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Chapter 9 Deck System

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กิตติพงศ์ ศรีอาจ
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Chapter 9 Deck System

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กิตติพงศ์ ศรีอาจ
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SECTION 9 (SI): DECKS AND DECK SYSTEMS TABLE OF CONTENTS 9.1 SCOPE, 9.2 DEFINITIONS. 9.3 NOTATIONS 94 GENERAL, DESIGN REQUIREMENTS 9.4.1 Interface Action 9.42 Deck Drainage 9.43 Concrete Appurtenances... 9.4.4 Edge Supporss.. 9.4.5 Stay-in-Place Formwork for vetans 9.5 LIMIT STATES, 9.5.1 General 9.5.2 Service Limit States 9.5.3 Fatigue and Fracture Limit State 9.5.4 Strength Limit States. 9.5.5 Extreme Event Limit States 96 ANALYSIS. 9.6.1 Methods of Analysis. 9.62 Loading 97 CONCRETE DECK SLABS 9.7.1. General [Link] Minimum Depth and Cover: [Link] Composite Action 97.1.3 Skewed Decks. [Link] Edge Support on. [Link] Design of Cantilever Slabs 9.7.2 Empirical Design [Link] General [Link] Application [Link] Effective Length 9.72.4 Design Conditions [Link] Reinforcement Requirements. [Link] Deck with Stay-in-Place Formwork. 9.73 Traditional Design 9.73.1 General 9.73.2 Distribution Reinforeement 9.7.4 Siay-in-Place Formwork [Link] General 9.742 Steel Formwork 9.74.3. Concrete Formwork. [Link] Depth 97.432 Reinforcement 9.7433 Creep and Shrinkage Control 9.74.34 Bedding of Panels 9.7.5 Procast Deck Slabs on Girders [Link] Generar non 9.75.2 Transversely Joined Precast Decks. : 9.75.3 Longitudinally Post-Tensioned Precast Decks. = 9.7.61 General 9.7.62 Joins in Deeks... 9.8 METAL DECKS, 9.8.1 General 9.8.2 Metal Grid Decks. [Link] General 982.2 Open Grid Floors [Link] Filled and Partially Filled Grid Deeks. Sst AASHTO LRED Bespos Desien SevctsicaTio%s ($1) 9823.1 Gener nn cae : pen AT 9823.2 Design Requirements. : : 917 [Link].3 Fatigue and Fracture Limit State 9-18 9.8.24 Unfilled Grid Decks Composite with Reinforced Concrete Slabs oe... 1B, [Link] General 9-18 [Link] Design.. 9-19 9.8.24. Fatigue Limit 9.19 9.83 Orthotopic Steel Decks 9.20 9.83.1 General 9.20 [Link] Whoel Load Distribution, 9.20 9.83.3 Wearing Surta 9.20 9834 Refined Analysis. 9.21 [Link] Approximate Analysis, 9.21 9835.1 Effective Width 7 921 [Link] Decks with Open Ribs. 7 ns 9.21 9.83.53 Decks with Closed Ribs . 9.21 [Link] Design. 9.22 [Link] Superposition of Local and Global Effects : = 922 [Link]. Limit States. : a 9.83.7 Detailing Requirements 922 [Link].1 Minimum Plate Thickness, Pens 922 [Link] Closed Ribs. 9.23 983.73 Unauthorized Welding to Orthotropic Decks. 9.23 9.83.74 Deck and Rib Details. 28 984 Orthotopic Aluminum Decks. : ve 9-24 [Link] General 9.24 91842 Approximate Analysis, 9.25 9.8.43 Limit States: 9.28 9.8.5 Corrugated Metal Decks.. ‘ oo satin DS [Link] General 9.25 [Link] Distribution of Wheel Loads... vn 26 9853 Composite ActiON cm 9.26 9.9 WOOD DECKS AND DECK SYSTEMS 9.26 9.9.1 Scope. 9.26 9.9.2 General a . n 9-26 9.93 Design Requirements 9.26 99.3.1 Load Distribution 2 9.26 [Link] Shear Design 9.27 993.3 Deformation 9.27 [Link] Thermal Expansion . eae . rn ORT [Link] Wearing Surfaces 921 9.93.6 Skewed Decks. 927 9.9.4 Glued Laminated Decks. 9.28 99.4.1 GenetAenon = : : ve 96DB 99.42 Deck Tie-Downs ns . . . 28 9943 Interconnected Decks. : 9.28 [Link].1 Panels Parallel to Traffic 2 9.28 [Link]. Panels Perpendicular to Traffic. 7 eae 9.9.44 Noninterconnected Decks ' 9-29 9.9.5 Siress Laminated Decks . vo 9.29 99.5.1 General 9.29 [Link] Nailing 9.29 99.53 Staggered Butt Foin's 930 9.9534 Holes in Laminations : : = "9-30 [Link] Deck Tie-Downs 9.20 99.56 Stressing 930 [Link]. Presiressing System : 9-30 [Link] Prestressing Materials = . 2 932 ‘Tanue oF Covrenrs (SD, i [Link].3 Design Requirements... von 9B 995.64 Corrosion Protection. : [Link] Railings. 9.9.6 Spike Laminated Docks. 99.6.1 GenerBleinonnninnnnsnnnnns 98.62 Deck Tie-Downs. 99.63 Panel Decks . 9.9.7 Plank Decks 99.7.1 General [Link] Deck Tie-Downs. - 9.9.8 Wearing Surfaces for Wood Decks. 