Availability Set

An Availability Set is a logical grouping function that can be used to

separate VM resources from each other. Azure must ensure that your VMs
are operating across several physical servers, device tables, storage units,
and network switches within an availability set. If a hardware or software
failure occurs, only the VMs will be impacted, and the overall solution
will remain operational.
Availability Zone
Availability Zones (AZ) are locations within an Azure region that are
physically separate. An availability zone is composed of one or more
independently operating power and a network of datacenters. Each
region has a minimum of three zones.
Availability zones allow clients to run high-availability and low-latency
mission-critical applications.

When choosing a region, you need to think about three things mainly:
Location- To reduce the latency, choose a region closest to the
user
Features- All features are not available in all regions, so select
a region where your specific feature is available
Price- Service prices in Azure vary from region to region

Azure Resource Manager (ARM)

Azure Resource Manager gives you the tools you need to organize and
secure your resources. It is a fundamental service that is used to install
and manage Azure resources. It comes with a management layer that
enables you to create, upgrade, and delete Azure subscription tools. After
deployment, you use management tools like access control, locks, and
tags to keep your resources safe and organized.
Resource
A Resource is a manageable item that is available in Azure like VM,
storage, databases, etc. Each resource can reside only in one resource
group.

Resource Groups
Resource Groups are the place where you deploy your resources. Here,
you need to identify which resource group you want to deploy a resource.
It is like a container where all resources of a solution or the resources
that you want to manage in a group reside. The resource from the
resource group can be added or removed at any time. You can move your
resources from one group to another, and the resource from multiple
regions can be in one resource group as well. With the resource group,
you have access control to the resource. The resources in different
resource groups can interact with each other.

Logical Groups
Resource groups are used to organize and manage Azure resources. You
can add order and organization to resources you create in Azure by
grouping similar usage, type, or location resources. Because materials are
often so disorganized, logical grouping is the component that you might
be the most interested in.

Lifecycle
When you delete a resource group, it also deletes all of the resources
included within it. Organizing resources by life cycle can be
advantageous in non-production contexts where you might test an
experiment and then discard it. It is simple to remove a collection of
resources at once using resource groups.

