Period, Por developing community where population growth rate is high, the may not be accurate so a low design period is taken. For the develo population growth rate is low, high design period can be taken Typical Base and Design Periods For rural water supply system with the high population growth rate base period of 23 design period of 15 years is taken whereas for rural water supply system with lon growth rate base period of 2-3 years and design period of 20 years is taken. For urban system base period of 2-3 years and design period up to 30 years is taken Base Year After the completion of the water supply system, water is delivered to the community. The which the water is delivered to the community is called the base year. Year Base year = Survey year + Base Period Design Year Design year is defined as that year for which the water supply system is designed for, ft depend the base year and the design period and is given as: 7 Design Year = Base year + Design Period Selection Basis of Design Period Design period must be selected in such a way that itis neither too long nor too short Shorter desi Period may lead to an uneconomical project whereas a longer design period may result in financial burden on the present population as the components need to be of high capaci Following are the selection basis of design period: 1. Fluid Available: The fluid available at the water source must be able to fulfill the needs demands at the design year. Higher the fluid available longer can be the design period the design period would be shorter if the fluid available is low. Development of community: For the developing communities, higher will be the opulati growth rate due to migration from the community with poor infrastructures. So estimation of the population may not be accurate so a short design period is selected whe the case is just reverse for the developed community where population growth rate is low 3. Population Growth rate: Due to migration and other natural phenomenon as birth and de the population cannot be accurately determined so the design period is taken shorter for population growth rate. Availability of funds and rate of interest: If the fund available for the water supply syst adequate (not limited), the system with higher capacity can be constructed for which a lo design period can be taken. Shorter design period is taken when the fund is limited, If interest on the money borrowed for the construction of water supply project, a longer d period can be taken and vice-versa. 5. Useful life of components: Every component used in the water supply system (pipe, va fittings, etc.) has their useful life. The design period should not exceed the useful life of components Types of Water Demands When designing the water supply project for a town or city, it is essential to determine the det quantity of water required for various purposes. Different types of water demand are 1. Domestic Demand: Amount of water necessary in the residences for drinking, ba rine, washing etc. is known as domestic water demand. In Nepal domestic water di 4 POPULatiOn sp Ped community n Years Popula Water su 112 Iped for the fully plumbed houses ie., urban areas (via private connection) 65 Iped for partly plumbed houses i.e, semi urban areas (via private connection) 45 Ipcd for rural areas served by public stand posts 2 Livestock Demand: It included water consumed by domesticated animals mostly in areas of country. It depends on type of animals. Generally livestock demand is takes as4, Biganimal such as cow, buffalos - 45 litres/animal/day Medium size animal (goat, pig, sheep) - 20 litres /animal/day Poultry (Birds, chicken,.dlucks) - 20 litres/ 100 birds/day) ve Livestock demand however, should not exceed 20% of the design domestic water demand. |-~ jonal Demand: It ingludes water requirement for Public buildings, offices, schools, + putas ete. In Nepal institutional demand is pe For Hospital with bed + 500 litres/bed /day {For hospital without bpd and Health centers 2500 lit/day Vv 4 For Health post [ 2 Without sanity facility 1000 titres/day. 7 a With sanitary facility 3000 litres/day + For schools f Ve a Day school - Plitre/student 1 3 Boarders - 65fitres/ student + Public institution - $00 to 1000 litres per day 4 Water demand for publi¢ use/municipal demand: Volume of water necessary for public utility needs like for washing and sprinkling on roads, cleaning of sewers, watering public parks, garden etc. under public demand. Usually 5 to 10% of total water demand for city is considered for public demand 4 Industrial demand: Quantity of water required for various industries is known as industrial demand. The water required in the industries mainly depends on the type of industries, which are existing in the city. Industrial demand is taken 20% to 25% of total demand in urban areas and rot calculated in tural areas. 