99.8.1 General 99.8.2 Plant Mix Asphalt 99,83 Chip Seal.. REFERENCES ... SEcTION9 (SD) DECKS AND DECK SYSTEMS 9.1 SCOPE ‘This Section contains provisions forthe analysis and design of bridge decks and deck systems of concrete, ‘metal, and wood or combinations thereof subjected to gravity loads For monolithic concrete bridge decks satisfying specific conditions, an empirical design, requiring. no cot Innplict inthis Section is @ design philosophy that prefers jointless, continuous bridge decks and deck systems to improve the weather and corrosion-resisting cffects of the whole bridge, reduce inspection efforts and maintenance costs, and increase structural effectiveness and redundaney. analysis, is permitted ‘Continuity in the deck and its supporting components is encouraged. ‘Composite action between the deck and its supporting ‘components is required wire technically feasible Appurtenance—Cutbs, parapets, railings, barriers, dividers, and sign and lighting posts attached tothe deck Arching Action—A structural phenomenon in which whee! loads are transmitted primarily by compressive struts formed in the slab. Band-—A strip of laminated wood deck within which the pattem of butt joints is not repeated. Bolster—A spacer between a metal deck and a beam, Bulkhead—A steel element attached to the side of stress laminated timber decks to distribute the prestressing force and reduce the tendency to erash the wood. Coltular Deck —[Link] deck with vid alia in oxceee of 40 penvent (Clear Span—The face-to-face distance between supporting components. (Closed Rib—A rib in an orthotropic deck consisting ofa plate forming a trough, welded tothe deck plat along both sides of the nib. Closure Joint—A cast-in-place conerete fill between precast components to provide continuity Compatibiligy—The equality of deformation atthe interface of elements and/or components joined together. Component structural clement or combination of elements requiring individual design consideration. Composite Action—A condition in which two or more elements oF components are made to act Logether by preventing relative movement at their interface. Continutty—tn decks, both structural continuity and the ability to prevent water penetration without the assistance of nonstructural clement. Core Depth—The distance between the top of top reinforcement and the bottom of bottom reinforcement in a concrete slab. Deck—A component, With oF without weering surface, that supports wheel loads directly and is supported by other ‘components, Deck Joint—A complete ot partial interruption of the deck to accommodate relative movement between portions of a structure on oa AASHTO LRED Bance Dpsion SrvcinicaTi0Ns (SD) Deck Spstem-—A superstructure in which the deck s integral with ts supporting components orin which the effets or deformation of supporting components onthe behavior ofthe deck is significant. Design Span—For decks, the center-o-center distance between the adjacent supporting components ken inthe primary direction, Effective Length—Thee span length used inthe empirical design of concrete slabs defined in Article [Link], -Flastio—A structural response in which stress is directly proportional to strain and no deformation remains upon removal of loading, Equibrtn—A state where the sum of forces parallel to any axis andthe sum of moments about any exisin space are 0.0. Equivalent Stip—An artificial linea element, isolated ftom a deck forthe purpose of analysis, in which extreme force fects eee for sin of wos ods, esses or nit will prone thes tly eking pace in te Betreme—Maximum or minimum. Flexural Continity-—The ability to transmit moment an rotation between components or within 8 component. Floorbeam—The traditional name fora cross-beam. Footprint —The specified contact area between Wheel and roadway surface Frame Action Transverse continuity between the deck and the webs of cellular cross-section or betwoen the dock and primary eomponenis in large bridges Glued Laminated Deck Panel—A deck panel made from wood laminations connected by adhesives. Governing Position—The location and orientation ofa transient load to cause extreme force effects, Inelastio—The structural response in which stress isnot directly proportional t strain and deformation may remain upon removal of loading. nerface—Te location where two elements endlor components are in contact. Internal Composite Action —The interaction between a deck anda stuctuel oveday. Jotropic Plate—A plate having essentially identical struturl properties in the two principal direction. ‘hotropicReinforcement—Two identical layers of reinforcement, pexpendicuar to and ia touch with each othe. Lateral horizontal or close to horizontal direction. Laminated Deck—A deck consisting of series of laminated wood elements that are tightly abutted along their