Authorization
Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) permissions allow you to grant users
the specific rights they need to perform their jobs. RBAC permission can
also be applied to resource groups. You may simplify administration and
limit access to only what is required by applying RBAC rights to a
resource group.
IT personnel can manage settings, developers can have read-only access,
and administrators can have complete control at all times. You can also
prevent resources from being deleted accidentally.
By enabling resource locks, you can block the ability to delete a resource
or prevent changes to it by marking it as read-only.
Resource Provider
Resource Provider is a service that supplies the resources that you can
deploy for a manageable resource for the resource manager.
Resource Manager Template
Resource Manager Template is a JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) file
that defines the resources deployed in the resource group. It also defines
the dependencies between the deployed resources. With this template,
resources can be deployed in a consistent and repeatable way.
ARM Benefits
You have group resource handlings like deploying,
management, and monitoring
You get consistency; For example, when you deploy resources,
it will be happening in the same way as every time
You get the dependency of each resource so that no other will
get into the resource
Access Control is built-in to assign access to the users
With tagging, it is easier to identify the resource in the future
For billing, you can use tagging to stay on top
The resource group itself is not a resource; it helps in the
structure of Azure Architecture.
Azure Resource Manager has several features that you can use to
organize resources, enforce standards, and protect your critical Azure
resources from accidental deletion. The resources groups are just like a
container for resources deployed on Azure. By placing resources of
similar usage, type, or location in the same resource group. You can
provide some order and organization to your Azure resources.
Tags
Tags allow you to improve the organization of your resources even
further. You can use tags to associate custom details with a resource or
resource group such as the cost center or billing department.
Resource groups and tags are great for helping you organize existing
resources or groups.
Azure policies are used to make sure that the new resource uses the same
rules. The policies defined by Azure ensure that new resources use the
same tags as an existing resources.
Azure Subscriptions
You can get authenticated and authorized access to Azure services with
an Azure subscription. It also enables you to allocate resources. An Azure
subscription is a logical unit of Azure services linked to an Azure account,
which is an Azure Active Directory (Azure AD) or a directory that Azure
AD trusts identity in.
Compute
In Azure, there is a number of options that are available for application
and service hosting. Azure Compute provides you with an infrastructure
where you can run your applications.
Azure Virtual Machine - These are Linux and Windows VMs
on-demand with your desired configuration hosted in Azure.
The supported Linux distributions are CentOS, Oracle Linux,
RHEL, Debian, OpenSUSE, SUSE LES, and Ubuntu. There are
six types of VMs with 28 families. There is a set amount of
Memory, vCPUs, and Temporary Storage. You can also attach
additional data disks to these VMs. Pricing is based on perminute
billing. Reserved VMs are also available for significant
discounts; you can get discounts up to 72% on a pay-as-you-go
model
App Service – This is a PaaS that provides a fully managed
platform for creating cloud applications for the web and
mobile. It is used to host web applications, mobile app back
ends, RESTful APIs, and automated business processes. The
programming languages that App Service supports are .NET,
.NET Core, Ruby, Java, PHP, [Link], and Python
Azure Function – It is a serverless compute that enables you
to run code on-demand automatically. Azure Function is an
event-driven service for accelerating app development. It is
FaaS that executes the code in response to an event or trigger.
Its billing is done when code is executed; in the idle state, it is
not charged. Its supported languages are C#, F#, and JavaScript,
and currently, Java is in a preview state. Azure Function is a
part of App Services that can run in App Service Plans (from
free to isolated plan). In the free account, the first 1 million
executions/month are free
Azure Batch - It is a managed service for batch processing jobs
like running large-scale parallel and High-Performance
Computing (HPC) applications. It has the ability to scale to
tens, hundreds, or thousands of virtual machines as per
requirement. It supports both Windows and Linux compute
nodes. This service is free, and you only need to pay for the
resource that is used in your task
Azure Kubernetes Service – A managed Kubernetes
Container Orchestration is used for simplifying the
deployment, management, and operations of Kubernetes. It
gives you automatic upgrades and patching. Azure Kubernetes
Service enables you to manage the cluster of VMs on which
containerized app is running. It also supports other
orchestration like DC/OS, Docker, and Un-managed
Kubernetes, but these are not managed. Here, you only need to
pay for agent nodes, not for the master node
Azure Container Instance – It is a containerized service that
is used to run an application on Azure without provisioning the
VMs and servers. You can easily run the container with a single
command. It gives you an individual container as a service.
Azure Container Instance is the fastest and easiest way to run a
container in Azure. It is good for applications that run in an
isolated container. The applications are publicly addressable,
and you can design the container spec. The billing is persecond
based.
Service Fabric – It is a distributed network framework that is
capable of operating in various environments, Azure and onsite.
It creates Windows and Linux micro-services and
orchestrates containers. Service Fabric is used by multiple
Azure and Microsoft services like Skype, CosmosDB, Cortana,
etc. It supports both stateful and stateless microservices. Its
supported community is .NET, but it also supports other
languages and containers
Cloud Services – It is a managed service for cloud
applications. Cloud Services is actually a PaaS offered by Azure.
It is similar to App Services but with the difference that you can
remote it into VMs. It creates highly available, flexible cloud
applications and APIs to concentrate on software rather than
hardware. It has two types of services: Web Roles which are
websites and web apps, and Worker Roles that are for
asynchronous processing