4 Firefighting demand: It is the amount of water required for firefighting purpose. The rate of fire demand is treatéd as a function of population and worked out form following empirical formula 4 Indian water supply manual and treatment formula Q=100/P where, Q = quantity of water in kiloliters/day, P = population in thousands Department of water supply and sewerage (DWSS) design guidelines also recommends this formula in Nepal. However the guideline recommends that the firefighting water demand should not be more than one Iped. Giculate fire demand for a city of population 3 lakh. « Solution: Usng above formula Q=[Link] = 100,/400 = 100 « 20 = 2000 kiloliters/day = 2000000 litre/day ‘where, P = 300000 = 300 thousand ‘htas per guide lines it should not be more than 1 Iped Sofvefighting demand = 1 x Populating litre/day = 300000 litre / day 4 Kuichling’s formula Q=3182,yP where, Q = in litre/min, P = population in thousand © Boston's formula Q= 5663 VP where, Q = in litre/min, P = population in thousand 4 's formula Q=1136(F + 10) where, Q = in litres/min, P = population in thousand7 Loas and wastage a . Quantity of water lost due to leakage in mains, values and other fittings, worn of damaged meters, theft of water through unauthorized water connection and loss due to other unknown miscellaneous reason. j . Generally up to 15% of total water supply is adopted to cater the demanded water # quantity of community. = Losse’s and wastage is about 50% in Kathmandu valley Variation ia demand of water The water consumption varies from day to day, consumption is not uniform they are studied as: 1. Seasonal Variations: The rate of demand of water varies from season to season, Durit summer, more quantity of water is required for drinking, bathing, washing of clothes. Its due to the hotter climatic condition during summer, During winter, due to cool weather the consumption of water is less. In Nepalese context, the seasonal variation is low and can be neglected, Maximum Seasonal Demand = Seasonal Peak Factor * Annual average demand The seasonal peak factor is 1 in Nepal. Daily Variations: The rate of demand of water also varies from day to day. The consumption of water during special occasion and function is more than in any other normal day. Water is consumed more during Dashain, Tihar, wedding ceremony and other festivals. In Nepalese” context, water is consumed more on Saturday. Maximum Daily Demand = Daily Peak Factor x Annual average demand The daily peak factor is 1 in Nepal. Hourly Variations: The rate of demand of water also varies from hour to hour. The demand of water is high in the morning from 5 AM to 7 AM as more amount of water is consumed for cleaning and sanitary purposes. The demand is also high during the period of cooking, The | water demand remains less during day time and increases from 5 PM to 7 PM. From midnight to5 AM in the morning, the demand remains almost zero. Maximum Hourly Demand = Hourly Peak Factor x Annual average demand. The hourly peak factor is 3 in Nepal. Peak Factor Peak factor is the factor which is used to match the maximum demand as per fluctuation of dail water demand as well as seasonal from average. Itis the ratio of maximum demand to that of average annual demand of water. Maximum demand = Peak factor x Annual average demand Peak factor = Seasonal peak factor x Daily Peak Factor x Hourly Peak factor. For continuous system: Peak factor of 2 - 4 is adopted. For intermittent System: Peak factor 4 ~ 6 is adopted Factors Affecting Demand of Water Rainfall, temperature and evaporation rates - Precipitation and temperature varies widely act the state. Areas with high temperature and low rainfall need to use more water to maintain outd landscaping, Even within the same hydrologic region or the same water supply district these facto can vary considerably, having a significant effect on the amount of water needed to maintain