edges to form a continuous surface. Local Analysis —An in-depth study of trains and stresses in or among components using force effects obtained rom global analysis Net Depth—The depth of concrete, excluding the concrete placed in the corrugations of a metal formwork. (Open Grid Floor—A metal grid floor no filled or covered with concrete (Open Rib—A rip in an orthotropic deck consisting ofa single plate or rolled section welded to the deck plate, ‘SucT1ON 9 (SD: Decks aND Deck SysTEMS 93 OrthorropioA plate having significantly different structaral properties in the two principal directions, OverfllThe concrete ubove the top ofthe steel grid of filled or partially filled steel grid deck systems. Partial Composite Action—A condition in which two or more clements or components are made to act together by ‘decreasing, but not eliminating, relative movement at their interface, or where the connecting elements are too flexible to fully develop the deck in composite action Primary Direction—In isotropic decks: direction ofthe shorter span; in orthotropic decks: direction of the main load- carrying elements. ‘Secondary Direction—The direction normal to the primary direction ‘Segmental Construction—A method of building a bridge utilizing match-cast, prefabricated, or cast-in-place concrete ‘segments joined together by longitudinal post-tensioning, ‘Shear Connector—A mechanical device that prevents relative movements both normal and parallel to an interface. ‘Shear Continuity condition where shear and displacement are transmitted between components or within a component, ‘Shear Key—A preformed hellow in the side ofa precast component filled with grout ora system of match-cast depressions and protrusions in the face of segments that is intended to provide shear continuity between components. ‘Skew Angle—The angle between the axis of support relative toa line norm to the longitudinal ais ofthe bridge, ie, a0” skew denotes a rectangular bridge. Spacing—Centerso-center distance of elements or components, such as reinforcing bars ieders, bearings, ee Stay-in-Place Formwork Permanent metal or precast concrete forms that remain in pace after construction i fnished, SiffenerBeam-—An wnsupperted beam sttached tothe underside of¢ wood deck to enhance lateral continuity, Sess Range~The algebraic difference between extreme stresses Siructural Overlay-~An overlay bonded tthe deck thet consists of coneretes othr than asphaltic conerees. Tandem Tw closely spaced and mechanically interconnected axles of equal weight. Tie-Down—A mechanical device that prevents relative movement normal tan interface. Void Aa internal discontinuity ofthe deck by which is selfsweight is reduced. Voided Deck—Conerete deck in which the rea of the voids does nt constitute more than 40 percent ofthe gross area Wheel—One tre or a pair ofires at one end ofan ae Whee! Load One-half ofa specified design ale load Wearing Surface—An overley ot sacrificial layer of the structural deck to protec the structural deck against weer, road salts, and environmental effects. The overlay may include waterproofing, Yield Line—A plastic hinge line, Yield Line Analysis—A method of determining th load-carrying capacity ofa component onthe basis ofthe formation ofa ‘mechanism, Yield Line Method A method of analysis in which « mumber of possible yield line paterns of concrete slabs are examined in order to determine minimum losd-carrying capacity st 93 NOTATIONS AASHTO LRED Baunce Desicn Sreciricarions (SI) 4s cffotive bearing area of anchorage bulkhead (ram?) (9.95.63) A, = arca of stel ba o strand (mm) (9.9.56) a larger ofthe spacing ofthe rib webs (ram) ([Link].2) © depth ofthe bottom cutout to accommodate arb in an orthotropic deck (eam) ([Link] 4) 4 ——-~ effective depth: distance between the outside compressive fiber and the center of gravity of the tensile reinforeement (mm) (C9.7.2.5) e clear spacing between closed ribs in orthotropic stool docks (mm ([Link].4) F = nominal bearing resistance of wood across the grain (MPa) (9.95.63) f the out-ofplane flexural stresses in ib webs (MPa) (C98.3:7.2) h depth of deck (mim) ([Link].3) ® length ofthe inlined portion ofthe sb web (mm) (9.8.3:7.2) k factor representing distribution of bending moment along a rib (C9.