Networking
The key function of Azure networking is the relation of compute
resources and access to applications. In Azure, a network interface
includes a number of options in global Microsoft Azure datacenters that
link the outside world to services and apps. There are various networking
services in Azure that can be used individually or together. Azure
networking provides you the most secure environment for your data as
compared to any other Cloud Platform.
Virtual Networks – They allow your Azure resources to
communicate with each other over the internet or onpremises
network in a secure way. Also known as VNET, it is
an isolated network where you host your VMs, VM Scale Sets,
and App Service environments. Virtual Networks are
composed of subnets with user-defined routes where you
define the route to send the traffic and the destination from
where it comes in. With Virtual Network, you can add Security
Groups and outbound internet access to the resources. In
Virtual Network, you have the capability of VNET Peering,
where you connect two VNETs together. VNET peering can be
done within the same region or across the region for global
coverage. However, across-region VNET peering is supported
in only a few regions currently. A Service Endpoint feature also
enables you to access the services within your VNET by
creating a private connection to that resource rather than
using the internet. This endpoint feature is only available in
Storage account and SQL databases
Azure Load Balancer – It balances the incoming and
outgoing traffic to and from the application resources and
service endpoints. Azure Load Balancer gives basic load
balancing features to your VMs and operates at layer 4
(Transport layer of the OSI model). It has a public or internal
load balancer. A public load balancer is internet-facing, while
an internal load balancer is used within the VNET. Azure Load
Balancer provides regional load balancing by routing traffic
over availability zones and into your VNets. It provides
internal load balancing by routing traffic across and from your
local resources within VNET. It has HTTP or TCP-based probes
for health checks and availability. It uses hash-based load
balancing to balance the load inside the VMs that are behind
your load balancer
Application Gateway – It is a cloud load balancing device to
handle web app traffic. It is Layer 7 load balancing that uses
HTTP-based round-robin. It optimizes application service
delivery while increasing security for applications with a web
application firewall. It also offers some other features like SSL
Offloading, stickiness for some cookies-based session affinity
at the backend to maintain the state for the user between the
connection of user with a single VM. It also provides support
for client-connected applications by Web Socket. Application
has internal and external load balancing, similar to the public
and internal load balancer, but they are at a higher level
VPN Gateway – This sends encrypted traffic across the public
internet between an Azure virtual network and an on-site
location. Azure Virtual Networks are accessed through highperformance
VPN Gateways in a secure way over the internet.
VPN Gateway supports both Site-to-Site VPN and Point-to-Site
VPN. You have one VPN gateway per VNET; then, you have the
ability to have multiple connections per VPN Gateway. In that,
you can perform Static or Dynamic Routing
Azure DNS – This hosts DNS domains with the same
credentials as Microsoft Azure infrastructure to provide name
resolution with fast DNS response and high domain
availability. In Azure DNS, you cannot purchase the Domain
name. For DNS, you pay per zone, per month, and then per
million queries. The pricing per zone changes depending upon
the zone. Private domain support currently is in a preview
state
Traffic Manager – It is a global traffic router that distributes
DNS-based traffic to services across the Azure region in order
to get the best available endpoint, providing high availability
and responsiveness. It supports four routing methods: priority,
weighted, geographic, and performance. Depending on the
routing method and health checks, the traffic will be sent. It
can be used to build multi-region architecture like web
applications
Content Delivery Network (CDN) – This provides users with
high bandwidth content. To reduce latency, CDNs save cached
content on edge servers at POP locations near end-users. Edge
servers are the smaller datacenters. It is mainly used for static
assets like media, images, etc. It also supports Dynamic Site
Acceleration by optimizing the route between the requester
and the origin for dynamic content because it does not cache
the dynamic content on the edge servers. In Azure, CDN is
actually provided by Akamai and Verizon. The billing is based
per GB outbound per month, and the rates can change on a
zone basis
Express Route - ExpressRoute allows you to extend your onpremises
networks to Microsoft Cloud by a connectivity
provider's private connection. This is a private connection.
There is no traffic going on the internet. Connections to cloud
services such as Microsoft Azure, Office 365, and Dynamics 365
can be built with ExpressRoute through stable high bandwidth
connections. The dedicated link is up to 10Gbps. With that, you
have two options: you have connectivity to either MPLS or to
the on-premises network. This is good for DR or hybrid cases