landscapes. Population growth - As communities grow, new residential dwellings are constructed with m efficient plumbing fixtures, which causes interior water use to decline per person as comp: water use in older communities. Population growth also increases overall demand. Population density - highly urbanized areas with high population densities use person than do more rural or suburban areas since high density dwellings tend to have outdoor spaces and there is less landscaped area per person that needs to be irrigated. Socio-economic measures such as lot size and income ~ Areas with higher incomes genetllY more water than areas with low incomes. Larger landscaped residential lots that require more ae season to season and hour to hour, As the water w less watervciated with more affluent cor sg ten ative to the cost of water, ppt nye gran households may 5s sen, - Water prices can influence y apapeenls smaller portion of household income ne ‘water. Rate structures have —— Py providing a monetary incentive for customers serve esti she y pomefon, but the effectiveness clltiase RAE ee ee eciie a incentivize water oa ene. vary. structures to deter excessive use and customers Sasi pply: The rate of demand of pein f water depends upon the system of supply. Ifthe system of o gst i ¥ continuous the demand is more ly i and the demand is less when the system of supply '® wae a arent per : If the communi i i e system: unity or a society i - werent « SHushing sanitary units. ry is provided with sewerage system. More water is wt factors: a ner etre in the distribution system Industrial and commercial activities public and Private connections pistance of tap stand Dominating age BTOUP popsiation Forecasting water supply and sanitation scheme is based i posign of WAI : i ased on the projected population of a particular ye ted for the design period. Any underestimated value will make system inadequate for the y sth yended; similarly overestimated value will make it costly. jn the population of the city over the years occur, and the system should be designed taking, jnto account of the population at the end of the design period. ears affecting changes in population are: Increase due to births * Decrease due to deaths x Increase/ decrease due to migration x Increase due to annexation. ype present and past population record for the city can be obtained from the census population reards. After collecting these population figures, the population at the end of design period is petted using various * nethods as suitable for that city considering the growth pattern followed by thecity. x Arithmetical increase Method: The method is based on the assumption that the population increase at a constant rate; ie, dp/dt = constant = % ‘This method is most applicable to large ‘and established cities. In this method, the increase in population from decade to decade is assumed to be constant. Pn=Po+ nc where, P> = Population at the base year, Pr. = Population at the nth decade n= no of decades, C = average increase in population for a decade. 1 Geometrical Increase Method: This method is based on the assumption that percentage growth rate is constant ie, dp/dt=kP; InP = InPo + kt. This method must be used with causation, for rapidly grown cities in comparatively short unlimited scope of expansion. As cities grow large, of growth. In this method, the percentage future decade. F pn=Po(si5* 1)" for when applied it may produce too large results time. This would apply to cities with there is a tendency to decrease in the rate increase in population per decade remains constant for eachwhere, P, = Population at the base year, Pn = Population at the nth decade n= no of decades, r = average percentage increase in population per decade x Incremental Increase Method: Growth rate is assumed to be progressively increasing or decreasing, depending upon whether the average of the incremental increases in the past in positive or negative. The population for a future decade is worked out by adding the mean arithmetic increase to the last known population as in the arithmetic increase method, and to this is added the average of incremental increase once for first decade, twice for second and so on. Here, Pr=P+nc+BD xi where, P, = Population at the base year, Pn = population at the nth decade ‘n= no of decades, C = average increase in population for a decade i= average in