[Link]) L span length from eenterto-cener of supports (9.5.2) Pay = factored compressive resistance of the Wood under the bulkhead (N)([Link].3) Pn prestressing force per prestressing element (N)(9.95.6:3) 4g” = Toad intensity (MPa) (C9.8.3..2) Rw sieel-wood ratio ([Link]) S” = offetive span leat (am) ([Link]) = spacing of prestressing bas (mm) 29.5.63) : thickness of slab or plate (mm) ([Link]) tae effective depth of dec plate, including the stiffening effect of surfacing (cam) (9.83.72) t thickness of ib web (mm) (.[Link]) 4 resistance factor ([Link]) 9.4 GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS 9.4.1 Interface Action Decke other then wood and open grid floore hall be smacie composite with their supporting components, unless there are compelling reasons to the contrary. ‘Noncomposite decks shall be connected to thei supporting ‘components to prevent vertical separation. Shear connectors and other connections between decks, other than open grid floors and wood decks, and their supporting members shall be designed for force effects calculated on the basis of full composite action, ‘whether or not that composite action is considered in proportioning the primary members. The details for transmitting shear across the interface to metal supporting components shall satisfy the applicable provisions of Anicle 66 or Aniole 76 Force effects between the deck and appurtenances or other components shall be accommodate. 9.42 Deck Drainage ‘With the exception of unfilled stel grid decks, cross ‘and longitudinal slopes of the deck surface shall be provided as specified in Article 2.6.6, Structural effects of drainage openings shall be considered in the design of decks. COAL Composite action ie recommended to enhance the stiffuess and economy of structures, Some decks without sacar connectors have historically demonstrated a degree of composite action due to chemical bond and/or friction that cannot be accounted for in structural design. tis difficult to design and detail a tie-down device that does not attract shear forces due to transient loads, ‘temperature changes, and fluctuation in moisture content ‘Those forces may loosen and/or break such deviees, and. ‘cause fatigue damage in other pats ofthe floor system and its connections to main members, and to floorbeams in particular, ‘SECTION 9 (SI): Decks AND DECK SYSTEMS 9A3 Concrete Appurtenances Unless otherwise specified by the Owner, concrete ‘curbs, parapets, bariers, and dividers should be made structurally continuous. Consideration oftheir structural contribution to the deck should be limited in accordance ‘with the provisions of Article 9.5.1 9.4.4 Edge Supports Unless the deck is designed to support whee! loads in cextrome positions with respect to its edges, edge supports shall be provided. Nonintegral edge beams shall conform to the provisions of Article [Link] 945 St Place Formwork for Overhangs Stay-in-place formwork, other than that in filled steel decks, shall ot be used inthe overhang af concrete decks, 98 LIMIT STATES 95. General ‘The structural conteibution of eonerete appurtenance to the deck may be considered for service and fatigue but ‘not for strength or extreme event limit states, For other than the deck overhang, where the conditions specified in Article 9.7.2 are met. a concrete deck may he assumed to satisfy servico, fatigue, and fracture and strength limitstate requirements and need not eet the other provisions of Article 9.5. 9.8.2 Service Limit States At service limit states, decks and deck systems shell be analyzed as fully elastic structures and shall be designed and detailed to satisfy the provisions of Sections 5,6, 7,and 8. “The effects of excessive deck deformation, including deflection, shall be considered for metal grid decks and other lightweight metal and concrete bridge decks. For these deck systems, the deflection caused by live load plus dynamic load allowance shall not exceed the following criteria # 1/800 for decks with no pedestrian tafe * 1/1000 for decks with limited pedestrian trafic, and + 1/1200 for decks with significant pedestrian tratic where: L_ = spanlength from center-to-center of suppots os 9.43 Experience indicates that the interruption of concrete appurtenances at locatioas other than deck joints does not serve the intended purpose of stress relief. Large cracks, only a foot or so away from open joints, have been ‘observed in conerete parapets. The structural participation of these components i usually but not always beneficial One possible negative aspect of continuity is inereased cracking in the appurtenance. cad [Ifthe deck joint hardware is integrated with the deck, itmay be utilized as a structural element ofthe edge beam. C951 Exclusion of contribution of an appurtenance at strength limit state isa safety measure in that advantage is not taken of a component that may be damage: disconnected, or destroyed by a collision, ‘Article [Link] states thatthe empirical design method does not apply to overhangs. 