and check the voltage. : shoul aes 3.0 volts when fully charged. If it reads 1.8 volts or higher it is proba hy ie Very careful installing and removing coin-shaped ee eee holders I have seen for these batteries are quite fragile and ait paar these batteries into the holder with the aid of a “tweaker” (: ‘ Explain the working concept of aa em also incorrectly known BIOS, in computing, stands for Basic Inpuv/Output - “he software code run by 8 Basic Integrated Operating System. BIOS We rye BIOS isto prepare computer when first powered on. The ae on various media (such oe the machi fiware programs sto ‘ontrol of the computer. dete = CDs) ean oad, execute, and assume & This process is known as booting UP- 448 Q.-077: Ans.: Q.-078: Ans.: Q.-079: Ans.: Q.-080: Ans.: Q.-081: Ans.: Compurer What is the other function of BIOS? i : i ,dded on a chip that recognises BIOS can also be said to be a coded program embet sn tem BIOS is specie i i up the compute! and controls various devices that make up of computers, the generic her classes to personal computer vendors. Among ot ci boot loader or boot ROM are commonly used. terms boot monitor, How the BIOS boots the computer? monly, flash memory when he BIOS runs off the PROM, EPROM or, most comm - computer is powered on and it initializes and sometimes performs the Power- on self-test (POST), a set of diagnostic tests on the hard drive, memory vide, chipset and other hardware. Subsequently, it typically decompresses itse from the BIOS memory space into the system main memory and starts executing from there. Nearly all BIOS implemet interfacing the nonvolatile customizable configuration data (time, dat ‘ BIOS code. The 80x86 source code for early PC and AT BIOS was included with the IBM Technical Reference Manual. In most modern BIOS implementations, users select which device boots first: CD, hard disk, floppy disk, flash keydrive, and the like. This is particularly useful for installing operating systems or booting to Live CDs, and for selecting the order of testing for the presence of bootable media. ntations can optionally execute a setup program BIOS memory (CMOS). This memory holds user- e, hard drive details, etc.) accessed by Why BIOS is called firmware? BIOS is sometimes called firmware. Before 1990 or so BIOSes were held on ROM chips that could not be altered. As their complexity and need for updates grew, BIOS firmware was stored on EEPROM or flash memory devices. This EEPROM chip sits on a FWH interface, but in some newer boards EEPROM chips are already sitting on a newer, emerging interface named SPI. EEPROM chips are advantageous because they can easily be updated by the user; however, the risk is that an improperly executed or aborted BIOS update can render the computer or device unusable. To avoid BIOS corruption, some new motherboards have a backup BIOS. Also, most BIOSes have a "boot block" which is a portion of the ROM that runs first and is not updateable. This code will verify that the rest of the BIOS is intact (via checksum, hash, etc.) before jumping to it. If the boot block detects that the main BIOS is corrupt, then it will typically boot to a floppy so that the user can try flashing again, hopefully with success. What do you understand by Firmware? Eee apa is software that is embedded in a hardware device. It is often provided on flash ROMs or as a binary image fi \ eciaing hardware by & user ry image file that can be uploaded onto Explain the BIOS boot specification? If the expansion ROM wishes to change the way the system boots, it can use the ee oe en Nation BIOS Boot Specification (BBS) A) 449 i \ Pri exe boot opiate Using fiseee, its ability to q ee t options from withi 8, t 0 so. Once thi most BBS compliant PC BIOs ee the BIOS's ye obs can sel c the BIOS's user interface until the ¢: ‘Mentations wil interface. Thi registering themselves with the one ROMs have fi 08! What do you understand by PROM |. A programmable read-only memory as a mory (PROM' ramm: onl An PRO! igi ; mory (FPROM) is a form of digital iat iene ree le setting of each bit is Jocked by a fuse or antifuse. Such PROMs are used to st sed to store programs permanent! ly. ey are frequently scen in tegouities acePRONG a ae games, or such ic . s for different languages can eae a ¢ substituted. 083? Explain the programming of a ROM ? A typical PROM comes with all bits reading as 1. Burni programming causes its bit to read as 0. The meron e eu a fuse during once after manufacturing by "blowing the fuses Cee isan irreversible process. Blowing a fuse opens a connection sits be which antifuse closes a connection. Programming is done by applying high-volt i an which are not encountered during normal operation (typically 12 to oe pulses Read-only means that, unlike the case with conventional memory, the Abies cannot be changed (at least not by the end user). ae ans: Q-084: Write the main advantages of PROM? ‘Ans: Thease are the main advantages of a PROM: % Reliability % Stores data permanently % Moderate price % Built using integrated circuits, % Fast: speed is between 35ns and 60ns. rather than discrete components. Q.085: Who invented the PROM? Ans: PROM was invented in 1956 by Wen Tsing Cho of the American Bosch Arma Corporation in Ga Q-086: What do you understand by Fuse? Inelectronics and electrical engineering & overcurrent protection device. It has as Strip that will melt when heate Circuit of which it is a part, am Condition. ww, working forthe Arma Division den City, New York. for fusible link’, isa type of its critical component a metal wire or d by a prescribed electric current, cenne d SO protecting the circuit from an ov fuse, short toa fuse. Q0g7, “T:Explain the antifuse? ¢ opposite function : i th An antifuse is an electrical device that performs " 450 Computer Hardware and Networking . is designed to permanent i tance and is design ly Whereas a fase starts with a low resistance and A ee hhc pat break an electrically conductive path (typically when the &° ee exceeds a specified limit), an antifuse starts with ahigh ey when heed to permanently create an clectrically conductive path (typ! tage across the antifuse exceeds a certain level). Q.-088: Is antifuse integrated circuit?

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