credential increase in population for decade. x Decreased Rate of Growth/Changing Rate of Increase Method: In this method, the average decrease in the percentage increase is worked out, and is then subtracted from the latest percentage increase to get the percentage increase of next decade Tn-v n-2r' n-ne Pn=P,(1 Bt) )essreae (14559) where, P, = population at the base year, Pn = population at the nth decade, n = no of decades Ta = percentage increase in population in the last decade r= average decrease in percent in population per decade x Curvilinear method: In this it is assumed that the population of a city will grow, in the same manner as in other cities in the past. This similarity between the cities includes geographical proximity, similarity of economic base, access to similar transportation system etc. In practice _ it is difficult to find similar cities. x Logistic method: When the growth rate of population due to birth, death and migration are under normal situation and not subjected to extraordinary changes due to unusual situation like war, epidemics earth quakes and refugees etc. Then this method is used: According to this method Pa P=Gy¥e+bay where, Pur is the saturation population, of the community and a, b are constants. Pa, a and bcan be determined from three successive census populations and the equations are Pyar = 2 Po PsP2~ Pi? (Po + P2)/(PoP2- Ps?) x Decline growth method: This method like, logistic, assumes that the city has some limiting saturation population and that its rate of growth is a function of population deficit; x Ratio method: Ratio method of fore casting is based on the assumption that the population of a certain area or a city will increase in the same manner to a larger entity like a province, or a country. It requires calculation of ratio of locals to required population in a series of census, years. Projection of the trend line using any of the technique and application of projected ratio, to the estimated required population of projected ratio to the estimated required population in the year of interest. This method of forecasting does not take into account some special calculations in certain area but have the following advantages. am Predict the population for the years 1981, 1991, 1994, and 2001 from the following census figures of a ‘town by different methods. ‘Year 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 Population: (thousands) 60. 65 63 72. 79 89 97 120 { ivthom) |" Decade” | inane | enawetnsement rs DS 60 = - ~ 65 +5 - 760) * 100 = 48.33 | Ss = 3 (2/65) « 100 = -3.07 72 om 47 (0/63) * 100 = +14.28 79 +7 2 (7/72) * 100 = +9.72 2 ale 8 (10/79) * 100 = +12.66 97 28 2 (8/89) x 100 = 8.98 120 +23 +15 (23/97) * 100 = +23.71 1 +60 “18 74.61 — 357 3.0 ae ore increase; ~ = decrease acahmetical Progression Method: Pa=P+ni average increases per decade = i= 8.57 population for the years, 1981 = population of 1971 + ni, here n = 1 decade = 120 + 8.57 = 128.57 1991 = population of 1971 + ni, here n = 2 decade = 120 +2 x 8.57 = 137.14 opulation of 1971 + ni, here n = 3 decade = 120 + 3 x 8.57 = 145.71 1994 = population of 1991 + (population 2001 - 1991) x 3/10 = 137.14 + (8.57) x 3/10 = 139.71 incremental Increase Method: population for the years, 1981 = population of 1971 + average increase per decade + average incremental increase = 120 + 8.57 + 3.0 = 131.57 1991 = population of 1981 + 11.57 = 131.57 + 11.57 = 143.14 2001 = population of 1991 + 11.57 = 143.14 + 11.57 = 154.71 1994 = population of 1991 + 11.57 x 3/10 = 143.14 + 3.47 = 146.61 Geometric Progression Method: Average percentage increase per decade = 10.66 PaeP (1 +i/100)" Population for 1981 = Population of 1971 * (1 + i/100)* = 120 x (1 + 10.66/10), i = 10.66, n= 3 = 120 x 110.66/100 = 132.8 Population for 1991 = Population of 1971 x (1 + i/100) " = 120 x (1 + 10.66/100)?, i = 10.66, n =2 20 x 1.2245 = 146.95 Population for 2001 = Population of 1971 * (1 + i/100)* = 120 x (1 + 10.66/100) 3, i= 10.66, n= 3 Aan = 120 x 1.355 = 162.60 ‘"pulation for 1994 = 146.95 + (15.84 x 3/10) = 151.70 Trecensus data of population of town is as follows. Determine population of town in the year of Yer three analytical methods. 