09.5.2 Deck deformation refers to local dishing at wheel loads, not to overall superstructure deformation ‘The primary objective of curtailing excessive deck ‘deformation is to prevent breakap and loss ofthe wearing surface. No overall limit can be specified because such limit is a function of the composition of the wearing surface and the adhesion between the deck and the wearing surface. The limits should be established by testing ‘Substantial work has been done relating accelerations to user comfort. Acceleration is a function of the fundamental frequeney of vibration of the deck on particular span, and the magnitude of dynamic deflection ‘due to live load. Dynamic deflections are typically 15 percent to 20 percent of static deflections. Analysis shows that static deflections serve well as a proxy for ‘acceleration levels for deck systems. 96 Fatigue need not be investigated for: © Concrete decks, and ‘© Wood decks as listed in Article 9.9. Metal grid, filled grid, partially filled gr and unfilled arid decks composite with reinforced concrete slabs shall comply with the provisions of Article 4.62.18 and Article 6.53. Steel grid and steel orthotropic decks shall comply with the provisions of Article 65.3. Aluminum decks shall ccomply with the provisions of Article 7.6. Conerete decks, other than those in multigirder application, shall be investigated for the fatigue limit states a8 specified in Article 5.5.3. 9.4 Strength Limit States At strength limit states, decks and deck systems may be analyzed as either elastic or inelastic structures and shall be designed and detailed to satisfy the provisions of Sections 5, 6,7, and 8 9.85 Extreme Event Limit States Decks shall be dosigned for force effets transmited by traffic and combination ralings using loads, analysis procedures, and limit states specified in Section 13. “Acceptance testing, complying with Section 13, may be used to sti tis requirement 9.6 ANALYSIS 9.6.1 Methods of Analysis Approximate clastic methods of analysis specified in Article 462.1, refined methods specified in Article 4.63.2, oF the empirical design of concrete slabs specified in Article 97 may be used for various limit states as permitted in Article 9.5, 9.62 Loading Loads, load positions, tire contact ares, and load combinations shall bein accordance with the provisions of Section 3 AASHTO LRED Bnibce Dusicn Sreciricanions (ST) 953 ‘The provisions that do not require fatigue investigation of certain types of decks are based exclusively on observed performance and laboratory testing [A series of 35 pulsating load fatigue tests of model slabs indicate thatthe fatigue limit for the slabs designed by the conventional AASHTO moment methods was approximately three times the service level. Decks based fon the isotropic reinforcement method specified in Article 9.7.2 had fatigue limits of approximately twice the service level (deV Batchelor etal, 1978) C984 ‘These Specifications do not permit an unlimited pplication of inelastic methods of analysis due to the lack ‘of adequate background research. There are, however, ‘well-established inelastic plate analyses whose use is allowed. 9.6.1 Analytical methods presented herein should not be construed as excluding other analytical approaches, provided that they are approved by the Owner. Secrion 9 (SI): Decks ano Deck Svsrens 97 9.7 CONCRETE DECK SLABS 9.74 General [Link] (tinea Depth and Cove? Unless approved by the Ovmer, the depth of cone desk echung any provision for grinding, Baye ot eeal tn ana CRS ve i exter wih we provisions of Arle 123, [Link] Composite Action Shear connectors shall be designed in accordance with the provisions of Section $ for concrete besms and Sections 6 and 7 for metal barns. Ifthe skew angle of the deck does not exceed 25°, the primary reinforcement may be placed in the direction of the skew: etherwise, it shal be placed perpendicular othe ‘main supporting components C9744 on os ease should be given to prestessing in the

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