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 tion [50,000 [58,000 _| 70,000 _| 90,000 _| 115,000 i ” ‘Soluti [ Increase in Percentage increase | Incremema\j—— Year | Population mental increasc ) manne construction aller capacities (usually upto 2 m’) a septic tank with a single for S™ ment may be constructed, for larger capacities, a two-compartment compar mgructed with a portion wall at distance of about two-thirds the wank from the inlet gives a better performance. It is rectangular in plan lengt minimum width of 0.75 m; length width ratio 2 to 4; minimum with pth should be | m and maximum depth 1.8 m (1.2 to 1.8 m is .d); 30 cm to 45 cm free board is provided team “Ff ee 50mm Dra. © C 1. Ventdating pipe 2mm High YY. Bat 7.b0m A.C. G. Sine Prowast effective de} ‘el commende iron Foot Steps —— Stope 1 in 13.6C.C. SECTION GAY = Z Yy LLM PLAN Figure 9-4 Septic tank (Source: Modi, 1998) Side walls are made of masonry (2 20 cm thick for brick and < 38 cm for i masonry) or RCC and inside of walls are plastered with not less than mm thick 1:3 rich cement plaster. The floors should be in 1:2:4 cementconerete and if sludge outlet is provided, slope is piven towards he 6 th sh ceme ‘ i Septic tank is plastered in’ rich) cement” mortar with Waterpro, Sf; C sla i . Hing compounds and floors, On the top, RCC slab with airtight cast 1On op RCE manhole covers are provided for inspection and cleaning. Por smaller tank a hanging baffle is placed 20 to 30 em far from the inlet Pipe in such - , that it remains 15cm above and 30cm below liquid level. For larger ne continuous type baffle or partition wall IS provided at 1/5" o¢ length ? septic tank from inlet pipe and a hole of 15 em * 15 cm is made at q height of 45 cm above the bed of the tank to connect two chambers, The inlet and outlet are located at the two opposite ends of the tank and at different levels to avoid short circuiting. At inlet baffles or submerged to a depth of 15 to 25 cm below the liquid level whereas it jg submerged at least 15cm below liquid level at outlet. For larger tanks Weir type outlet may be made. A vent pipe of 7.5 tol0 em diameter Of cast iron of plastic is provided with cowls at the top. It is provided 2 m high if septic tank is 15 m far from building and id it is closer than 15 m, the ve extended 2 m above the roof height of building. tees ig ‘Nt pipe is Working: The function of the septic tank is to accomplish certain biological and chemical changes (decomposition) by partial liquefaction and gasification of human excreta by the action of anaerobic bacteria which decomposes Organic matter in the absence of free oxygen and humidity and even in the darkness and warmth, that condition is normally created in the septic tank, Hence digestion by anaerobic bacteria and sedimentation takes place due to longer retention period (1 to 3 days) so the septic tank is also called the sedimentation cum digestion tank, where bulk volume of the sewage is reduced, During the course of action, the lighter matter (grease, fat, oil etc) rises to the surface and makes a thick floating layer is called ‘scum’ whereas heavier matter sink to the bottom of the septic tank is called ‘sludge’. The produced foul gases (HS, methane, CO, etc) are released to atmosphere from a vertical vent shaft. The effluent from Septic tank contains organic solids and pathogens, etc, so it should be Properly disposed off. Septic tank effluent is disposed-off by absorption in soil through soak pit or trenches or subsurface drains and from large septic tank is disposed in water courses after certain treatment.re _ _ ew septic tank is firstly filled with watersand then only sep! ww dung and s Judge from other septic tank is put in new ‘o' a inside. Black scum seen through man hole proves that Fi pacteria ne ni ee seoe ak is well functioning. i ote! - gectants, SOAPY water in the tank destroy anaerobic bacteria so a9! isin tant is not allowed whereas paper, kitchen water, garbage in! sont ae is allowed to enter in the septic tank and effluent from th urface ™ . hae gad ok should be properly disposed off. iptie se pasif ce rious approaches of design and differ from different literatures, here vouniy put the following should be considered in design. to -outttlY . cou B, FB. d, D are respectively the length, width/ breadth, free board, yet be “Vepth or liquid depth, and overall depth of the tank in which ‘t” is effective for sewage to retain for sedimentation or detention period. pe time allowed Ni v ng ‘Q’ is the sewage flow and ‘N?’ is the no of users. ig ssumil Then following are considered for tank dimension; el a) Detention time (t) = 1-3 days. b) Width (B) = 0.75to4m (Brin = 9-75 m) °) Depth (d) 1to 1.8m (Note: width and depth are adopted on the basis of number of users and i desludging period) d) Free board (FB) = 0.3-0.5m e) Length width ratio (L/B) = 2 to 4 f) Total effective volume is computed as following; Volume for settling/sedimentation of sewage (V1) =Q*t (m*) Volume for sludge digestion (V2) = 0.0425 m’/person x N (m’) Volume for storage of digested sludge (V3) =Cas * N (m*) where, Cais digested sludge rate which depends upon cleaning period (T). Effective volume (V) = VitV2tV3 (m*) Digested sludge production rate (Cus) for différent cleaning period has shown in table 9-1.Table 91 Digested sludge rate (Cy,) for different cleaning periog eps — j3yrs | 6 month | Desludging period (T) | | Digested sludge rate (Ca) 0.0283 0.0490 | 0.0708 [ | in m*/person Pp : 0.0859 9.4 Disposal of Septic Tank Effluent Since septic tank is an anaerobic digestion tank and is an intermediate treatment so it is require further treating or disposal i.e. effluent from septic tank is septic and malodorous containing organic matters and Pathogens hence should be properly disposed off to prevent nuisance and hazard on public health. Septic tank effluents are generally be soil absorption methods as follows: disposed by various land treatment o; a) Dispersion trench or Drain field b) Evapo-transportation mound c) Leaching cesspool d) Soak pit (a) Drain field or dispersion trenches Drain field is a longitudinal trench constructed on the land and filled with coarse materials (cut and cover method). It is also called soakage Pits or dispersion trench as shown in figure 9-5. The main Purpose of drain field is to provide the wider area to adsorb sewer effluent by the soil and evaporation which helps in the disposal of septic tank effluent. Construction: Dispersion trenches consists of shallow and narrow but longitudinal trenches (15 to 30 m long, 30 cm to | m wide and effective depth of Im) with 0.25% gradient is provided in the ground. In the trench 80 to 100 mm diameter earthenware or concrete perforated pipes are laid over 15 to 25 cm gravel then trench is filled with Washed gravel or rushed stone. Turfing and finishing is done to protect from rain, One or more dispersion trenches may be used according quantity of effluent. If more than one trench is used it is called drain field. The spacing—_— ee = ween two dispersion trenches should be 2 times the depth or 2 m be never is grea er. whic pesign Criteria: umed that the base of trench is responsible for infiltration and h of Im provided. The total surface soil area required for hes is given by the following empirical iris ass! minimum dept n jak pits oF dispersion trenc! soa relation; 100mmpPIPE FROM ;-SEPTIC TANK DOSING TANK al ALTERNATING SIPHON DISTRIBUTION PIPES THI CRETE PIPE Gath OPEN JOINTS: TYPICAL LAYOUT OF DISPERSION TRENCHES FINISHED LEVEL TURFED ORDINARY SOIL G, 15cm COARSE GRAVEL, 80 TO 100mm CRUSHED STONE EARTHENWARE OR CONCRETE PIPE 15. TO 25 cm WASHED GRAVEL OR CRUSHED STONE Figure 9-5 Dispersion trench (Source: Modi, 1998) Where, 1 = maximum rate of effluent application in Vm?/day t= standard percolation rate for the soil in min/em.If “q i the average sewage flow then, area required for (b infiltration (A) = Assume breadth 0.3 to 1 m then find length. Length should be 15 to 30m Infiltration capacity of different type of soil has shown in table 9. 2 below Table 9-2 Infiltration capacity for different soil Infiltration capacity (I) in lit/m’/day Type of soil Coarse or medium sand 50 Fine sand, Loamy sand 33 Sandy loam, loam 25 Porous silt clay 20 Compact silt loam 10 Expansive clay <10 Evapotranspiration mound In case of very high ground water table and rocky areas, the absorption capacity of soil is low. In such situation, evaporation mounds are used as shown in figure 9-6. In this method, soil is not excavated and ploughed but effluent is applied over sand and gravel laid ground surface. Purpose: The main purpose of evaporation mound is to provide the wider area for artificial absorption and evaporation of the septic tank effluent which assist in the disposal of septic tank effluent. Construction: In construction of €vapotranspiration mound, 15 cm thick sand layer is laid over the top soil and then 60 cm of gravel is kept over sand media Inside the gravel perforated or open Joints pipes are laid. Over the(d) Soak pit or seepage pit A soak or soakage pit common is circular, allows effluent from Septic tank to percolate in the soil. Soak pit (see figure 9-8) can be used when seasonal high groundwater table is 2 meters below surface. Soils can be sandy, gravelly and the like. Not suitable generally if soil is thick clay or solid rock. To dispose septic tank effluent soak pit is economical, stable and high efficient. The main purpose is to dispose the septic tank effluent by absorption in the surrounding soil. Construction: Soak pit or seepage pit consists of pit which may be lined or unlined Unlined pit is filled with bricks, stone aggregate and sand and cover is not necessary whereas the lined soak pit is empty inside but filled with sand, gravel and stone in outside shell and a cover is required. The lined pit wall may be honey combed but it should be laid dryn Crife i ini a imum neter of circular pit should be minimum 0.9 m and maxim an ffective m. The depth depends upon level of ground water table Jepth (depth below the invert of inlet) should not less than yund water sources should not be within the radius of 60 m. The g formula is used to design of soak pit. SOAK PIT OR SEEPAGE PIT WHEN EMPTY BRICK LINING WITH CEMENT MORTAR JOINTS =f COARSE SAND SOAK PIT FILLED WITH RUBBLE OR BRICK BATS Figure 9-8 Soak pit (Source: Modi, 1998) 130 Effluent application rate (I) = aa Vm? /day t If ‘q’ is the average sewage flow, area required for infiltration (A) = 4 Diameter of soak pit (D) = I A nad Where, I = maximum rate of effluent application in Vm*/day t= standard percolation rate for the soil in min/cm. d= depth of pit = number of pits Ground water table should lie 2 m below the bottom of soak pit.TTT for 8 users. Assuming desludging period 3 years ang for 8 users. ASS Design a VIP latrin = 0.04 m’/person/year digested sludge accumulation rate (R) Solution: Volume of pit (V)=NRT m’ Where, N = number of users, T = sludge accumulation rate =8 x 0.04 m’/person/year * 3 year desluding period and — R = digesteg = 0.96 m? Assuming effective depth (d) = | m Vv _ 0.96 2 Plan area of the tank, A= =~] = 0.96 m’ =1.10m . ; 0.96 x 4 +. Diameter of the pit = t Providing 0.4 m free board, then overall depth (D) = 1.1+0.4 =1.5m + Adopt the pit size having diameter of 1.10 meter and 1.5 m deep. Inne Design a septic tank for 10 users. The rate of sewage flow is 100 Iped. Assume sludge is cleaned from septic tank once in 3 years. If percolation rate is 25 min/cm, design the drain field to dispose the effluent. If soak pit is used, what will be the dimension of soak pit? Assume ground water table is below 4.5 meter. Solution: Quantity of sewage (Q) = 10 x 100 = 1000 lit/day = | m'/day Assuming, detention period and sludge accumulation volume rate 1 day and 0.0425 m’/person respectively. Volume for settling/sedimentation of sewage (V,) = Q x t (m’) V, = 1 m'/day « 1 day = 1 m? Volume for sludge digestion (V;) = 0.0425 x N_ (m*) V2 = 0.0425 x 10 = 0.452 m? Volume for storage of digested sludge (V3) = Cas x Nrested sludge rate which depends upon cleaning period (T). (wher A por? * 3, Cds=0.085 m’/person) 0 V; = 0.085 m¥/person « 10 = 0.85 m* Effective volume V = (VitV2tVs) = (1 + 0.452 + 0.85) = 2.275 m* Take effective depth= 1.2m area of septic tank (A) = 4 =2218 = 1.896 m? surface Adopt, L: B=3, ‘A B-\/3. 0.795 = 0.8 m (Bminmum Of tank is 0.75 m) Length = 3 x B=3 x 0.8=2.4m provide free board 0.3 m, then overall depth = 0.3 + 1.2 = 1.5m provide tank having dimension of 2.4 mx 0.8 m 1.5m Drain Field design ead 130 130 Effluent application rate == == - 26 Vm?/day es 125 (Where, I = maximum rate of effluent application in V’/day and = standard percolation rate for the soil in min/cm.) If ‘Q’ is the average sewage flow then, area required for infiltration; Q _ 1000 lit/day Infiltration Area (A) = ee ahaa ES 1 26 lit/m?/day = 38.46 then find length. Length should be 15 to 30m.) (Assume breadth 0.3 to 1 mi Assume, width of trench = 0.6 m and depth 1 m then length of trench @M= L If three trenches are used, length of each trench (1) = = 3 = 21.366 ~21.5m - Provide three trenches of (21.5*0.6*1) m:? with a clear spacing of 2 m.Soak pit 130 _ 130 6 ym*/day EMMuent application rate ()="F> = ps (Where, I = max. rate of effluent app yplication in V/m’ ?/day and 1 = standard percolation rate for the soil in min/cm.) If ‘Q’ is the average sewage flow then, area required for infiltration (4) — Q _ 1000Iiday = 39 46 my? 1 26 lit/m?/day Since, ground water table should be below 2 m of bottom of soak pit, go that, maximum depth of soak pit = 4.5-2 = 2.5m Assuming 2 nos. of circular pits and effective depth (d) = 2 m. A _ 38.46 md 2x nx2 Provide free board 0.3 m, then overall depth = 0.3 + 2 = 2.3 m +. Provide two pits of 3 m diameter and 2.3 m deep. Hllustrative Example 9.3 Design a septic tank and soak pit to dispose the sewage generated from a Diameter (D) = = 3.06 = 3 m(Range 0.9 to 3.5 m Hence OK) household of 8 persons. The sewage is generated at the rate of 100 liters/person/day. Assume that septic tank is cleaned once in 3 years and infiltration rate of soil is 50 liters/m’/day. Solution: Quantity of sewage (Q) = 8 x 100 = 800 lit/day = 0.8 m*/day Assuming, detention period and sludge accumulation volume rate I day and 0.0425 m*/person respectively. Volume for settling/sedimentation of sewage (V1) = Q xt (m*) = 0.8 m’/day x 1 day = 0.8 m* Volume for sludge digestion (V2) = 0.0425 x N (m*) V2 = 0.0425 x 8= 0.34 m? Volume for storage of digested sludge (V3) = Cy, x N (Where, Cys is digested sludge rate which depends upon cleaning period (1) For T =3, Cds=0.085 m*/person)oe V3 = 0.085 m’/person * 8 = 0.68 m estve volume V=(VitV2tV5) = (0.8 + 0.34 + 0.68) A = 182m’ are efvecttve depth= | m ; _¥ _ 182 _ ice 00 oF eptie tank (A) = q = 182m? adopt E:B 182 29.91 = 0.95 m (Brnmum Of tank is 0.75 m) A qength =2* B=3*0.95= 1.9m provide free board 0.3 m, then overall depth = 0.3 + 1 = 1.3m provide tank having dimension of 1.9 m x 0.95 m* 1.3m Soak pit If Q’ is the average sewage flow then, area required for infiltration; . 800 li infiltration Area (A) = Qe AO Tieay_ = 16m 1 S0livm?/day Assume ground water table is below 4.5m. Since, ground water table should be below 2 m of bottom of soak pit. So that, maximum depth of soak pit = 4.5-2 = 2.5m Assuming single circular pits and effective depth (d)=2 m. A 2 Diameter (D) = ag 7 GoM = 2546 *26 om (Range 0.9 to 3.5 m Hence OK) Provide free board 0.3 m, then overall depth = 0.3 + 2=2.3m Provide pit of 2.6 m diameter and 2.3 m deep.itati osting Toilets . nutrients from human waste, has been developed. In practice, ecologic urinals, separation toilets for uri for composting of faeces, use 0! and flush systems operating on m The hardware of these technologie: Norwegian countries, and it nee: le ae eer er the supervision of DWSS (Sanitation section) and few NGOs, co sanitation is practiced in Lalitpyy (Nepal), Appropriate facilities are to be designed and mass-manufactured, to be made avgigy. chee ordatle, and Variouls solutions - combinations of technologies and modules - need i 4, found for different social and economic contexts. § . - Ecological sanitation insists on maximum possible re-use of nutrients fom humay excreta. Urine uncontaminated by faeces requires minimal processing and can easily be re-used in farming and gardening. In order to avoid spread of pathogens, human faeces Tequires composting, either in a dry toilet without water, or mixed with small volumes of wash flushing water in a separate composting module, possibly dehydrated with the help of sola, energy, or is to be digested in a biogas plant for recovery of methane gas and subsequent use gf the dried shidge as fertilizer. 7 7 In a water-rich environment such as West Bengal and India's North-East, Wastewater may be treated to an extent that it can be re-used for fish-farming or other water-intensive farming systems. One of the latest model developed by DWSS for eco-sanitations are shown below:. io economize water tse, the concept of ecological sanjig® : tion, a sanitation includes options such as Mush-free (and odour, santa jacees, dty and composting toilets, dehydration gay") f faeces or excreta for the generation of biogas, vacuum pe s jinimal amounts of water etc. ets inal peen developed in some parts of the world, maj Sa be developed in India too. AC present und nly j age wet covet gr wa eet wear (Wator Seal) art xz TA rerren¢ arivarer carfiewre atgter arg et ett Frater mt BAR Ot Fig: 2.9.1. Eco-sanitation : Any types of toilet whose wastes are used for the purpose of compost is known composting toilet. So whatever the types of toilet described above is termed as composti toilet. Eco-sanitation is one of the best examples of composting toilet.